Kumvetsa Madongosolo a Zinthu Zamalonda ndi Tanthauzo Lake

Madongosolo a Electoral amapanga maziko a ulamuliro wa democracy padziko lonse. Amatembenuza zifuno za ovota kukhala mipando yapadera m'nyumba ya malamulo kapena m'maofesi aakulu, kukonza mmene mphamvu zimagawidwira ndi mmene malamulo amapangira. Kusankha dongosolo la osankhidwa kuli ndi zotsatira zazikulu za kukhazikika kwa ndale, kuimira, ndi kukhutiritsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti palibe dongosolo lililonse lili langwiro, lililonse likusonyeza kupita patsogolo kwapadera kwa dziko, mayanjano, ndi malo oyamba. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda koonekera bwino kwa madongosolo aakulu a osanthula osankhidwa m'ndale, mapindu awo, ndi kujambula, ndi kupenda mmene maiko osiyanasiyana awachitira kuti akwanire zosoŵa zawo zenizeni. Mwa kuzindikira madongosolo ameneŵa, nzika, zingayese kusiyanitsa bwino ndi kukwaniritsa bwino madongosolo awo a democracy.

Madongosolo Aakulu: Kufeŵa ndi Kutsimikiza

Zoyambirira Kuposa Mapepala (FPTP)

Kuyamba Kuposa Kale Tsogolo la Maboma, lomwe kaŵirikaŵiri limatchedwa kuvota, ndi limodzi la njira zakale kwambiri ndi zodziŵika kwambiri. M'FPTPP, wofunsira amene alandira mavoti ochuluka pa kupambana kwa chigawo chimodzi, mosasamala kanthu kuti wobatizidwayo amasungadi unyinji wa maboma. Dongosolo limeneli limagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko monga United Kingdom, Canada, India, ndi United States pa masankhoti a lamulo. FPP imaonedwa kukhala lamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha kufeŵetsa kwake: kusankha munthu mmodzi pa chisankho, ndipo chotulukapo chake nchowonekera bwino. Limapanga kutulutsa maboma onse osasintha, monga kuti anthu aang'ono kaŵirikaŵiri amalimbana ndi kuchirikiza kwawo popanda kuchirikiza kwambiri. Komabe, FPPP imasuliridwanso chifukwa cha kukonzanso zotsatira zake. Gulu lalikulu la anthu ambiri osankhidwa ndi anthu osaŵerengeka, ndipo limakhala ndi chisankhoterere cha anthu osoŵa m’dziko la United States.

Malo Okhalamo Malo Aŵiri (TRS)

Ndiponso kudziŵika monga njira ya ma fruff , [1] Kusintha kumafuna wofunsira kupeza mavoti ambiri m'nthaŵi yoyamba kuti apambane. Ngati palibe wobatizidwa amene akwaniritsa mbali zambiri, mbali yachiŵiri imachitidwa pakati pa madansi aŵiri otchuka, kaŵirikaŵiri amatulutsa kupambana kwakukulu. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku France kupangira pulezidenti ndi kusankha zigamu za boma, ndiponso m'mayiko ambiri a ku Africa ndi Latin America kuti apeze malo apamwamba. TRS imalola ovotawo kusonyeza chinthu choyamba chovomerezeka choyambirira, ndiyeno malasha kumbuyo kwa chosankha chovomerezeka bwino. Zimenezi zingakuchirikiza kugwirizana kwakukulu ndi kuchepetsa ngozi ya kupambana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Kutsika kwa , TRS, kukwera ndi kukwera mtengo ndi kusanthula, ndi kukhozabe kusankhidwa kosavuta. M'sankhoti kovomerezeka.

Njira Zoyendetsera Ntchito: Kuona Mtima ndi Kusakondera

Kuimira Mndandanda wa Chipani

Kuimira gulu la anthu oyenerera ndi kulinganiza. Opanga madeti ali njira yofala kwambiri padziko lonse, yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko oposa 80. Pansi pa ndandanda ya PR, ovota amasankha chipani, ndipo mipando imagawiridwa kwa zigawano mogwirizana ndi mavoti awo. Mabungwe osankhidwa aikidwa pandandanda ya ofunsira, ndipo mipando imadzaza mipamboyo. Mapando imakhala ndi mindandanda yotseka, pamene gulu limasankha dongosolo, ndi mindandanda yotsegulidwa, kumene ovotera angasonyezere zokonda za munthu aliyense payekha, mwakutero kusonkhezera mbali yaikulu. Mayiko onga Sweden, Israel, ndi South Africa imagwiritsira ntchito Malire APR. Njirayi imatulutsa zotsatirapo zazikulu, ngakhale zing'onozing'ono zingasungidwe kwa anthu ambiri, ngakhale zikhoza kupambana pamene amaposa chiyambukiro chachikulu (2 peresenti ya 5% mpaka 5%). Komabe, malinga ndi lingaliro la chigamu chachikulu cha boma la anthu ambiri, ngakhalenso, kuti apangenso mphamvu zambiri, kuti ayendetse ogwirizana kuti ayendetse.

Maute Otumizidwa pa Okha (STV)

Vote Yosagawanika ndi njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'zigawo zambiri. Ofuna kusankhidwa amasankhidwa ndi chigawo chimodzi. Masetts amasankhidwa ndi chigawo, ndipo otsatsa kupitirira chigawocho amasankhidwa, ndi mavoti otsala amasamutsidwa kwa otsika osankhidwa. Njira imeneyi ikupitiriza kufikira mipando yonse yadzazidwa. STV imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa masankho a nyumba za malamulo ku Ireland ndi Malta, pothandiza kuti Nyumba ya malamulo ya Australia, ndi kuti pakhale masankhoti a m'mayiko angapo. Mtengo wa STV ndi umene umaphatikizana ndi wosankha mwamphamvu. Zolinga kugwirizanitsa anthu onse pakati pa zipani zosiyanasiyana, kulola kuti asonyezere zofuna zawo. Zimenezi zimachepetsa kusakaza ndi kulimbikitsa mavoti a mpikisano. Komabe, ma STV, makamaka kuti amvetsere ndi kuŵerengera kochititsa chidwi kwa anthu ambiri.

Njira Zothandiza Kuti Magazi Asalowe M’malo

Mtengo wa Member (MMP)

Madongosolo a pulogalamu a chigawo cha Member Proportional akuyesa kugwirizanitsa kuimira kwa kumaloko kwa madongosolo apamwamba ndi kuchuluka kwa ndandanda ya PR. Kusintha kodziŵika bwino kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Germany ndi New Zealand. Ma Voter amaponya maboloti aŵiri: mmodzi wa wofunsira m'chigawo chawo (mwamwamwambo kugwiritsa ntchito FPTP) ndi mmodzi wa mndandanda wa makira. Chisankhocho chimasankha malo onse okhala mipando, ndi mipando yachigawo yoŵerengedwa ku chipani chonsecho. Zinanso “pamwamba-kukwera” kumawonjezeredwa kuti afikire. MMP imatulutsa mlingo wapamwamba wa FMP. PMPGHN , pakati pa 1% ya osunga zigawo zotchuka. Imalimbikitsa maboma ndi kugwirizanitsa zigawo za Germany, monga momwe zimachitikira m'potegoti. Komabe, pamene zikhoza kuwonjezera kuwonjezera pa mipando ya PMP.

Kupanga Magetsi Mofanana (Mixed-Member Majomanitarian)

Kuvota kogwirizana, kumatchedwanso Mixed-Member Majoritarian (MMMM), nkofanana ndi MMP koma popanda njira yothandizira. Anthu amasankhanso munthu wobatizidwa m’chigawo ndi chipani, koma mipando ya pagulu imagawiridwa paokha popanda zotsatirapo za chigawo. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti magawo aakulu akwane ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu. Mayiko monga Japan, Russia, ndi Mexico amagwiritsa ntchito madongosolo oyendera limodzi. Ku Japan, dongosololi linayambitsidwa mu 1994 kuti lichepetse ukatangane ndi kupanga mpikisano wa maboma awiri ogawana. Pamene kuli kwakuti lachititsa kusintha maboma amodzi, kaŵirikaŵiri limatulutsa zotsatira za kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu. Magulu aang'ang'ono angapambane mavoti aakulu koma angalandire malo odzikirapo. Kusankhako n’kung'kung'ka kuchepetsa kutumiza ma MMP koma kubweretsa anthu ambiri osintha.

Kupenda Koyerekezera: Kupenda za Maseŵero

United States: Zimene Mafupa Ankadya

United States ali chitsanzo chotchuka cha FPTP pa mlingo wa boma, wogwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka Nyumba ya Oimira ndi (m'dongosolo la chigawo losinthidwa) kaamba ka masankho a pulezidenti kudzera ku Electoral College . Chotulukapo ndicho magawo aŵiri apadera a duopoly . Magulu achitatu onga a Libertant kapena Greens sapambana mipando, ndipo mavoti awo a dzikolo amaposa kwambiri malo awo okhala. Dongolo limathandizanso kuyendetsa malo a chigawo, kumene malire a chigawo amakokedwa kuti akonde gulu limodzi. Pamene FPPP imatulutsa, otsimikiza, opambana ovotawo, otembenukirapo amatembenukira ku malo ena, chifukwa chakuti ambiri m'madera awo otetezedwa saona malo ake. Pulotesitanti 2016, amene anapambana chisankhotiko, koma puloteshoni yotchuka pakati pa Elmetic.

Germany: Chitsanzo cha MFUMU

. Mavoti a chigawo cha chigawo cha Germany amasankha mipando yosankha magawo, ndipo chivoticho chimasankha kulembedwa, ndi aliyense amene amapeza pa mavoti ochepera 5% a gululo (mwakuti sapambana mipando itatu yachigawo) kuchotsedwa. Malo ameneŵa amaletsa kugaŵana kwakukulu pamene akulola zigawo zambiri . Monga ma Greens, Kuchokera, ndi FDPto kukhala pamodzi kumbali kwa CDU / CU ndi SP. Maboma onse a m'gululo ndi ogwirizana, amafuna kuti mamesewera ndi okhazikika kwa zaka makumi ambiri, ngakhale kuti kugawikana kwaposachedwapa kwachititsanso kuyenderana kwa m'dziko la Germany.

Sweden: Open-Drade PR

Riksdag wa Sweden amasankhidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowonetsera yotseguka ndi 4% ya dziko ndi chipata cha dziko (kapena 12% m'chigwirizano chimodzi). Ovota angavote chipani kapena kusonyeza kukondera kwa munthu wobatizidwa. Mavoti amene amapitirira phesenti inayake angasinthe, kupereka mphamvu kwa osankha amene asankhidwa. Dongosololi limaika nyumba yovomerezeka kwambiri [1] Magulu 8 kapena asanu ndi anayi omwe amasankha kukhala ochepa kapena mabungwe amodzi. Zimenezi zimalimbikitsa kuvomerezana ndi kuimira ena. Komabe, maboma akugwirizana nthaŵi zina angasokonezedwe, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kupanga malamulo amafuna kuti opatutsira. Dongo la Sweden lisonyeze mmene PR lingalimbikitsirire kuvota kopo koposa kwa makampani 80 kapena asanu ndi ogwirizana osiyanasiyana (apo 80%).

Kuwonjezera pa Zigawo Zazikulu Zitatu: Kuyerekezera Kowonjezereka

India, demokrase yaikulu koposa padziko lonse, imagwiritsira ntchito FPTP pa chisankho chake cha Lok Sabba . Dongosolo lakale lapanga maboma ambiri osasunthika, komanso lachepetsa zipani za anthu aang'ono ndi zigawo zazing'ono kupatulapo kumene ali ndi chichirikizo chachikulu. Brazil amagwiritsa ntchito PR yotseguka ndi zigawo zazikulu kwambiri, kutsogolera ku zipani zambiri ndi ndawala zapamwamba. Kugwirizana kwa Falansa kaamba ka msonkhano wake wa National Assembly kumaphatikizana ndi mbali yachiŵiri imene kaŵirikaŵiri imatulutsa malo ogwirizana ogwirizana ndi opambanitsa. Chochitika chilichonse chimasonyeza mmene zochitika za kakhalidwe ndi kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kakhalidwe ka anthu ndi kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ka makampani opanga mavotidwe.

Mapindu ndi Zopinga: Lingaliro Lachikatikati

Madongosolo Aakulu: Mapro ndi Mabungwe

Malo otchuka: Madongosolo aakulu monga FPTP ndi TRS ngosavuta kumva ndi kuŵerengera. Nthaŵi zambiri amapanga maboma a gawo limodzi amene angapatsire malamulo mofulumira ndipo ali ndi mlandu kwa ovota. Amaletsa madale opambanitsa chifukwa chakuti kupambana kumafuna kuti anthu ayambe kukopa kwambiri.

Malo oonera: Madongosolo ameneŵa amatulutsa zotsatirapo zopotozedwa, kaŵirikaŵiri amafupa gulu lalikulu ndi “ochuluka ogwirizana” pamene akuchepetsa ena. Mavoti opotozedwa ali ofala, ochititsa mphwayi. Akhoza kupititsa patsogolo magawo aŵiri a malo amodzi, kuletsa malingaliro atsopano, ndi kuchititsa kutsutsa ndi kuvota kwapadera.

Njira Zopangira Zinthu: Mapuloteni ndi Zotsalira

Malo oonekera: [[FLT :1] Kuimira kwa lamulo kumatsimikizira kuti mipando ya malamulo imasonyeza mbali ya voti yotchuka, kuphatikizapo zigawo zazing'ono. Imalimbikitsa dongosolo la magawo ambiri, kupatsa ovota zosankha zambiri ndi kutseguka kwapamwamba. Imachepetsa mavoti otayidwa ndipo ingachititse kupanga malamulo ambiri.

Malo oyenderapo:[FLT :1] PR kaŵirikaŵiri imatulukapo maboma ogwirizana, amene angakhale osakhazikika kapena ochedwa kuyankha, makamaka m'zitaganya zamitundu yogaŵikana. Ingapereke chisonkhezero chosayerekezereka kwa maphwando aang'ono opanga mlingo. Mabaibulo ophatikizapo asumika maganizo ndi otchuka a gulu, kufooketsa kuŵerengera kwachindunji kwa ma PR. Kucholoŵanitsa kwa madongosolo ena a PR kungasokonezenso convotion.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu kwa Masiku Ano

Malo adziko lonse asintha zinthu zamphamvu. Maiko ambiri ayamba kusintha zinthu kuti athetse zolakwika. Mu UK, Alternative Vote (AV) adakanidwa mu 2011 semination , koma akupempha kuti PR ipitirize. Lambala ya ku Canada ya 2015 ya Liberal inasiyidwa pambuyo pa kusoŵa chivomerezo. Kusintha kwa New Zealand kuchokera ku FPPP kupita ku MMP mu 1993 ndi chitsanzo chachikulu cha kusintha kwachipambano kochititsidwa ndi kusakhutira ndi anthu. Ireland yagwiritsira ntchito STV posachedwa kufutukula kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake. Rhanked-choce (RV) ikulandira dziko ku United States ku mlingo wofanana ndi Francis York City, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kothandiza kwa anthu ambiri. Kusintha kwamphamvu kukhozanso kuwonjezera njira zina zowonjezereka popanda kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuwonjezereka kwa chivomerezo.

Chikhoterero china ndicho kugwiritsira ntchito mlingo wa amuna ndi mipando yokha kukweza kuimira, kaŵirikaŵiri kugwira ntchito m'madongosolo osankhidwa omwe alipo. Mayiko onga Rwanda ndi Argentina agwiritsira ntchito PR yotsekedwa ndi zofunika za chigawo kuti afikire chiyeneretso cha amuna ndi akazi m'malamulo. Kusintha kumeneku kumasonyeza kuti kulinganiza dongosolo la zinthu zosankhidwa kungakhale chida champhamvu kwambiri pokwaniritsa zolinga za mayanjano.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo a Electoral si njira zongopanga zinthu; amaumba mkhalidwe ndi mkhalidwe wa demokrase. Kuyambira pa kufewa kwa First Pst ku United States ndi India kufika pa kuchuluka kwa PR yotseguka ya Sweden ndi kulinganizika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya MMP ya Germany, njira iliyonse imapatsa malonda. Palibe njira iliyonse yothetsera zinthu zonse; dongosolo labwino kwambiri limadalira pa chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko, magaŵano a anthu, ndi ulamuliro. Kumvetsetsa madongosolo ameneŵa kumapatsa nzika mphamvu zothandizira kusintha zinthu mogwirizana ndi makhalidwe awo. Monga democracy, kufufuza ndi kusintha kopitirizabe kwa dongosolo losandutsa zinthu kudzakhala kofunika kuti anthu atsimikizire kuti agwirizane ndi kuyendetsedwe bwino ndi kuyendetsedwa bwino.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, funsani [[FLT: 0] International Institute for Democracy ndi Electoral A help ndi ACE CHENELT KSOUT .