Kuteteza Claus Kofanana: Kachipangizo Kotetezera Ufulu wa Anthu ku America

Chiganizo chimodzichi chakhala chimodzi mwa ziŵiya zamphamvu kwambiri zopitira patsogolo ufulu wa anthu, kutsutsa, ndi kuumba anthu a ku America. Chikalatachi chimagwira ntchito ku magawo onse a boma. Chigawochi chimagwira ntchito ngati chinzake poteteza malamulo a dzikolo. Chigamulochi chimathandiza kwambiri kuti munthu adziwe ufulu wa anthu, kukondera, ndi kukonza dziko la America. Chikalatachi chimagwira ntchito ku magawo onse a boma / chigawo, ndi dera lakwawo, ndi kutanthauza chiphunzitso cha kulowa kwake. Kumvetsa malemba, mbiri, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwamakono nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kudziŵa ufulu wake ndi malamulo amakhalidwe amene amateteza anthu kuchitiridwa zinthu zosayenera.

Mawuwo samapereka chitsimikizo chakuti munthu aliyense adzachitiridwa mofanana, koma amaletsa machitidwe a boma amene amaika anthu m’njira zodzifunira, zosamveka, kapena zozikidwa pa tsankho. Makhoti amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi kusankhidwa kwa zinthu . Kupenda kwa mtundu ndi mtundu, kupenda kwapakati kwa amuna ndi akazi, ndi kusamvera, ndi kupenda koyenera kwa malamulo ena. Malamulo ameneŵa amasankha ngati lamulo kapena lamulo likuswa chinjirizo la mlingo wofanana wa Classiona. Chiyambukiro cha mawu ameneŵa chimakhudza pafupifupi mbali zonse za moyo wa anthu, kuphatikizapo maphunziro, ntchito, kusanthula, ndi chilungamo chaupandu.

Mbiri Yakale: Kuyambira pa Kukonzanso Zinthu Kukaloŵa m’Ufulu Wamakono

Chitetezo cha Active Claus chinabadwa ndi phulusa la Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni. The Reconstructon Era (1865-1877) inapereka chitokoso chachikulu: mmene angagwirizanitsire anthu anayi miliyoni omwe anali akapolo kuunzika wa America ndi kutsimikizira zoyenera zawo. MPhindu ya 1350 Demendment (1865) inachotsa ukapolo, koma mayiko a ku Southern adakhazikitsa mofulumira "Black Malamulo" amene analetsa kwambiri ufulu wa Aafirika. Poyankha, Nyumba ya Malamulo inapereka Chifunitso cha Chisungiko cha Ufulu wa Kutha Koposa 14,06 ndipo pambuyo pake inakhazikitsa ufulu wa 143, umene unavomerezedwa mu 1868.

Awo amene anakonza malamulowo, kuphatikizapo Woimira John Bingham ndi Senator Jacob Howard, adafuna kuti Chitetezo cha Aphalt Claus chikhale chitsimikizo cha lamulo molimbana ndi tsankho la boma. Bingham anachifotokoza kukhala chotsimikizira kuti "malamulo adzakhala olingana ndi chitetezo chawo kwa anthu onse. Komabe, mbiri yakale yachisawawa inazindikiritsidwa ndi kumasulira kochepa kwachiweruzo. [FL:0] Mabanja-Nyumba (1873) , Khoti Lapamwamba linapereka kuŵerengedwa kopanikiza kwa mwaŵi kapena Immage Claus ndi kupereŵera kwa malo a ku ufulu wa zaka khumi ndi zinayi. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kutetezera kwa Claus Callian ndi malamulo ena osungidwa monga chigamulo cha mlandu.

Munali kufikira pakati pa zaka za zana la 20 pamene chiganizocho chinakhala chotsogolera gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe. Khotilo pang’onopang’ono linasintha njira yake, likumazindikira kuti chiganizocho chimafuna zambiri kuposa kufanana kwalamulo ndi kulamula kuti malamulo asapitirize kugonjera kwa m’mbiri.

Nkhani Zochititsa Chidwi Zimene Zinaumba Claus

Zigamulo zingapo za Khoti Lalikulu zafotokoza tanthauzo ndi ukulu wa Chitetezo cha Acial Claus. mlandu uliwonse wozikidwa pa mafotokozedwe oyambirira, kufutukula chitetezo ndi kuwongolera zolakwa zakale.

  • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) [1] [1] – Khoti la Louisiana linachirikiza lamulo la Louisiana lofuna kusankhana mafuko pa sitima, kuyambitsa "kusiyana koma kulingana" chiphunzitso. Woweruza Henry Billings Brown analemba kuti Kusintha kwa 141 " sikukanalinganizidwira kuchotsa kusiyanitsa kozikidwa pa maonekedwe. Chigamulo chimenechi chinavomerezedwa ndi Jim Crow Converation kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi.
  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) [1] [1] [1] [1] M’lingaliro limodzi, Woweruza Wamkulu Earl Warren analengeza kuti "maphunziro ogaŵanikana ngosalingana mwachibadwa. Khotilo linazemba Plessy, posunga kuti kusankhana m’sukulu za boma kunalanda ana ochepa a mwaŵi wa maphunziro. Brown adakali wotchuka koposa wotetezera Clause ndi malo osinthirapo m'mbiri ya Amereka.
  • Loval v. Virginia (1967) [1] [1] – Khoti linaswa malamulo a boma oletsa kulekana kwa mafuko. Woweruza Wamkulu Warren analemba kuti "ufulu wa kukwatira, kapena wosakwatira, munthu wa fuko lina amakhala ndi munthu ndipo sangatsutsidwe ndi Boma. Mlanduwu unakhudza kusanthula kosamalidwa mosamalitsa kozikidwa pa fuko ndi kuchirikiza lamulo lakuti Chitetezo cha Experiture Classiano chimatetezera zosankha zazikulu zaumwini.
  • Exve v. Reed (1971] [[FLT :1] [1] [1] kwa nthaŵi yoyamba, Khoti Lapamwamba linagwiritsira ntchito Chitetezo Chofanana ndi Claus kuti lichotse lamulo limene linasiyanitsa pamaziko a kugonana. Nkhaniyo inaphatikizapo lamulo la Idaho limene linapatsa amuna chikondi pa akazi popereka malo. Chigamulo cha Khotilo chinayala njira yopendetsa kwambiri za magawo a akazi.
  • United States v. Windsor (2013) [1] [1] – Khoti linagamula Chigawo 3 cha Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), chimene chinalongosola ukwati monga pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi mmodzi pa zifuno za boma. Lingaliro la Woweruza Kennedy linadalira pa malamulo otetezera ofanana, kuzindikira kuti DOMA inaika "kusiyana, malo osiyana, ndi kunyozedwa kwa" pa okwatirana auchiŵalo chimodzi.
  • [[FLT : 0] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) + Khoti linagamula kuti kuyenera kwa amuna ndi akazi ogonana pansi pa zonse ziŵiri Century ndi Programme Expligine. Woweruza Kennedy analemba kuti mawu "amawu apakati" ndiwo kutetezera anthu ku "kudzitukumula ndi kudzilamulira.

Nkhani zimenezi zimasonyeza chisinthiko cha mawuwo kuchokera ku makonzedwe ochepera, osumikidwa ndi fuko ku chitetezero chachikulu choletsa kachitidwe ka boma kodzifunira ndi kopanda tsankho.

Kumvetsa Zimene Zikupezeka: Mmene Claus Amatetezera Magulu Osiyanasiyana

Buku lakuti Act Expand Protection Claus limatchula lamulo, malamulo, kapena zochita zilizonse zimene zimaika anthu m’magulu a anthu m’njira imene imawalemetsa kapena kuchititsa kuti asakhale ndi anthu okayikira.

Fuko ndi Ufuko

Fuko limakhalabe gulu lokayikira. Lamulo lililonse limene limasiyanitsa anthu ozikidwa pa fuko ndi lopendedwa kwambiri: boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti nlokonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito chikondwerero chokakamiza. Muyezo umenewu umagwira ntchito kaya ngati lamulo likufuna kuvulaza kapena kupindulitsa gulu la fuko. Mwachitsanzo, maprogramu a maphunziro asukulu akhala akuchirikizidwa mopendedwa kwambiri pokhapokha atayang'anizana ndi chiyeso chofuna chimenechi. N’ngogwirizana ndi Fair Adgicts v. Harvard (20023) , Khoti imakhulupirira kuti maprogramumboni a fuko lazindikira pa Harvard ndi pa Yunivesite ya North Caroline anaswa eza chitetezo cha Claus, kumaliza ntchito yodziteteza.

Gender

Malo ozikidwa pa kugonana amapendedwa pang'onopang'ono: boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti kuikidwa kwa magawo kumatumikira chikondwerero chofunika cha boma ndipo kuli kogwirizana kwambiri ndi kukwaniritsa chikondwerero chimenecho. Muyezo umenewu unatulukira m'nkhani zonga Craig v. Boren (1976]. Khoti laswa malamulo amene amayang'anira akazi kukhala osatha kwambiri (mjere, kufuna akazi koma osati amuna kutsimikizira kusintha dzina) ndipo lakhala ndi chitetezo chowonjezereka ku tsankho lozikidwa pa ntchito, maphunziro (Tit IX), ndi utumiki wankhondo.

Kugonana ndi Munthu Wochita Chiwerewere

Ngakhale kuti Bwalo Lapamwamba silinanene motsimikizirika za kukopeka ndi kugonana kwa kalasi yokayikiridwa, zosankha zaposachedwapa zimatetezera mwamphamvu LGBTQ+ anthu pansi pa Chitetezero cha Elingana. Mu Romer v. Evans (1996) , Bwalo lamilandu linagwetsa malo otetezedwa a Colorado, ndipo linaletsa chitetezo cha anthu a amathanyula ndi akazi anzawo, likugwiritsira ntchito maziko oyenera koma likupeza lamulo losonkhezeredwa ndi aimus. Lawn v. Texas (2003) [2003], Bwalo lakwanidwa [FLT:], ndi [FLY:] malamulo opangika [FL:], ndipo mpangidwe lachiyenero chakudzisungira, [FL] kumbuyo kwa chigawa chachigawa chachi.[5]

Kulephera

Chikalata cha Unigne Protection Claus icho chokha sichimabisa mwachindunji kupunduka kwa mtundu kapena ukazi. Kusankhana kwakukulu kumabweretsedwa pansi pa America ndi Chikalata cha Kupunduka kapena Chigawo 504 cha Chikalata cha Rehabilitation Act. Komabe, pamene lamulo liyang'anizana ndi anthu opunduka m’njira yopanda nzeru kapena yopanda lamulo, kungaswe lamulo lomwe limafunikira chilolezo chapadera cha nyumba ya anthu osadziŵa kanthu, mwachitsanzo, mwa [[FLL:0] Kam'ka ka Cleburne a Living Center v. Cleburne Living Center (1985) , Bwalo linamenya lamulo lofuna chilolezo chapadera kaamba ka gulu la anthu ovutika, kupeza kuti kusankhidwa kwake kunali kopanda pake.

Kusamuka ndi Chiyambi cha Dziko

Anthu osabadwira amalingaliridwa kukhala gulu lokayikiridwa, ndipo malamulo amene tsankho lozikidwa pa alendo kaŵirikaŵiri amapendedwa mosamalitsa, ngakhale kuti pali malamulo onena za boma laumwini ndi ntchito za ndale zadziko. Chiganizocho chimatetezeranso anthu ozikidwa pa chiyambi cha mtundu, chimene chiri chogwirizana kwambiri ndi fuko ndi fuko.

Mavuto Amene Tikukumana Nawo

Ngakhale kuti pali mphamvu, bungwe la Aumelt Protection Claus silimadziphera lokha. Tanthauzo lake limadalira pa kumasulira kwa khoti, kumene kumasinthana ndi kupangidwa kwa makhoti ndi zandale. Madera angapo akutsutsanabe kwambiri.

Ntchito Yotsimikizira

Kutsutsana konena za kuvomereza kutsata kumasonyeza kusiyana pakati pa kulingana monga njira ndi kulingana monga chotulukapo. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti malamulo osadziŵa fuko ngofunika kuthetsa tsankho lakale ndi kuchirikiza kusiyana kwa mitundu. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti malamulo otero amatsutsa kutetezera kwa Apuloteni mwa kuchitira anthu mosiyana ndi mtundu. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu cha 2023 mu ] mapangano a Fair Adgictss v. motsimikizirika] amathetsa kuvomereza kwa mafuko m'maphunziro apamwamba, polingalira kuti maprogramu apangewo alephera kupenda kolimba. Chigamuchi chayambitsanso makambitsira a njira zina kuti apeze kutchuka kwa zachuma kapena kusiyana kwa dziko. Olemba ena a nkhaŵa kuti kugamula kwa kuchepetsa kutchuka kwa anthu wamba, pamene kuli kwakuti kubwezera lamulo la kuwonjezera mtundu wa anthu.

Kuvomereza Ufulu

Malamulo a Voter, kuyendetsa , ndi ziletso pa kusanthula makalata zonse zatsutsidwa pansi pa Kutetezera Claus . Chiganizocho chimaletsa malamulo amene mwadala amapondereza mafuko aang'ono m'kuvota kapena kuwonjezera kuyenera kwakukulu kwa kuvota. Mu Shelby County v. Hanger (2013) [FLT] [2013], Khoti linaswa lamulo la Vong Rights Act ya 1965, limene linafuna malamulo ena ndi mbiri ya kusankhidwa kuti apange masinthidwe osankhidwa. Pamenepo, ambiri apanga malamulo ovota ndi ziletso zina zimene zimayambukira anthu ochepa. Makhoti agaŵa kaya kuswa malamulo ofanana ndi kutetezera kofananako, ndi kuyesa kuchepetsa.

Kudziwika kwa Mayiko ndi Ufulu Wopereka Ufulu wa Anthu

Malamulo a anthu opatsirana amasinthasintha mofulumira. Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa atsikana ogulitsana kuti asamachite nawo maseŵera akusukulu, kuletsa kuti azisamalira ana aamuna ndi akazi, kapena kulamula ophunzira a sukulu kuti agwiritse ntchito chipinda chosambira chogwirizana ndi kugonana kwawo komwe anagawiridwa. Malamulo ameneŵa akutsutsidwa ndi bungwe la Oona za Chitetezo cha Classial, ndi otsutsa kuti iwo amasankhana pa maziko a kugonana ndi kuwonjezera malo a amuna. [FLT: 0] Bostock v. County . Clahton , County Trup imakhulupirira kuti tsankho lopatsirana antchito liswa Diffi, kulingalira kwakuti malamulo ofanana ndi owopsa angaperekedwe ndi mavuto. Makhoti a Supremee, anaperekanso mlandu wapamwamba.

Kusalingana Zachuma ndi Tsankho Lachuma

Chitetezo cha Unigne Device sichimatetezera ku tsankho la chuma m’njira imodzimodziyo kutetezera ku fuko kapena tsankho la akazi. Malamulo amene amachitira anthu mosiyana mogwirizana ndi mkhalidwe wawo wa zachuma amapendedwa pamaziko oyenera, kutanthauza kuti amachirikiza nthaŵi zambiri. Komabe, pamene tsankho la chuma ligwirizana ndi ufulu waukulu . Monga kuyenera kwa kuvota, ufulu woloŵa m'makhoti, kapena ufulu wa kukwatira nthaŵi zina wagwiritsidwa ntchito mopambanitsa. Mwachitsanzo, [[FLT: 0] Harper v. Virginia Boma la Evolutions (1966) [[FL:1], khotilo linamenyana misonkhoti yoyang'anira monga kuteteza chifukwa chakuti iwo anatsendetsa. Momwemo.

Zimene Chitetezo Chofananacho Chimatanthauza kwa Inu

Simufunikira kukhala loya kuti mumvetsetse mmene bungwe la Expalt Protection Claus limatetezera moyo wanu wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Ngati gulu la boma(a sukulu ya boma, dipatimenti ya apolisi, bungwe la boma, bungwe la mzinda, kufunsira kwa inu mosiyana ndi wina aliyense wozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wotetezeredwa monga fuko, kugonana, kapena chipembedzo, mawuwo angapereke mankhwala. Ngati mukhulupirira kuti mwamanidwa chitetezo chofanana, pano pali njira zothandiza zolingalira.

Dziŵani Kutchula ndi Kuopsa Kwake

Choyamba, tsimikizirani ngati lamulo kapena lamulo limene likukambidwa likusonyeza mzera pakati pa magulu. Mzera umenewo ungakhale womveka bwino (m’chitsanzo, akazi okha ndiwo angagwiritse ntchito" kapena kutsata (m’chitsanzo, lamulo limene lili ndi chiyambukiro chosiyana pa fuko lina, ngakhale kuti chiyambukiro chokha sichiri chokwanira kutsimikizira kuswa popanda umboni wa cholinga cha kupulupudza). Boma liyenera kukhala ndi chifukwa chomveka chosankhira. Malamulo ambiri amalimbana ndi gulu losoŵa kanthu kapena amaletsa ufulu wofunika kwambiri, mfundo ya malamulo apamwamba.

Funsani Malangizo a M’malamulo

Ngati muganiza kuti muli mnkhole wa kuchitiridwa mosalingana, funsani loya wa ufulu wachibadwidwe kapena bungwe lothandiza anthu. Nkhani zambiri zimayamba ndi kalata kapena kudandaula kwa bungwe la boma. Kupatula ntchito, Aumelt Accounting Opportive Commission (EOC) ndi sitepe loyamba. Ofesi ya maphunziro, Ofesi ya ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni mu U.S. imasamalira madandaulo. Malo kapena nyumba za anthu onse, Dipatimenti ya Homme ndi Urban Department (UD) kapena Department of Justice ingaloŵetse. Loyansi ya U. 1983, lamulo limene limalola anthu kuswa malamulo a boma.

Khalani Oloŵetsedwamo m’Kulankhula Mwachinyengo

Kuzindikira Kutetezera Claus kuli njira yoyamba yotetezera. Mabungwe ambiri amagwira ntchito kutetezera ndi kuwonjezera ufulu wofanana. Mlandu wa Chigawo wa American Union [1] Mathithithi aakulu otetezera. MAGUP] ASP LP MPUP [[FLT:] ] MPUNDO] za lamulo ndi Enimalamulo [[FLT:] imayang'anira chilungamo cha fuko. [[FLT:] Maguluwa a] Lambda Lagda Lacto Legal [FTQ+unity] ochirikiza LGOM. [FLT:] Malamulo a m'dziko [[FLT] [FL:]] Ogwirizana ndi chilungamo cha . Amathandiza magulu ameneŵa, kaya mwa ntchito yodzithandiza, Chigwirizano cha Claunicto.

Musasiye Kudziwa Zoyenera Zanu

Lamulo la malamulo silimasintha. Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu zikupitirizabe kulongosola bwino tanthauzo la chitetezo chofanana. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti likulingalira za milandu ya fuko m’malonjezo a koleji, ziletso zovota, ndi zoyenera za anthu oloŵa m'dziko. Kutsatira magwero a mbiri odalirika, monga ngati Oyez (imene imapereka nkhani zofotokoza ndi mfundo zomveka) ndi Cornell Information Information Institute , kungakuthandizeni kumvetsa mmene zigamu za kuyambukirira kwanu.

Kumaliza

Chitetezo Cholingana ndi Chisungiko cha Claus si kulephera ndi kumasulidwa kwa lamulo kosungidwa m'makhoti. Ndilo lonjezo lalamulo lotsimikizirika kuti munthu aliyense . "Wopanda fuko, kugonana, kudzimva kwa kugonana, kulumalise, kapena mtundu wa anthu . "Imafuna kuchitiridwa mofanana pansi pa lamulo. Mbiri yake ndi imodzi ya kulephera ndi kupulumutsidwa: kuchokera ku kuperekedwa kwa [[FLT: 0] [pa] [pa]] kupambana kwa [BLT] [ka], kuyambira kutonthothotho pa kugonana ndi kudziŵidwa kwa akazi, kuchokera ku LGBT [anthu] ku kukhazikitsa kulingana kwa ukwati. Nkhondoyo yosapitirizabe. [FLT: 2] [mayenetsedwe akumva kumvetsetsa kwake kwa kulingana ndi kusoŵa kwa chisalungamo cha anthu onse.