Kupenda Mbali ya Maboma a M’dzikolo m’Chipani cha National Policies ku Japan

Chisonkhezero Chokhalitsa cha Maboma a M’dziko pa Ndale za Chipani cha Mayiko ku Japan

Andale zadziko a Japan kaŵirikaŵiri amadziŵika ndi ulamuliro wa Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) pa mlingo wa dziko ndi kakonzedwe ka boma kokulira. Komabe, chithunzi chapamwamba chimenechi chimabisa kutsagana kwa mphamvu ndi zotsatirapo pakati pa maboma a kumaloko , mizinda, matauni, ndi midzi. Kuzindikira njira ya pansi pa dziko ya chisonkhezero cha dziko. Maulamuliro a dziko ku Japan saali kokha mabungwe a boma lapakati la boma; iwo ali makompyuta a malamulo a zalamulo, mapulatifomu a kutulukira luso landale, ndi mapulogalamu a malingaliro a anthu omwe angapangitsenso malo oyamba a mapulatifomu a dziko. Kuzindikira njira ya pansi pa chisonkhetso cha chisonkhezero cha dzikolo nkofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha kuzindikira mmene malamulo a dziko la Japan, kuchokera kukhazikitsa malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Nkhaniyi ikulowetsa m'malamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo enieni, ndi kukhazikitsa kopanga dziko, ndi kukhazikitsa kwa dziko, malamulo, kulongosola kwa dziko.

Ntchito ya Malamulo ndi Malamulo ya Malo Okha

Malamulo a Japan, okhazikitsidwa mu 1947, amatsimikizira molunjika lamulo la kudzilamulira kwa kumaloko. Gawo VIII (Articles 92-95) limakhazikitsa maziko alamulo kaamba ka kuyendetsa mabungwe a anthu akomweko, kuwapatsa ulamuliro wa kuyang'anira nkhani zawo, kupanga malamulo, ndi kusandutsa mabwana awo ndi misonkhano. Malamulo a malowo a Autonomy (1950) amasinthanso malamulo ameneŵa, kulongosola ntchito za mabungwe ndi mitu ya anthu akomweko monga “magulu wamba a anthu.” Malamulo ameneŵa akupereka maboma akwawo ndi ufulu wodziimira wosiyana ndi wosadziŵika m'mayiko, kuwalola kuyesa ndi malamulo opatukana kuchokera ku malamulo a dziko.

Madera ndi Maboma: Kusiyana Komabe Kugwirizanitsa Magawo

Mabungwe a boma a Japan ali ndi 47 (kuphatikizapo Boma la Metropolitan) ndi pafupifupi magawo 1,700. Machigawo achigawo amasamalira nkhani zazikulu monga za polisi, maphunziro, ndi za m'mafakitale . Pamene kuli kwakuti makampani amayang'anira mautumiki a chitaganya onga kutaya zinyalala, kulinganiza kwa m'mizinda, ndi kusungidwa kwabwino. Ngakhale kuti maboma akudalira kwambiri pa maulamuliro apakati a boma ndi malamulo a msonkho, zimene zimayambitsa kutsutsana pakati pa zoyesayesa za kumaloko ndi kudalirana ndi kudalirana kwaufulu. Kulimbana kumeneku ndiko kumene kwenikweni kwa anthu a m'dzikolo kaŵirikaŵiri amatulukira: pamene maboma akubwezera malamulo a dziko kapena apainiya atsopano kuti agwirizane ndi mfundo za boma zapakati.

Makina Othandiza Anthu a M’chipani cha National Party Platforms

M’malo mwake, amagwiritsira ntchito ziŵiya zosiyanasiyana zalamulo, zandale, ndi zachikhalidwe kuti akonze zolinga za zipani za dzikolo.

Kuyesa Kusintha Kayendetsedwe ka Ntchito ndi Kusiyana

Imodzi ya njira zamphamvu kwambiri ndiyo “kusintha kwa demokrase". Maboma, makamaka amene amatsogozedwa ndi akazembe okonzanso zinthu kapena mameya, nthaŵi zambiri amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo atsopano amene amasamalira zosoŵa za kumaloko komanso amatumikira monga zitsanzo za maluso a pulogalamu. Pamene kuyesa kumeneku kuchititsa chipambano chokhoza kuchitika . Kunga ngati kutulutsa mpweya wochepa, kuwongolera thanzi la munthu, kapena kukhutiritsa kwa nzika zambiri. Mabungwe a dziko lonse atha kuchitika mwalamulo, kudzera m'makomiti a kagulu kaundula amene amaphunzira zachipambano cha kumaloko, kapena mwamwayi, kupyolera kufalitsa nkhani zimene zimakweza njira za kutchuka kwa dziko.

Kukondwerera ndi Kukopa Anthu Kudzera m’Magulu a Dziko

Atsogoleri a boma adzilinganiza okha kukhala magulu amphamvu a kukhazikitsa. Olamulira a National’s Association (NGA), National Association of Cities, ndi National Association of Towns and Villages nthaŵi zonse amapanga malamulo, kugwirizanitsa ndi nduna za dziko, ndi kuchonderera mwachindunji za Diet. Magulu amenewa ndi osagawana m'makonzedwe koma andale kwambiri m'zochita; angagwiritse ntchito chitsenderezo cha boma limene palibe boma lakomwe lakomwelo limene lingakhoze lokha. Mwachitsanzo, NGA yakhala ndi chigawo chothandizira kupititsa masinthidwe ndi malamulo oyendetsera ngozi za dziko. Magulu andale, ofunitsitsa kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kwa atsogoleri ankhondo amene amayendetsa ndawala zaudzu, kaŵirikaŵiri amaloŵetsa ziganizo m'ma tempenizo zawo.

Kusintha Maganizo a Anthu Pogwiritsira Ntchito Magulu Oulutsira Nkhani ndi Nzika

Malamulo a kumaloko amene amavomerezana ndi ovota angasinthe nkhani yapoyera ndi kuyambitsa chitsenderezo cha osankha pa zipani za dziko. Pamene gawo longa la apainiya a Kochi likhale pulogalamu ya maphunziro aulere kapena mzinda wonga Yokohama a zipangizo zamphamvu zokokera carbon, nkhani zimenezi zimatengedwa ndi anyuzi. Nzika, zomwe zimaona mapindu enieni m'madera ena, zimayamba kufuna malamulo ofanana ndi ameneŵa m’dziko lonselo. Andale zadziko ayamba kuvomereza njira zotchuka zimenezi kuti akope odzisankhira. M’lingaliro limeneli, maboma akugwira ntchito zawo monga otsatsatsa malonda a ndandanda, pogwiritsira ntchito malamulo awo kukhazikitsa malamulo a dziko lonse.

Maphunziro a Nkhani Zakale: Kuchokera pa Kusintha kwa Malamulo a M’malo Akwawo Kufika ku Malamulo a Boma

Malamulo angapo otchuka a dziko la Japan anachokera ku kafukufuku wa ku America.

Mphamvu Zoyambiranso: Kuchokera ku Mafamu a Malo Ozungulira Dziko Kukafika ku Kampani ya National East - in Taffice

Kuchiyambiyambi kwa 2000, chigawo cha mphamvu zamagetsi chomayambikanso cha ku Japan chinaima ku Ulaya. Mabungwe angapo, makamaka Nagano ndi Oita, anayamba kukonza ntchito zatsopano za dzuŵa ndi mphepo, mogwirizana ndi ntchito za kumaloko ndi kupereka ndalama. Mzinda wa Iida ku Nagano Prefecture unakhala chizindikiro cha dziko lonse cha kukwezedwanso kwa mphamvu kwa mphamvu, kukopa maphunziro ochokera ku mabungwe ena ndi opanga malamulo a dziko. Zoyesayesa zimenezi, pamodzi ndi kutumiza ku NGA, zinapanga maziko abwino a kuthandizira kukonzanso mphamvu. Pofika 2009, boma la DPJ-FFFF, linayambitsa chakudya chochuluka cha dzikolo, chomwe chinalimbikitsidwa ndi bungwe la LDP pambuyo pake.

Chisamaliro cha Okalamba: Oyamba Kupita Kumalo Omwe Amapezeka Kukalandira Inshuwalansi Yosamalira Anthu Osakhalitsa

Kukalamba kwa anthu a ku Japan kunafunikira kupendanso kwambiri za kusamalira akulu. Kusanayambidwe njira ya dziko ya Long - Term Care Inshuwalansi (LTCI) mu 2000, maboma angapo a m’madera a Tokyo, kuphatikizapo m’tauni ya Mitaka ndi mzinda wa Yokohama, adapanga kale “makonzedwe autumiki a anthu okalamba omwe amagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri makampani akwawo, kaŵirikaŵiri operekedwa ndi ndalama zoperekedwa ndi misonkho ndi zopereka zaufulu. Maprogramu ameneŵa anayesa ndi oyang’anira nyumba, makampani a nyumba ndi malo a anthu. Boma la dzikolo linakonda kwambiri mafilimu akwawa. LTCI, tsopano ndi likulu la malamulo a boma la Japan, lomwe ndilo lomwe likusonyeza kuti likufuna kuyang'anira ndi kuyang’anira dongosolo la zandale za dziko lonse.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu: Kufuna Kupeza Makina Ochuluka

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, maboma akumeneko anadandaula za “ntchito zopatsidwa padera zapadera". (kikan iku jimu) imene inawakakamiza kuchita ntchito za boma zapakati popanda ndalama zokwanira. Mu 1990, akazembe onga Masayoshi Takemura wa ku Kyoto anatsogolera gulu la zitsutso zotsutsa ulamuliro wa Tokyo. Mapangano awo opanga malasha anaikidwa m'gulu la dzikolo kuti adzitukule. Zotulukapo zake ndi “Trinity Reforms” (200,2006), zimene zimachepetsa ndalama zapakati pamene zikuwonjezereka kwa msonkho wa kumaloko, zinali chivomerezo chachi mwachindunji ku kukakamizidwa kwa boma. Ngakhale kuti masinthidwewo anali opanda ungwiro ndi oletsedwa, anasonyeza kudziŵika ndi anthu a dzikolo. Makamaka, andale a m'dzikolo anachirikiza kuvomereza kuvomereza kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu imeneyi.

Zitsanzo Zapanthaŵi Ino: Maboma Amene Ali Monga Apainiya Olamulira

Mkhalidwe wa maboma akumaloko woumba malamulo a chipani ukupitiriza lerolino kudutsa mbali zosiyanasiyana.

Kuteteza Nyengo ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Pambuyo pa 2011 Great East Japan Neavention, maboma a m'madera ozungulira tsunami-prone, kuphatikizapo Iwate ndi Miyagi pureareures , anakonzekera ngozi zoyambitsa monga nyumba zokwezeka zosungirako anthu ndi mapu a ngozi. tauni ya Minamisanriku inapanga “dongosolo lotha kupulumula [1] limene pambuyo pake linatengedwa monga chitsanzo cha dziko lonse ndi Drivised Division Agency . Maboma ambiri posachedwapa, kumadzulo kwa Japan (m., Okayama ndi Hiroshima) atsogolera kusinthira nyengo, kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito maprojekiti a“ magetsi okongola kwambiri a m'mphepete mwa misewu ndi maluwa a m'mizinda kuti apange maupandu ophera owononga. Maboma a dziko asinthasintha za nyengo, choyamba, mu 2018, kachitidwe kamodzi ka , makamaka kayendetseka ka madera kadziko ka Kateom'ka ka , ndi kateokratiko, ka Kateoti ya , ka pulogalamu ya pulo ya dziko la chigawo chakumene tsopano, inayambika

Kusintha Zinthu m’Mabanja

Maboma akumaloko ayendetsanso programu yakuyalutsa ndandanda ya kulingana kwa akazi ndi amuna mu 2017. Boma la Tokyo Metropolitan, pansi pa Kazembe Yuriko Koike, linayambitsa magawo a lamulo la amuna ndi akazi a makomiti ake olangiza ndi kuyambitsa ntchito yowonjezera ana mu 2017. Mzinda wa Taitoyo mu Aichi Prefecture unachita dongosolo lokwanira lopititsa patsogolo ntchito yopanga zosankha za kumaloko, kuphatikizapo kuphunzitsa ndi kulangiza maprogramu. Kufufuza kumeneku kunasonkhezera “Mao a Akazi" ndi malamulo 2020 ofuna makampani aakulu opereka malipoti a kugonana. Pamene kuli kwakuti kupita patsogolo kwa dziko, kuyesayesa kwakumapanga umboni ndi kupereka umboni wakuti kulingana kwa amuna ndi kulingana ndiko kofala kwa magulu onse.

Kusintha Makina: Malamulo a M’dziko

Kusintha kwa ndandanda ya magetsi ya Japan (DX) kwayendetsedwa ndi maboma a boma osokonezedwa ndi madongosolo akale a mapepala. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda wa Fukuoka, unayamba kugwiritsa ntchito malo a pa Intaneti ochitirako ntchito za nzika, kuphatikizapo ndalama za msonkho ndi masewera a sukulu, kuchepetsa nthaŵi zoyembekezera kwa maola ambiri. Kukonza kwa Mie kwa steor komwe kunalola anthu kukhala ndi ndalama zoyendera pa nthaŵi yeniyeni. Kupambana kumeneku kunadziŵitsa mtundu wa “Digal Agency . Kuyambitsa mu 2021, ndi kukakamiza boma kaamba ka “Nombo Yanga yanga" monga ID . Zipani zandale kuzungulira ndawala tsopano pa mapulatifomu a makompyuta, koma zitsanzo zapadera za DX zingafikire kuchokera kwa oyang'anira apakati pa dzikolo.

Mavuto Amene Anthu Amakhala Nawo Potengera Zochita Zawo

Ngakhale kuti mayiko apeza kuti zinthu zikuwayendera bwino chonchi, pali zinthu zambiri zimene zimalepheretsa mayiko kuti asamachite zinthu zoipa.

Madambo a Malo Okhala ndi Malo Odalirana ndi Dziko Lonse

Maboma a dziko la Japan amadalira pafupifupi 40% ya ndalama zimene amapeza pa kusamutsidwa kwa boma, kuwapangitsa kukhala osavuta kukakamizidwa. Ngakhale pamene kuyesayesa kwa kumaloko kuoneka kukhala kwachipambano, sikungapimidwe chifukwa cha kukana kwapakati kwa mautumiki kuletsa kuyendetsa bajeti. Kuwonjezera apo, magawo a maiko kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa “kusintha kwa lamulo la malamulo a boma lakumaloko limene limaletsa njira zowonjezereka. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa kuyambitsidwa kwa chakudya cha dziko, luntha la boma lokhalanso ndi mphamvu zamagetsi, kubwereranso ku boma lapakati. Kachitidweka kameneka kakusonyeza kuti kaŵirikaŵiri chisonkhezero cha kumaloko chimasintha pa nyengo ya maprogramungwe koma kuchepa mkati mwa ntchito.

Chilango ndi Kuchirikiza Chipani cha Ndale zadziko

Magulu andale ku Japan, makamaka LDP, amasunga ulamuliro wamphamvu pa kusankha munthu wobatizidwa ndi mapulatifomu. Mantha a chipani cha kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi ufulu wochepa, ndipo akuluakulu a kumaloko (maboma, mameya) kaŵirikaŵiri amayendera monga odziimira okha kapena ndi zivomerezo za gulu lokha. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale atsogoleri atsopano adziko angayesetse kusonkhezera malamulo a boma mwachindunji; malingaliro awo ayenera kusankhidwa ndi omvera malamulo a dziko kapena magulu. Kutulutsa utsogoleri wa gulu ndi mabungwe obwerezabwereza kusokoneza malamulo, kupangitsa kuti boma livutike kuchirikiza ndawala zaungwe za dziko lonselo.

Kusiyana kwa Magawo ndi Kusalingana Ndale

Si maboma onse a m’dziko amene ali ndi chisonkhezero chofanana. Wotchuka, wochuluka kwambiri (Tokyo, Osaka, Aichi) amalamulira chisamaliro chachikulu kuchokera ku zipani za dzikolo kuposa kumidzi, kuchotsapo anthu. Malamulo opambana kuchokera ku “chitsanzo” kaŵirikaŵiri amatengera zinthu zofunika kwambiri, koma malamulo ochititsa kuchepetsa kapena kutsika kwa malo okhala ndi anthu, monga ngati kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndalama zothandizira kugula zinthu, kapena zoyendera zingachepetsedwe. Kusintha kumeneku kungatsogolere ku malamulo akwaniridwe a zochitika za dzikolo, pamene kuli kwakuti zifunikire madera ofooka. Zipani za National, zodziŵa mavoti a mizinda yotchuka, zimavomereza mwamsanga kumbuyo kwa maboma amphamvu, otsutsa madera akumadera akumidzi.

Mipata Yokulitsa Ntchito Zosiyanasiyana

Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto amenewa, pali njira zolimbikitsira maganizo a maboma a m’mayikowo ndi mayiko ena.

Mabungwe a Bungwe la Malamulo a M’dzikolo ndi Mabungwe Ogwirizana

Mabungwe okhazikitsa mautumiki apakati, mamembala a Diet, ndi oimira boma a m'dzikolo angalinganize maphunziro. “Councial on Local Governmental . Ndi chitsanzo chimodzi, koma imasumika maganizo pa nkhani zapansi. Mabungwe amwambo amene amasamalira ubwino, malo okhala, kapena malamulo a manambala angalinganize kutembenuza kuyambitsidwa kwa zinthu zatsopano za kumaloko. LDP’s “Headcacters for Local Creation” ndilo sitepe lapadera pa mfundo imeneyi, koma imakhalabe yofala kwambiri, mwina mofanana ndi za Germany Boundet-s projected pa nkhani za kumaloko, ikhoza kupanga kachitidwe kachitidwe ka ka ka ka ka kachitidwe kadziko ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kawo ka kachitidwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kawongongo

Malo Ophunzitsira Mfundo za Malamulo ndi Kugwirizana kwa Anthu Ogwirizana

Maboma a m’dzikolo angalimbitse chisonkhezero chawo mwa kupanga madongosolo a mtanda woikidwa pa mfundo zina za malamulo. “Magulu a oyendetsa zinthu a ku Japan ogwirizana ndi opanganso mphamvu zamagetsi a ku Japan [1] ndi “Bungwe la Maboma a Madera a Kulingana kwa Gender” ndi zitsanzo za mayanjano odzifunira amene amagaŵana ndi kuchirikiza malamulo a dziko lonse. Mabungwe ameneŵa amachepetsa chidziŵitso monga kugwirizana pakati pa opanga intelliverss ndi oseŵera a dziko, ndipo amapanga liwu logwirizana limene magulu andale sanganyalanyaze. Kulimbikitsa madongosolo a ndale oterowo kupyolera kupyolera kudziko lonselo kukhoza kuyambitsa chisonkhezero cha dziko popanda ulamuliro waukulu.

Kusintha kwa Zipani ndi Chipani

Pomalizira pake, kusintha kwakukulu kudzakhalako kuchokera ku masankho a voti ndi zipani zimene zimawonjezera kufunika kwa nkhani za kumaloko m'mikupiti ya dziko. Kupereka mbali za zoimira zimene zimalola mpambo wa malowo, kapena kulimbikitsa ntchito ya machaputala a gulu la akulu, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo a m'malowo afupidwa m'dongosolo la zipani. Magulu ena, monga Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu, amagogomezera kale kwambiri ndawala za m'mafakitale, koma ena amakhalabe otchuka kwambiri. Kusintha kwa democracy yakumayambitsira mapulogalamu a m’dzikolo mwachibadwa kubweretsa njira zatsopano za boma m'dziko.

Kumaliza: Mbali Yosatsutsika ya Maboma a M’dzikolo mu Demokrase ya ku Japan

Maboma a dziko ku Japan si ongothandiza andale ayi. Iwo ali okangalika pa ntchito zandale, kukonza malamulo a zipani za mayiko poyesa, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za dziko, kukopa anthu. Kuyambira kukonzanso mphamvu zothandizira akulu, kuyambira kuletsa tsoka mpaka ku boma lamakono, zambiri za zipambano za dziko la Japan zili ndi maziko a ntchito za boma. Zoona, ubale ndi wogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa mayiko popanga njira zatsopano ndi kuwadyetsa m'ndale. Zipani zandale zidzazindikira kuti mphamvu za dziko ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya dziko lako ndi kumanga malamulo ake a kumanga bwino. Pamene Japan ikulimbana ndi mavuto ovuta monga kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi kukonzanso za m'madera, mphamvu ya maboma akomweko yopanga njira zatsopano ndi kuwonjezera ndale zadziko za dziko lonse lapansi zidzasintha kwambiri. Zipani zandale zandale ndi zamphamvu zidzazindikira mphamvu za mphamvu za ntchito zaluso zaluso lamphamvu kuti ziyendetsedwe pakati pa mayiko onse.