Mbiri Yakale ya Ziyeso za Jury

Kuyenera kwa mlandu wa oweruza kuli koposa chitetezo cha procedtural . Chiyambi chake chimabwerera ku Greece Wakale, kumene nzika zinatumikira monga oweruza m'mikangano ya upandu ndi yachiŵeniŵeni pansi pa dongosolo la disterolia [1] . Chiyambi cha Roman Republic chinagwiritsiranso ntchito mtundu wa khomo la oweruza, Aquastio , kwa milandu ina yaupandu. Komabe, kholo la a khoti lamakono lapezedwa m'zaka zapakati za England, kutsatira Nobel Conquest of 1066. Kuyambirira sikunali kupeputsa mfundo ya choonadi koma mboni za kumaloko zimene zinalumbira choonadi cha chidziŵitso chawo chozikidwa pa chidziŵitso chawo. M'ma 1200, ndi m'matu mitu mitu ya mapangano osintha pang’chiweruzo a kumbuyo kwa mboni za kumbuyo kwa “Manga.

Magna Carta [1] (1215]) amasungidwa kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa cha kukhazikitsa maziko a mlandu ndi oweruza. Claus 39 akulengeza kuti palibe munthu womasuka amene adzamangidwa kapena kuchotsedwa “kusiyapo ndi chiweruziro chololedwa ndi anzake kapena ndi lamulo la dziko. . Ngakhale kuti pepalalo linkagwiritsidwa ntchito pokha ku makhoti, kumasulira kwake kwa pambuyo pake kunakhala malo oyenera ku ukulu wa ufulu. Podzafika m'zaka za zana la 17, lamulo la Chingelezi linakhazikitsa juli monga choyang'anira ulamuliro wachifumu. Pamene maiko a ku America anaswa lamulo la ufulu wa ku Britain, chikalata cha kukana milandu ya oweruza monga mfunguloza mlandu. U. U. U. Constitution inaka kutsimikizira kumanja ya kumanja ya IIIS, ndi Chigawo cha 2, Chigawo cha Chigawo cha Chisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chimodzi cha Chigawo cha Chigamulo, chigamulo cha “chikukhazikitsa cha lamulo cha lamulo cha lamulo chalamulo cha milandu chakulamulira chakulamulira chakulamulira chakulamulira kwa lamulo cha

Cholinga cha Mayesero a Jury

Jury imayendera limodzi zifuno: imatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, imatsimikizira kukhala ndi phande m'chitaganya, ndi kuchirikiza chidaliro cha anthu m'kuyang'anira chiweruzo. Mosiyana ndi kuzenga mlandu pa benchi, kumene woweruza mmodzi amagamula mlandu, ajuli akupereka nzeru ya onse ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Kudziloŵetsa kwa ulamuliro kumeneku kumathandiza kuchinjiriza boma mochenjera, mokondera, kapena mopanda nzeru. Oweruza amachita zinthu monga “sayansi ya chitaganya,". Kuvomereza lingaliro lachidziŵitso m’malamulo amene akanakhala okhoza kutchuka mopambanitsa.

Momvekera bwino, kuzenga mlandu kwa oweruza kumakwaniritsa ntchito zinayi zowopsya:

  • FOCT – Ajariti amapenda umboni, amatsimikizira kuti ndi oona, ndi kutsimikizira zimene zinachitika. Amalangizidwa kuzika chigamulo chawo pa mfundo zimene zaperekedwa m’khoti.
  • Kuseŵenzetsa kwa lamulo – Pamene woweruza akuwaphunzitsa pa lamulo loyenerera, oweruza amagwiritsira ntchito lamulolo ku nsonga zimene apeza. Magaŵano a ntchito ameneŵa amasunga kugamula kwa woweruza ndi kawonedwe ka juli.
  • Legitacy [1] – Chiweruzo choperekedwa ndi nzika wamba chili ndi ulamuliro wa makhalidwe abwino. Anthu ali othekera kwambiri kulandira chikhululukiro kapena kukana ngati chivomerezocho chichokera kwa gulu la ausinkhu wawo mmalo mwa nduna ya boma.
  • Maphunziro a Chiwitiki [[FLT :1] – utumiki wa Jury umasonyeza nzika ku ntchito za dongosolo la chiweruzo, kuchirikiza chidziŵitso chozama cha zoyenera, ntchito yoyenerera, ndi mathayo a unzika.

Njira Yosankha Jury (M’pofunika Kuiwala)

Kusankha juli yolungama ndi yopanda tsankho ndi njira yosangulutsa yodziŵika monga yoopsa (kuchokera ku Chifalansa Chakale, “kulankhula choonadi”). Imayamba ndi gulu la ajuli otengedwa m'makalata olembetsa ovomerezeka, zikalata za dalaivala, kapena mindandanda ina ya anthu. Nzika mazana ambiri zingaitanitsidwe ku mlandu umodzi. Akapita ku khoti, woweruza ndi maloya amene angakaike mlanduwo kuti apeze malingaliro olakwika amene angawalepheretse kuweruza mlanduwo pa umboni.

Ntchitoyi imachitika pang’onopang’ono:

  1. Kudziŵitsa vonire [1] – Nkhani za khoti zimaitana ku mtanda wongogaŵikana wa chitaganya.
  2. Kufufuza kwa [1] – Oweruza oyembekezera amalemba mafunso ndipo amafunsidwa monga gulu ponena za mkhalidwe wa anthu onse kulinga ku lamulo, apolisi, kapena mtundu wa upandu.
  3. Anthu amafunsa [[FLT :1] – Attorney angafunse mafunso, kaŵirikaŵiri m'mbali ya pepala kapena m'zipinda, kufufuza malingaliro ena. Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene angakhale wolakwa mwina sangakhale wosakondera.
  4. Malamulo kaamba ka chochititsa [[FT:1] – Attorney angapemphe woweruza kuchotsa woweruza kaamba ka chifukwa china, monga ngati kuvomereza tsankhu kapena unansi ndi phwando.
  5. Zitokoso zopinga [[FLT :1] . Mbali iliyonse ingakantha chiŵerengero chochepa cha ajuli popanda kupereka chifukwa. Komabe, mavuto opitikitsa sangagwiritsiridwe ntchito kusiyanitsa mafuko, thyole, kapena ufuko (monga momwe zasungidwira mu [[FLT:] Batson v. Kentucky , 1986].
  6. Kudya juli [1] - Pambuyo pa mbali zonse ziŵirizo zasonyeza zitokoso zawo, gulu lotsala la 12 (kapena kumadera ena) limalumbira monga oweruza ozenga mlandu.

M’nkhani zambiri, kuchita zimenezi kungatenge masiku kapena milungu, pamene maloya akuyesa kuzindikira tsankho lobisika, makamaka limene limachitika chifukwa cha kufalitsidwa kwa makampani asanayambe mafilimu.

Mbali ya Oweruza pa Kuzenga

Pamene alumbira, oweruza amakhala opeza okha mfundo. Mkati mwa kuzenga mlandu, iwo ayenera kukhalabe olandira umboni waumwini . iwo sangachite kufufuza kwaumwini, kuchezera malo a upandu, kapena kukambitsirana mlandu ndi aliyense kunja kwa chipinda cha oweruza. Woweruzayo amawaphunzitsa ponena za lingaliro la kukhala wopanda liwongo, thayo la umboni (mosakayikira moyenerera m’milandu yaupandu), ndi mbali za lamulo za milanduyo.

Oyendetsa mabomba a m’madzi amachita ntchito zingapo zofunika:

  • Kumvetsera ndi kuyang'anira --Ayenera kusamala kwambiri ndi umboni, zisonyezero, ndi zigomeko. M'makhoti ena, amaloledwa kulemba manotsi, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zimasiyana ndi mphamvu.
  • Kudalirika kokhala ndi umboni -Jurress amasanthula ngati mboni zili zowona, zolondola, ndi zosasintha. Zingaonedwe kukhala khalidwe, zolinga, ndi kuchirikiza umboni.
  • Kugwirizana pamodzi – Atamaliza mikangano ndi malangizo a woweruza, oweruza amapuma kuchipinda chaumwini kukangana ndi umboni. Kugamula kukhoza kukhala maola atha kapena masiku. Oweruza ayenera kumvetserana, kupendanso malingaliro oyambirira, ndi kugwira ntchito kufikira chigamulo chimodzi (kapena kutchuka kwa m’maboma ena a milandu ya anthu).
  • Kupereka chigamulo – chosankha chomaliza cha oweruza chiyenera kuzikidwa pa umboni ndi lamulo monga momwe analangizidwira. Ngati iwo sakuvomereza(a “juli yosanja [1] woweruza angalengeze mlandu wolakwika, ndipo oweruza angasankhe kaya ngati angayese mlanduwo.

Anthu ambiri amachoka n’kumazindikira kuti malamulo ndi okhwima ndiponso kuti n’ngovuta kukwaniritsa chilungamo.

Kukhudza Mayesero a Jury pa Malamulo

Kuzenga Jury sikokha kumene kumayambitsa mavuto komanso kumakhudza malamulo osiyanasiyana:

Kukhazikitsa Zotsatira za Malamulo

Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti sapanga lamulo, zigamulo zawo zingayambukire milandu imene imapindulidwa, ndipo makhoti a apilo nthaŵi zina amadalira pa khalidwe la ajuli kuti afotokoze miyezo yalamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Apprendi v. New Jersey [2000], Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. limavomereza kuti chigamulo chilichonse chowonjezereka kuposa chigamulo cha lamulo chiyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi ajuli mosakayikitsa.

Kufufuza Mphamvu ya Kuzenga

Juries wakhala akutumikira monga chopinga choletsa kuzembedwa kopambanitsa. Pamene umboni uli wofooka, kapena pamene lamulo silikudziŵika kwambiri, ajuli angakhululukire ngakhale kulemera kwa umboni kupyolera mwa “kutha kwa [1] mphamvu yakubwezera chigamulo chosamveka mosasamala kanthu za kukhulupirira woimbidwa mlanduwo. Zitsanzo za mbiri zachiŵembu zimaphatikizapo kukana kuweruza John Zenger kaamba ka kuukira boma (1735), ndi 19 achiweruzo omasula akapolo othaŵa kwawo kapena opulumutsa.

Kusokoneza Maganizo a Anthu

Great profile kuzenga mlandu kwa juli imalamulira nkhani za wailesi ndi kuyambitsa mkangano wapoyera ponena za fuko, kagulu, ndi chilungamo. Zigamulo m'nkhani zonga Anthu ku v. O. J. Simpson (1995] kapena [FLT] . George Zimmerman [1] (2013) anakhala malo oonetsera makambitsirano a tsankho la fuko m'dongosolo loweruza. Mayesero oterowo angasonkhetse chipulotezo cha geogno [1] chitsanzo, kusintha njira zodziŵikitsira anthu kapena kuyambitsa makhamera a bungwe la polisi.

Kuloŵa M’gulu la Anthu Ofuna Kudzipha

Kutengamo mbali m’chiweruzo cha ajuli kumavumbula nzika ku ntchito za mkati za makhoti. Malinga ndi kufufuza kwa 2019 kochitidwa ndi National Center for State Courts, oposa 85% a omwe kale anali ajuli anasimba kuti zokumana nazo zawo zinawonjezera ulemu wawo ku dongosolo la chiweruzo. Ndiponso, makhoti osiyanasiyana amawongolera kuimira zigamulo, monga momwe kufufuza kukusonyezera kuti makhoti a m'mabwinja amaloŵa m’nyumba zina achita dala kwanthaŵi yaitali, alingalire umboni wowonjezereka, ndipo apanga zolakwa zocheperapo kuposa majuli onse a a ku 76.

Mavuto Amene Amakumana Nawo Poyesedwa

Mosasamala kanthu za phindu lake losatha, kuzenga mlandu kwa ajuli kuyang’anizana ndi zopinga zazikulu zimene zingafooketse chilungamo chawo ndi kukhoza kwawo.

Zolingalira za Anthu Otchuka ndi Zabwino

Aliyense abweretsa malingaliro olakwika otsimikizirika ku bokosi la oweruza , thauth, kakhalidwe ka anthu, kapena zokumana nazo m’moyo. Ngakhale ndi kunyada kowopsa, kokhala ndi kusamala, kukhoza kukhala kobisika. Oimbidwa mlandu akupezekabe ndi kupatsidwa zigamulo zaukali kuposa oimbidwa mlandu oyera, ndipo kusagwirizana kumeneku kumachititsidwa ndi tsankho lachiŵembu. Makhoti ayesa kufotokoza zimenezi kupyolera m’maphunziro otsimikizirika a KHR. Malangizo okonzedwanso a a a ajuli, ndi kukonzanso zinthu kwa mlandu kwa a propetopeto, koma vutolo likupitirizabe.

Kucholoŵana kwa Kulankhula Kwamakono

Milandu yambiri ya upandu imaphatikizapo umboni wocholoŵana wa kulakwa, ziŵembu zazitali zozembera, kapena milandu ya zachuma yocholoŵana. Avereji tsopano imakhalapo milungu ingapo, ndipo ina ingatalikire kwa miyezi. Oweruza, amene kaŵirikaŵiri samadziŵa bwino mawu alamulo kapena malingaliro a sayansi, angavutike kuloŵetsa ndi kusunga chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane. “mpata wa kuchuluka kwa zinthu . ungachititse kusokonezeka ndi kuwonjezera ngozi ya zigamulo zolakwika. Makhoti ena tsopano amalola oweruza kutumiza mafunso olembedwa kaamba ka mboni, kapena kuwapatsa iwo ndi akatswiri a Zeonnia, koma njira zoterozo zidakali zotsutsana.

Nthaŵi ndi Zinthu Zovuta

Milandu ya Jury ndi yokwera mtengo. Kuzengedwa mlandu umodzi kungawononge ndalama zambiri pa nthawi ya khoti, ndalama zolipirira milandu, ndi maola a loya. Milandu imene imapitiriza kuweruzidwa imafunika kukonzekera kwa miyezi yambiri, ndipo milanduyo siichitika kaŵirikaŵiri. M'boma, milandu yosakwana 2 peresenti tsopano imazengedwa; yoposa 95% imatha pochita apilo. Kulephera kwa mlandu kumatanthauza kuti ntchito ya ajuli ya m'mbiri ikutsekedwa, ndipo oimba mlandu amene amaumirira kuti akhale ndi ufulu wawo kwa a ajuli angayang'anizane ndi “chilango cha milandu . . . . .

Chisonkhezero cha Ofalitsa Nkhani ndi Kufalitsa Nkhani

Kufufuza nkhani zapamwamba za profile kungachulukitse anthu ndi mfundo za tsankho. Oweruza ena ayamba kale ndi maganizo olakwika asanatchulidwe. Koma oweruza ayenera kuweruza mlandu wonse, kuwachotsa m'manyuzipepala ndi m'manyuzipepala, kapena ngakhale kuchititsa kuti mlanduwo ukhale pamalo osiyanasiyana. Kubwera kwa mafoni ndi kupeza chidziŵitso mwamsanga kwachititsa kuti zitsimikizo zikhale zosatheka kuti oweruza sapeza zinthu zosavuta kuyankha. Zilango za polisi sizithandiza kwenikweni.

Kuimira Anthu ndi Kusiyanasiyana Kwawo

Kuti oweruza akhaledi opanda tsankho, ayenera kusonyeza kugaŵana koyenera kwa chitaganya. Komabe maiko ambiri akulimbanabe ndi kuikidwa kwa anthu a mafuko aang'ono, achichepere, ndi anthu ochepa olandira ndalama. Zimenezi zingatulukepo chifukwa cha kukondera m'ndandanda wa magwero, kugwiritsira ntchito zitokoso kuti achotse magulu ena, kapena mavuto amene amakhululukira chiŵerengero cha antchito ndi osamalira. Zoyesayesa zowongolera kuimira zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito mindandanda yamitundu yambiri, kuchepetsa kapena kuchotsa mavuto otsendereza, ndi kupanga utumiki wa khoti loyenerera kwambiri (m.g., kulola utumiki wa tsiku limodzi lathunthu, kupereka chisamaliro cha ana).

Kuyerekezera Mayesero: Mayesero a Chinyolo Padziko Lonse

United States ali ndi njira yolimba kwambiri yoweruzira milandu, koma ndi dziko lokhalo limene limadalira pa oimira nzika.

  • [[FLT: 0] England ndi Wales [[FLT :1] - Chiyambi cha bungwe la oweruza lamakono chikugwiritsirabe ntchito ilo kaamba ka milandu ya upandu yowopsa m'Khoti la Chimake. Komabe, majaji achotsedwa pa milandu yachiŵeniŵeni yochuluka, ndipo kuyenera kwa mlandu wa ajuli kuli kochepa kuposa mu U.S. chitokoso chinachotsedwa mu 1988 kuchepetsa tsankho la fuko.
  • Canada [1] - Milandu ya ajuli ya ajuli imagwiritsiridwa ntchito pa milandu yaikulu. Juries iri ndi mamembala 12 ndipo iyenera kufikira chigamulo chimodzi. Choopsa chakhala choletsedwa kwambiri kuposa mu U.S., ndipo mavuto opangira zifukwa amagwiritsiridwa ntchito mocheperapo.
  • Australia [1] - Juries amagamula mlandu m'maweruzi onse a upandu wopatsidwa chilango cha kumangidwa kwa miyezi 12. Kusalolera kumafunikirika m'maiko ambiri, ngakhale kuti ena amalola zigamulo zambiri pambuyo polingalira mowonjezereka. Mbali ya ajuli m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni yachepetsedwa pang’onopang’ono.
  • Yuropu [1] [1] -Malo ambiri a boma aloŵa m’malo majuli achiweruzo ndi makhoti osanganizana kapena oweruza a pulogalamu. Mwachitsanzo, Germany amagwiritsira ntchito njira ya “ofufuza [1] ( Schöffen) amene amakhala ndi oweruza aluso m’milandu yowopsa. France amagwiritsira ntchito gulu la oweruza atatu ndi oweruza asanu ndi mmodzi a milandu ya mayeso. Madongosolo ameneŵa amagamula kuti agwirizane ndi maluso alamulo ndi kutengamo mbali pamene akupeŵa mayeso a bwalo a milandu yofala.
  • yapam'aaijano[FLT :1] – Mu 2009, Japan anayambitsa masankho [magamulo] (kuika oweruza) pa milandu yaikulu. Magulu a nzika zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi oweruza atatu odziŵa bwino amagamula kuti onse aŵiriwo ndi liwongo ndi chilango. Kusinthako kunafuna kuwonjezera chidaliro chapoyera ndi chipambano pambuyo pa mpambo wa zikhululukiro zolakwika. Kufufuza koyambirira kumasonyeza kuti oweruza atengamo mbali mokangalika ndipo mkhalidwewo wa kugamulako wawo wapita patsogolo.

Zitsanzo zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti oweruza sali bungwe limodzi lofuna kukonza zinthu, ndipo dongosolo lililonse limalinganiza kufunika kwa nzika zodziloŵetsamo motsutsana ndi nkhaŵa za ndalama, kukhoza, ndi chilungamo.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu ndi Mtsogolo mwa Mayesero a Chikole

Poganizira mavuto amene tatchula pamwambawa, anthu ambiri amene akonza zoti zinthu zisinthe pa nkhani ya mlanduwu, apereka maganizo akuti asunge bwino mlandu wa ajuli.

Kuwongolera Njira Yosankha Jury

  • Kufutukula ndandanda ya magwero a ndandanda kuti mugwiritsiremo zolembedwa za wailesi, ma intaneti a boma, ndi mametafoni ena owonjezera mitundu.
  • Kuthetsa kapena kuchepetsa kwambiri mavuto ochepetsa tsankho la fuko.
  • Kulola loya wina יהוe kugwiritsa ntchito anthu ofunsa mafunso kuti adziwe maganizo olakwika amene alipo.

Kuyesa Njira Zamakono

  • Kulola oweruza kulemba manotsi ndi kufunsa mafunso olembedwa (ogonjera ku chivomerezo).
  • Kupereka “mawu achidule a chiweruzo” a umboni wocholoŵana, wofanana ndi mabuku a oweruza ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m’milandu ina yachinyengo.
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono monga kuonetsa umboni wa pakompyuta ndiponso kujambula mawu pa nthawi yeniyeni kuti mumvetsetse bwino nkhani.

Kulankhula ndi “Chilango Chachikulu”

  • Kupanga zitsogozo za malamulo zimene zimachepetsa kusiyanitsa pakati pa kuyesa ndi kuchonderera. Maboma ena adalamula kale kuti chitsimikizo pambuyo poyesedwa sichingatuluke ndi chiganizo choposa 20-30% kuposa chopereka chofananacho.
  • Ndalama zowonjezereka zochirikizira kudzitetezera kotero kuti otetezera aunyinji athe kutenga nkhani zambiri kuzengedwa mlandu.

Kuchirikiza Chichirikizo cha Mtsinje

  • Kuwonjezera malipiro (kaŵirikaŵiri otsika monga $15-20 patsiku) kuchepetsa mtolo wa zandalama pa nzika zotsika zolandira.
  • Kupereka chisamaliro chaufulu kapena chaching’ono cha ana kwa oweruza.
  • Kutsatira “tsiku limodzi kapena kuzenga mlandu umodzi” kumakhazikitsa malamulo ochepetsa kusokonezeka maganizo.

Kachitidwe Kalamulo ndi Kaweruzidwe

  • Kuvomereza kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu wa ajuli m’malamulo a boma (okhala okonzeka kupezeka mu 50 onse) ndi kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa okhazikitsa malamulo kuvomereza zimenezo mwa kuchepetsa chilango chochepa cha oweruza.
  • Kulimbikitsa anthu kuti asinthe zinthu monga “za m’machiweruzo zachiweruzo” kapena kuweruza milandu yovuta (zimene zimathandiza oweruza kuweruza milandu popanda kugamula kuti asaiiŵale) kuti alembe.

Mtsogolo mwa milandu ya oweruza adzadalira pa kaya makhoti ndi makhoti okhazikitsa malamulo angagwirizane ndi dziko lamakono limeneli. Mosasamala kanthu za zolakwa zake, oweruzawo adakali chisonyezero chotsimikizirika cha lamulo lakuti chilungamo ndicho kuyesayesa kogwirizana, osati ntchito yaupolu. Monga momwe Judge Court Thir Good Marshall analembera, “Oweruza abweretsa ku dongosolo lachiweruzo mzimu wa kutengamo mbali kotchuka ndi kulemekeza zolembedwa m’lamulo. Ntchito yake yofunika ndiyo kusungitsa mphamvu ya bungwe la politic .

Kumaliza: Kufunika Kopirira kwa Mayesero a Chikole

Mayeso a Jury sali chabe chosankha chamwambo; ndi ukulu walamulo umene umagwirizanitsa nzika ku maziko a dongosolo lawo lachilungamo. Amakakamiza boma kutsimikizira mlandu wake pamaso pa anthu wamba, kutsimikizira kuti lamulo likhalabe loŵerengera ku mapindu a demokrase. Ulendo wa m'mbiri kuchokera ku Ancient Greece kumka ku chipinda cha ajuli yamakono umavumbula mbali yosatha: chikhulupiriro chakuti nkhani ya lamulo iyenera kukhala ndi liwu logwira ntchito.

Kwa aphunzitsi ophunzitsa njira zauchigawenga, milandu ya ajuli imapereka kufufuza kwamphamvu za mmene malamulo, ndale, ndi makhalidwe a anthu amayendera. Ophunzira amaphunzira kuti zigamulo sizimangochitika mwangozi za malamulo koma zimapangidwa mwa kugamula ndi kuweruza. Mavuto amene amayang'anizana ndi milandu ya ajuli (-bias, kucholoŵana, ndalama, kusanyalanyazidwa, koma ayenera kuuzidwa kuti akonzetse. Choweruza chachikazichi . . .chimodzi ndi chotchedwa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pamene tikupita patsogolo m'zaka za zana la 21, kupulumuka kwa mlandu wa oweruza kudzadalira pa kufunitsitsa kwa chitaganya kuipanga. Umisiri ungathandize, koma luso la zopangapanga silingalowe mmalo ntchito ya munthu ya kumvetsera, kulingalira, ndi kupanga zosankha pamodzi. Njira yabwino koposa yolemekezera ntchito ya oweruza ndiyo kutumikira, kuphunzitsa, ndi kuchirikiza njira imene imapatsa wonenezedwa aliyense mpata weniweni wa kumvedwa. Mabwalo a Boma ali opambana, koma ndi kuthekera kwa kuwonjezera kuyenerera ndi kukwaniritsa demokrase. Kuŵerenganso za kufunika kwa majoji, kuwona [[FL:] U.S. Courts commony ya utumiki wa oweruza [FOct:] [FF.5]