Madongosolo a Electoral ndiwo maziko a ulamuliro wa democracy . Amatembenuza voti paudindo wa ndale ndi kuumba mmene nzika zimaonera mbali yawo m'zandale. Makonzedwe a dongosolo la voti amakhudza osati kokha amene apambana koma kulingana ndi mmene osankhidwa oyenerera amaonera kukhala ndi phande. Kumvetsetsa unansi pakati pa madongosolo osankhidwa ndi ovota nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kulimbikitsa pangano la demokrase ndi kutsimikizira kuti masankhoti asonyezedi chifuniro cha anthu.

Kufufuza kosasintha kumasonyeza kuti wovotayu akupitirizabe ngakhale pambuyo pa kuyang'anira zinthu zosiyanasiyana za kakhalidwe ka anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko amene amagwiritsa ntchito kuimira kwapadera (PR) amayang'ana kukwera kwambiri kuposa aja amene amagwiritsa ntchito madongosolo aakulu monga ngati woyamba ndi chizindikiro (FPTP). Mpata umenewu umapitirizabe ngakhale pambuyo polamulira zinthu za kakhalidwe ka anthu, akulingalira kuti maluso a bungwe ali ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa kutenga nawo mbali. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mitundu yaikulu ya madongosolo a osanthula, ipenda chiyambukiro chawo potsegula ndi kufufuza nkhani, ndipo imapereka njira zothandizira kuwongolera kuvomereza mavoti ovota.

Kumvetsa Njira Zoyendetsera Ntchito

Dongosolo la sankho ndilo malamulo amene amasankha mmene mavoti amapangidwira, kuŵerengedwa, ndi kutembenuzidwira m'mipando m'nyumba yoyaluza kapena ofesi ya akuluakulu. Kusankha dongosolo kumayambukira chiŵerengero ndi mtundu wa magulu amene amatuluka, unansi pakati pa nthumwi ndi oimira, ndi kuthekera kwakuti ovotawo adzaona osankhidwawo akupambana. Pali mabanja anayi aakulu a dongosolo la osanthula: a quatoritaria (mphatal/jority), kuimira kwa ndandanda, kusanganizana (mpangidwe wa m'zolowezi, ndi madongosolo apadera a gulu la osankhidwa. Banja lililonse lili ndi mikhalidwe yosiyana imene imakhudza khalidwe la ovota.

Madongosolo a Oronala (Poyamba Past- Post ndi Madongosolo Aŵiri a Maround)

M'madongosolo aakulu, wosankha amene amalandira mavoti ochuluka m'chigawo chimodzi amapambana. Mpangidwe wopepuka ndiwo woyamba wa m'mbuyo (FPTP), wogwiritsiridwa ntchito mu United States, United Kingdom, Canada, ndi India. Dongosolo lachiŵiri (kuthamanga) limafuna wofuna kukwaniritsa unyinji wonse wa ozungulira kapena kuyang'ana kuzungulira kwachiŵiri pakati pa aŵiri otchuka; limeneli limagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku France, Brazil, ndi masankhoti ambiri a pulezidenti padziko lonse.

Madongosolo a opaleshoni amapanga magawo aŵiri kapena mbali zazikulu, kaŵirikaŵiri kutsogolera ku chiŵerengero chachikulu cha "voti zosankhidwa" — mavoti oikidwa kwa oyembekezera amene sapambana . Izi zingaletse ochirikiza zigaŵenga zazing'ono kutembenuka, chifukwa chakuti amaona kuvota kwawo kukhala kosathandiza. Malinga ndi chidziŵitso cha International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Leaformation (International IDEA), wovota m'maiko ogwiritsira ntchito FPTP ali mfundo zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa m'maiko a PR.

Kuimira kwa Malamulo (PR)

Madongosolo a PR amaika mipando m'zigawo zosiyanasiyana mogwirizana ndi mavoti amene gulu lililonse limalandira. Osintha amaphatikizapo ndandanda ya PR (yotsekedwa kapena yotseguka), voti imodzi yosasintha (STV), ndi magawo osanganizikana (MMP), madongosolo a PR kwenikweni amatulutsa maprigion a maparatitiki ambiri ndi kufuna maboma a mgwirizano. Chifukwa chakuti chivoti chilichonse chimathandiza pa mpando wa chipani, kuvota kugawana kwawo kuli ndi tanthauzo lalikulu, kumene kumalimbikitsa maphunziro ogwirizana ndi [[FL:0] Blais ndi Aarts (200 [200] , kutsimikizira kuti madongosolo a PR amagwirizanitsidwa ndi 5 propesenti yokwera poyerekezera ndi FPP.

Njira Zosiyanasiyana Zoyendera

Madongosolo osanganiza madongosolo a chigawo ndi mipando ya kuimira kwapadera ndi kulinganiza. M'madongosolo osanganizidwa ndi mbali za maalamu (MMMM), ovota adaponya mavoti aŵiri: mmodzi wa wosankha chigawo (kaŵiri FPTP) ndi mmodzi wa mpambo wa zipani, ndi mipando yachigawo ndi mipando ya mapulaneti yadziwonere. Madongosolo a m'chigawo amasintha milingo yosiyana ndi ya PR, pamene MMMMM amapanga milingo yapakati. Kupenda ndi ku [1] [1]

Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV)

Chosankha chapadera (chotchedwanso kuti kuvota kwamwamsanga kapena kuvota kwapadera) chimalola ovota kugamula ofunsira kuti asankhe okha. Ngati palibe wobatizidwa amene alandira chisankho choyambirira chapadera, wosankhidwa womalizira amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amatengedwa pa chinthu china. Zimenezi zikupitirizabe kufikira wosankhidwayo apeza unyinji wa anthu. RCV amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba yaing'ono ya Australia, masankhoti a pulezidenti a Ireland, ndi kuwonjezera chikhutiro cha U. mizinda (e.S., San Francisco, New York City). Mwa kuchepetsa "poleer chiyambukiro cha " ndi kulola kuti ofunsirawo popanda mpira, RVCVV angawonjeze ndi kutembenuza chikhutiro cha UFT. [FFFFFOOpt:]

Makina Ochititsa Chidwi Amagwirizanitsa Madongosolo a Zovala ndi Zovala Zojambulidwa

Akatswiri apeza kuti pali njira zingapo zimene zimagwiritsa ntchito makina opangira zinthu m’thupi, zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi munthu aliyense payekha, njira ya kagulu ka zigawenga, ndiponso mmene zinthu zandale zimayendera.

Kudziŵa Zinthu ndi Kuzindikira

Mafotokozedwe ochirikizidwa kwambiri ndi akuti madongosolo a PR amawonjezera kuwonjezereka kwa makampani chifukwa ovota amazindikira kuti mavoti awo ali otchuka kwambiri. M'liŵiro la FPPP la chigawo, ovota ambiri amaponya maloti kwa oyembekezera kulephera, kutsogolera ku ziŵerengero za "ovoti osankhidwa" — kaŵirikaŵiri 40-50% ya chiwonkhetso. Pakupita kwanthaŵi, ochirikiza kutaya mamembala kapena ofunsira aang'ono angakhale osuliza ndi kuleka kusanthula. M'madongosolo a PR, ngakhale magulu 5% a ovotawo angapambane mipando, chotero voti yachi amawona chigwirizanitso chachimodzi pakati pa zisonyezero zawo ndi kuimira. Emppiraic umboni wochokera ku gulu losiyanasiyana losankhidwa amasonyeza kuti 10% ya kuwonjezeka kwa osankhidwa kwa protopetopetopeto n’kusintha.

Kupikisana ndi Madera Ozungulira Mphepo

Kuthamanga kuli kwapamwamba m'mafuko ampikisano kumene osankha amakhulupirira kuti osankha awo angapange kusiyana. M'madongosolo a FPTP, zigawo zambiri ndi "mipando yotetezereka" yolamuliridwa ndi chipani chimodzi, kutsogolera ku mpikisano waung'ono ndi kusalabadira. Madongosolo a PR kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga zigawo zambiri zimene zili za mpikisano, ndipo kuphatikizidwa kwa gulu kutsimikizira kuti ngakhale osankha m'zigawo zotetezeka angayambukire mbali ya voti ya dzikolo. Komabe, madongosolo ena a PR okhala ndi zigawo zazikulu kwambiri angachepetse modabwitsa lingaliro la kugwirizana pakati pa Fociate ndi oimira, kuchotsa chipambano.

Kusankha Mapwando ndi Malo Odyera

Madongosolo a PR amapanga madongosolo ambiri, kupereka ovota ambiri a malingaliro. Ngati ovota angasankhe chipani chimene chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi malingaliro awo, iwo amasonkhezeredwa kwambiri kukhala ndi phande. Mosiyana ndi, FPTP yosankha imakhala ndi chosankha cha ziŵiriziŵiri pakati pa zipani ziŵiri zazikulu, kaŵirikaŵiri kusiya malingaliro ang'onoang'ono osavomerezedwa. Kusoŵa kumeneku kuli chizindikiro champhamvu cha kutsata kochepa, makamaka pakati pa achichepere ndi osankha malingaliro ambiri.

Kulembetsa ndi Kusenza Mtolo

Madongosolo a Electoral sindiwo okha amene amayambukira kubwerera. Zofunika za kulembetsa kwa Voter, malamulo odziŵikitsa, maola ofufuza, ndi njira zosankhira posi. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi nzosiyana ndi mtundu wa dongosolo la pulogalamu ya magetsi, kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwirizana ndi ilo. Mwachitsanzo, maiko okhala ndi PR (m., Sweden, Denmark) ali ndi malire otsika a boma, monga kulembetsa ndi kusanthula, pamene kuli kwakuti FPTPP imaika katundu wapamwamba pa vot, amene amatembenukira ku zinthu zoterozo. Kuyang'anira zinthu zimenezi, chiyambukiro chapadera cha dongosolo losankhidwa la osankhidwa chisankhotere.

Kufufuza Mosiyanasiyana Zokhudza Maselo a M’madzi

Bungwe lolimba la kufufuza koyerekezera limatipatsa mpata woŵerengera kusiyana kwa madongosolo a pulogalamu yosankhika. Kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso kuchokera ku , , , , inde, CD , , , , ndi kuyang'ana avareji ya masankho a boma pa zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo.

Pakati pa mademokrase okhazikitsidwa, maiko ogwiritsira ntchito madongosolo a PR (m., Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium ndi kuvota kokakamiza) akulengeza mosalekeza kupitirira 75%. Ku Belgium, kumene kuvota kuli koyenera ndi PR, kutuluka nthaŵi zonse kupitirira 85%. Mosiyana ndi, maiko a FPTPPP monga United States, Canada, ndi United Kingdom areversitive 60 / 65% m'masankhoti awo a palamenti. United States, limodzi ndi dongosolo lake la FPTPPP ndi kulembetsa kwaufulu, kaŵirikaŵiri amaona chisankho cha prezidenti cha dziko cha 55% ndi chapakati pa 40%.

Madongosolo osanganizidwa akugwa pakati pa. MP ya Germany imatulutsa nthaŵi zonse kutembenuka kwa 70-80%, pamene kuli kwakuti njira ya MMM ya Japan yawona kutembenuka kwa 50-60%. Kusintha kwa New Zealand kuchoka ku FPTP kupita ku MMP mu 1996 kumapereka kuyesa kwachibadwa kumene kumatsimikizira chiyambukiro cha kasuta: kutuluka kwakwera ndi pafupifupi nsonga 3 pm' pambuyo pa kusintha ndipo kumakhala kwapamwamba kaamba ka mzera wotsatira.

Madongosolo a zotola zokhala ndi pepala monga Australia (amenenso amavota mokakamiza) amatulutsa kugalamuka kwapamwamba, koma kuvota kokakamiza kumasokoneza kusanthula. M'madongosolo a RCV odzifunira, monga ngati zisankho za boma ku San Francisco kapena Minneapolis, kufufuza kumasonyeza kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa 1.12 76 peresenti ya mfundo zokhudzana ndi masankhoti, makamaka m'mafuko osakhala a partisanganda.

Kufufuza Nkhani Mwatsatanetsatane

Sweden: Kuimira Malamulo ndi Kugwirizana kwa Chipangano

Sweden imagwiritsira ntchito njira yotsekereza ya PR ndi ma contitueccies 29. Chitseko cha kupata mipando ncha 4% m'dziko. Chotembenukira ku masankho a palamende ku Sweden chapitirira 80% kuyambira pakati pa zaka za 20, kukwera pa 87% mu 2014 ndi kukhala pa 84% pa masankho aposachedwapa aposachedwapa 2022. Zinthu zingapo zikuthandizira ku kupata kumeneku: dongosolo la PR limatsimikizira kulinganiza, kulembetsa kodzifunira kwa onse, maboloti amatumizidwa kwa onse olembetsedwa, ndipo tsiku la voti ndilo ndilo holide yapo. Kuwonjezera apo, dongosolo lapamwamba (magawo lachisanu ndi makono m'lamendera la pa kholamenti) limatulutsa pulogalamu yotchuka.

United States: Kuyamba - Past-Post ndi kumanga zitseko

United States akugwiritsira ntchito FPTP zonse ziŵiri Nyumba yake ya Oimira (zigawo chimodzi) ndi Electoral College yake ya masankho. Dongosololi, limodzi ndi kulembetsa kovomerezeka kwa ovota ndi malamulo oletsa, limatulutsa kutsika kochepera. M'chosankha cha pulezidenti cha 202020, kutembenukako kunafika 66%, yapamwamba kwambiri m'zaka makumi angapo koma yotsikira pansi pa avereji ya PR. Midtermovel ili yosaleka pansi pa 50%, ndi 2022 , ndi 2022 kuona mapangano oposa dongosolo la chisankho cha chisankho — kuphatikizapo mavoti, mizera yaitali, ndi kusanthula koyambirira kochepa m'maiko ena — kutembenuza chiyambukiro cha PPP. Chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha mipando yotetezereka ya PR chikutsika mu 20%, ndi mpikisano wa Adokopook 10% yosagwirizana.

Australia: Ntchito Yopanga ndi Kutengamo Mbali Kokakamiza

Australia amagwiritsira ntchito voti ina (instant-runoff) kwa Nyumba yake ya Oimira ndi STV kwa Nyumba yake ya Malamulo. Movuta, kuvota kumakakamiza pa mlingo wa boma, ndi kulipiritsa ndalama zopindulira kusakhala. Kubwerera ku mavoti a boma ku Australia kwakhala pa 90% kwa zaka makumi angapo, ngakhale pambuyo pa kutsata kwapamwamba. Kusankhako ndiko kuyendetsa kokakamiza, dongosolo la RCV lokha limachepetsa mavoti ndi ziyambukiro zowononga, kuwonjezera chikhutiro ngakhale pakati pa awo amene sangafune kuvota. Maphunziro a boma a ku Australia atakhala okakamiza (m. g., South Australia mu 1930) amasonyeza kuti kukwera koma kumakhalabe kwapamwamba kuposa m'maiko a FTPP, akulingalira kuti RC imapereka chiwonjezero chakuya chakuya.

Germany: Njira Yoyendera Yoyenera Yophatikiza Mamembe ndi Yothandiza

. Voters imagwirizanitsa chigawo chimodzi ndi chiwongola dzanja. Voters amaponya chisankho chimodzi kwa wosankha wa kumaloko (voti yoyamba) ndi chimodzi cha ndandanda ya chipani (voti yachiŵiri). Voti yachiŵiri imasankha malo onse okhala, kutsimikizira kuti ali oyenera. Germany nthaŵi zonse amakwaniritsa kuposa 70%, ndi 76.6% m'chosankha cha boma. Komiti ya MMP imapatsa onse aŵiri woimira wa kumalo ndi zotsatira zake, kubweretsa kuŵerengera kwa FPTPP ndi kutsata kwa PR. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti chiŵerengero cha kutayitsa ndalama zovota kufupikira thiridwa thiyo, monga ndandanda iriyonse ya gulu imathandizira kugaŵira kugaŵira komaliza, ngati wotsatirayoyoyoyoyoka.

Mfundo Zolimbikitsa Kukonza Malo Opangira Malonda

Malinga ndi umboni wopendedwa, opanga malamulo ofuna kuwonjezera wovota angalingalire za kusintha kwa magulu aŵiri: kusintha kwa dongosolo la pulogalamu yeniyeniyo ndi kusintha kwa maulamuliro. Nkofunika kudziŵa kuti kusintha kulikonse kuyenera kuyenderana ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko ndi zochitika za dziko.

Kusintha kwa Dongosolo

Kutsatira njira yoimira anthu mogaŵikana, kapena makampani ophatikizapo mapulogalamu, kuli ndi chichirikizo champhamvu kwambiri pokweza pulogalamu. M’mayiko amene FPTPP ndi yokhazikika kwambiri, kusintha kowonjezereka monga kusinthira ku mavoti (monga mizinda ndi mayiko angapo a U.S. achita) kungachepetse kusanthula kotayitsa ndi kuwonjezera chikhutiro cha wovota. Njira ina ndiyo kuyambitsa dongosolo la chigawo cha zigawo zambiri m'kakonzedwe ka chigawo (m. g., kugwiritsira ntchito voti yochepetsera kapena mavoti achidule) kuwongolera kulinganiza popanda kutaya zigawo za mbali imodzi.

Kusintha Malamulo a Maboma

Mosasamala kanthu za dongosolo la voti, kupeputsa kulembetsa koyambirira kuli chimodzi cha zoloŵetsedwa zogwira mtima kwambiri. Kulembetsa kwadzidzidzi kwa wovota, monga momwe kumachitika ku Sweden, Germany, ndi mademokrase ena ambiri, kumawonjezera kulondola ndi kuchepetsa zoletsa kuti munthu aloŵemo. Kulembetsa tsiku limodzi, kusanthula, kuvota kokulirapo, ndi kupanga tsiku la voti lokhala ndi tchuti kapena masabata onse asonyezedwa kuti awonjezere kubwerera. Masinthidwe ameneŵa ndi ofunika kwambiri m'mayiko onga United States, kumene katundu wa oyang'anira zinthu amayambukira kwambiri kulowa pansi ndi kuvota kochepera, kutsenderezanso kubwerera m'dongosolo lotsika kale.

Maphunziro a Mitengo ndi Kugwirizana

Masinthidwe a dongosolo la kachitidwe ka zinthu okha ngosakwanira ngati nzika sizikumvetsetsa mmene mavoti awo amatembenuzira kuimira. Kampani yothandiza kulongosola maprogramu a maphunziro a dongosolo la osankhidwa, kulondola kwake, ndi kufunika kwa kuvota kungachititse anthu kukhala ndi phande. M'maiko okhala ndi madongosolo a PR, mavoti kaŵirikaŵiri amagogomezera kuti voti iriyonse imathandizira ku gawo la mpando wa chipani, kuchirikiza lingaliro la kupambana. chitaganya chapeza njira zoyambira, makamaka awo amene amaloŵa m’manja mwa achichepere ndi nthaŵi yoyamba yovota, amasonyezanso ziyambukiro zabwino koma zatanthauzo.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo a Electoral si malamulo a luso lokha. Madongosolo aunansi ameneŵa amaumba kuchuluka kwa maganizo ndi kuchuluka kwa mbali ya demokrase. Umboni wopezekawo umasonyeza bwino kuti madongosolo oimira anthu ogwirizana, madongosolo ogwirizana, ndi kuvota koikidwa m'gulu, zonsezo zimatulutsa kuvota kwapamwamba kuposa kujambula kwa kale. Maluso aunansi ameneŵa akuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa kulinganiza, kutaya mavoti, kusankha kwa gulu lalikulu, ndi kutchuka kwapamwamba pakati pa ovota.

Maiko amene akufuna kukonza njira zolowera pansi, kusintha kwa dongosolo la osankhidwa kuyenera kulingaliridwa pamodzi ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa boma konga kulembetsa kodzifunira ndi kufutukuka kwa mavoti. Palibe njira imodzi yothetsera nkhani zonse, koma zolembedwazo nthaŵi zonse zimasonyeza madongosolo ambiri ophatikizapo ndi olinganiza monga maziko a democracy yabwino, yogwirizana. Mwakumvetsetsa mphamvu ya dongosolo la opanga zinthu, opanga malamulo ndi ochirikiza malamulo angatenge njira zotsimikizirika kutsimikizira kuti mawu a nzika iliyonse ali ndi mwaŵi weniweni kumveka m'bokosi la bolot.