Ulendo wa mlandu wodutsa m'khoti ndi wopangidwa modabwitsa koma nthaŵi zambiri ndi wovuta kwambiri kuutha miyezi kapena zaka. Kuyambira pa kutseguka kwa chidandaulo mpaka pa chigamulo chomaliza . Ndi bwino kuti siteji iliyonse ikhale ndi cholinga chosiyana pofunafuna chilungamo. Kumvetsa ulendo umenewu n’kofunika osati kwa ophunzira alamulo ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo okha komanso kwa aliyense amene tsiku lina angadzipeze kuti akuloŵetsedwa m’kukambirana. Bukuli limapereka tsatanetsatane, kalasi ya pulati-kunkhu kudutsa mmene mlandu wa anthu kapena waupandu umapitira patsogolo, ndi kuyang'anitsitsa malamulo, machenjera, ndi ziletso zimene zimapanga mbali iliyonse.

Kuthetsa Kudandaula

Njirayo imayamba mwalamulo pamene m’poyera (m’nkhani yachiŵeniŵeni) kapena boma (m’nkhani yachiŵeniŵeni) akonza chidandaulo kapena kuimbidwa mlandu ndi khoti loyenerera. Pankhani za boma, kudandaula kuyenera kufotokoza maziko enieni a zimene akunena, chiphunzitso chalamulo (m’chitsanzo, kunyalanyaza, kuphwanya pangano), ndipo chithandizo chinafuna / kulipira ndalama kapena lamulo. Chidandaulocho chiyenera kuikidwa m’khoti limene lili ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba (udindo pa mtundu wa mlandu) ndi ulamuliro wa munthu aliyense (ulamuliro pa mabungwe).

Mbali Zofunika za Kudandaula

  • Mazina a zipani, dzina la khoti, ndi nambala ya mlandu.
  • Juridiction ndi Venue: Kumasulira kwa chifukwa chimene khotili lingamverere mlanduwo.
  • Zogwirizana ndi: Kumveka, manambala ofotokoza zochitika zimene zinabutsa mlandu.
  • [[MLT:0] Zonena za Malamulo: zochititsa zenizeni za kachitidwe (m’chitsanzo, chinyengo, kuipitsa).
  • [[MFUNDO:0] Pemphero la Chithandizo: Mankhwala achilolezo, monga ngati chivulazo, kutonthoza, kapena chiweruzo cha kuchotsa.

Ntchito Yoyendetsa Zinthu

Pambuyo pa kukonza, woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kutsimikizira kuti alandira kope la kudandaulako ndi kutumiza foni . Sitepe limeneli, lotchedwa likhoza kutsogolera ntchito , ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo okhwima (m., kupereka kwa munthu payekha, utumiki wa paposi, kapena buku ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo sangapezeke). Utumiki wosayenerera ungachedwetse mlanduwo kapena kuchotsedwa. M’khoti la boma, malamulo autumiki amalamulidwa ndi Lamulo la Civigalcrea 4 , ndipo ambiri amalongosola malamulo a lamulo.

Zimene Msilikali Anachita

Ataperekedwa, woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi nthaŵi yochepa yoyankha [1] masiku 21 mpaka 30 m’khoti la boma, ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma amasiyana. Yankho loyamba ndilo yankho , limene limayankha chinenezo chilichonse m’kudandaula. Yankho lingavomereze, kukana, kapena kulephera kwa boma kudziŵa kuyankha ku mlandu uliwonse. Kulephera kuyankha kungatuluke m’chiweruzo chopanda pake pa woimbidwa mlanduyo.

Kulabadira Kosiyanasiyana

  • Kuchotsa: Woimbidwa mlandu akunena kuti ngakhale ngati zinenezo zonse ziri zowona, kudandaulako kumalephera kutchula chinenezo chalamulo chotsimikizirika (m., kusoŵa ulamuliro, kulephera kulongosola chinenezo cha mu Ulamuliro 12(b)(6).
  • Kuyankha ndi Afrigitive Defense: [[FL:1] Woimbidwa mlandu amakana zinenezo zazikulu ndi kukweza chitetezo chonga lamulo la kulephera, kunyalanyaza kopereka, kapena chitetezo.
  • Cureamerclaim: Woimbidwa mlandu amalemba mlandu wotsutsana ndi wopereka mlandu wochokera ku malonda amodzimodzi kapena zochitika.
  • Crosclaim: [[FLT ] [1] m'mapwando ambiri, woimbidwa mlandu angabweretse mlandu kwa wofuna kuphatikiza kapena wowonjezera.

Kuganizira Ena Bwino

Mwachitsanzo, njira yothamangitsira mlandu ingathetse mwamsanga mlandu wofooka, pamene yankho limene limavomereza mfundo zazikulu lingakhale losavuta kuti mlandu uweruzidwe.

Kupeza Phase

Kutulukira ndi nthaŵi yaitali kwambiri ndiponso yothandiza kwambiri pa ntchito. Cholinga chake n’kulola anthu aŵiri onsewo kupeza chidziŵitso ndi umboni kuchokera kwa mbali zina zitatu. Kutulukira n’kofala: zinthu zilizonse zosafunika zokhudzana ndi zimene gulu likufuna kapena kudziteteza, ndipo n’zogwirizana ndi zimene likufuna, kaŵirikaŵiri zimapezeka ([[FL:0] Fideral Laul 26 (b)). M'nkhani zaupandu, malamulo a kutulukira kumasiyana ndi [FLT:] ndipo kuyenera kuvumbula umboni wokhudzana ndi . Mary ndi kuteteza kuyenera kuvumbula umboni wina.

Zida Zodziŵira Mwachidule

  • Mayeso: Kufunsa kwa Mawu kwa mboni (kapena kuti si mbali) pansi pa lumbiro, kulembedwa ndi mtolankhani wa khoti. Ma attorney ochokera ku mbali zonse ziŵiri amagawanamo, ndipo cholemberacho chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito pozenga mlandu kupereka umboni kapena monga umboni.
  • Kudziwitsa: Mafunso olembedwa amene ayenera kuyankhidwa pansi pa lumbiro. Makhoti a Federal amalekezera mbali iriyonse kukhala 25 (kuphatikizapo mbali yaing'ono).
  • Mafuno kaamba ka Kutulutsa: Zofunidwa kaamba ka zikalata, chidziŵitso chosungidwa pakompyuta (ESI), ndi zinthu zowoneka. Umu ndi mmene ma email, mapangano, zolembera za mankhwala, ndi malipoti a mkati mwa kampani.
  • Mapangano a Kuzenga: Mawu amene munthu wina ayenera kuvomereza kapena kukana. Ngati avomerezedwa, amakhazikitsidwa kotheratu kuti aweruzidwe, kufotokoza nkhanizo.
  • Kusanthula kwa m'thupi ndi m’Malingaliro: m'zochitika pamene mkhalidwe wakuthupi kapena wamaganizo wa munthu uli m’mikangano, bwalo lamilandu lingalamulire mayeso a zamankhwala odziimira.

Mavuto Otulukira

Ndi kuchuluka kwa njira zolankhulirana za foni, e- copice yakhala malire aakulu. Makhoti tsopano amafuna kuti anthu adziwe kumene kumapezeka ESI, kusungitsa mfundo zofunikira, ndi kutulutsa zinthu zogwirizana ndi ntchito. Kuyeretsa kwa kuchotsa (kuchuluka kwa umboni) kungakhale kovuta, kuphatikizapo malangizo osagwirizana ndi lamulo la ajuli kapena chiweruzo chosatsimikizika. Kusankha kuti ukhale wodziwitsa kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yapadera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito akatswiri olemba zinthu, kuwonjezera mtengo wowonjezera pa kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu.

Kuchepa kwa Malo ndi Zolephera

Kutulukira si kopanda malire. Makhoti angapereke malamulo otetezera kuti ateteze zinsinsi za malonda, chidziŵitso chachinsinsi, kapena mapempho olemetsa kwambiri. Udindo wapamwamba ndi chiphunzitso cha ntchito zimateteza kulankhulana kwina kuti kusazindikiridwa. Muyezo wa kulinganiza wotchulidwa mu Lamulo 26(b) (1) umalimbikitsa oweruza kupenda phindu la kupezedwa ndi kulemera kwake ndi ndalama .

Zotsatirapo Zapatsogolo

Asanayeruzidwe, mamembala angapange njira zosiyanasiyana zochitira zinthu kuti athetse nkhaniyo popanda chiyeso chonse kapena kuchepetsa nkhani. Zochita zimenezi zingaperekedwe panthaŵi iriyonse pambuyo pa kudandaula, koma zambiri zimachitika pambuyo potulukira. Zimagwira ntchito monga chotetezera chachikulu: kugwedezeka kwachipambano kungathetse nkhaniyo, pamene kuli kwakuti kugwedezeka kwachipambano kungachotsepo umboni kapena kuchepetsa mikangano.

Zoyesayesa Zofala Pasadakhale

  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Motion mu Limine: Ifuna kuchotsapo umboni watsankho kapena wosafunikira asanaikidwe kukhoti. Mwachitsanzo, chipani chingapemphe khoti kusungitsa umboni wa chitsimikizo kapena kukambirana kwa anthu.
  • Motion to Compel Discovery: [[FL:1] Pamene mbali ilephera kuyankha zifuno zopezedwa, mbali inayo ingapemphe khoti kukakamiza kugonjera, mwinamwake ndi zilolezo.
  • . . . . . "'' Yozikidwa pa mawu a kuchonderera ndi yankho, khoti limasankha ngati nkhaniyo ingagamulidwe monga nkhani ya lamulo.

Ntchito Yabwino ya Zoyenda

Kuyenda kwapasadakhale sikuli kokha kupambana; kumaumbanso malo oyesa. Kuyenda kwachipambano kwa limine kungaletse mbali ina kuyambitsa umboni wofunika, pamene kuyendayenda kwa chiweruzo chachidule chimene chaperekedwa kukhoza kuchotsa zinenezo zina kapena chitetezo. Nkhani zambiri zachiŵeniŵeni zimathetsedwa mwa kuyendetsa zinthu . Malinga ndi chidziŵitso cha Federal Jugavior Center, chiweruzo chachidule chimaperekedwa pafupifupi 15 /20% ya milandu ya boma. M'nkhani zaupandu, kutsendereza umboni (m., kaamba ka kufufuza kosaloledwa ndi lamulo) ziri zofala ndipo zingaletse mlanduwo.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu

Mlandu ndi mlandu womaliza. Kaweruzidwe ka mlandu kamadalira ngati ndi mlandu wa ben ben (woweruza wogamula) kapena mlandu wa oweruza (wogamula mlandu). M'kuweruza kwa ajuli a boma, Seventemplete Reformation imatsimikizira kuti ajuli afunikira kupatsidwa ufulu wofuna chiwopsezo cha ndalama; m’milandu, Apandu a m'mabwalo a Sixth Amendment amatsimikizira mlandu wa oweruza milandu yaikulu.

Zimene Zingachitike Poweruzidwedi

  • [[FLT: 0] Kusankha (Voir Dire): [[FLT :1] Attorney ndi woweruza amafunsa oweruza amene angapezeretu tsankho. Mbali iliyonse ikhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mavuto (nambala yopereŵera) ndi mavuto oyambitsa (opanda malire).
  • Mfundo zotsegulira: Mbali iliyonse imapereka kufupiai yachidule ya umboni umene ikuyembekezera kuyambitsa. Chilango cha kupha anthu chimayamba kutsatiridwa ndi chitetezero. Mawu otsegulira sali umboni; ndi zowoneratu.
  • Kuperekedwa kwa Umboni (Sayezo la Plaintiff-in-Chieef): Mboni za m'Plactiff, imayambitsa zikalata ndi zionetsero, ndi kuikidwa. Umboni uliwonse uli wofunikira kufufuzidwa mwachindunji, kusanthula, kutumizanso, ndi kutsegulidwanso.
  • Nkhani yachindunji: [[FLT :1] Atakhazikika, woimbidwa mlanduyo angapereke umboni. Woimbidwa mlandu safunikira kupereka umboni; mtolo wa umboni utsalira pa woweruza (kapena mlandu m'milandu yaupandu) yonse.
  • [[MLT: 0] Kutsutsa ndi Kupereka: Plactff angapereke umboni wowonjezereka kutsutsa nkhani ya wotetezerayo, ndipo wotetezerayo angayankhe mofananamo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kulongosola mawu: [[FLT :1] Mbali iriyonse imafupikitsa umboni ndi kutsutsa chifukwa chake oweruza ayenera kupeza kuyanja kwawo. Chilango / kuzunza kumayamba ndipo kungasunge mbali ya nthaŵi yawo kaamba ka kutsutsa.
  • Mitemo ya Chiukiriro: Woweruza amaŵerenga lamulo la oweruza ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito, kuphimba mbali za mfundo iliyonse, kulemera kwa umboni, ndi miyezo yolingalirira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jurlibration ndi Verct: Oweruza amapuma ku chipinda chachinsinsi kukakambitsirana za umboni ndi kufikira umodzi (kapena m'nkhani zina zachiŵeniŵeni, unyinji) chigamulo. Ngati iwo satha kufika pa chigamulo, kulakwa kungachitike.

Umboni Umene Umapereka Mlandu

Ziyeso zimalamulidwa ndi malamulo okhwima, makamaka Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE) m'makhoti a boma. Ziphunzitso zazikulu zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsidwa ntchito (Fre1, 402), makutu (FR801-807), kutsimikizira (FRE1), ndi mwaŵi (m’mayeso, loya, woweruza, ayenera kutsutsa mwamsanga umboni wosayenerera; apo ayi, kutsutsako kungagwetsedwe. Woweruzayo amachita monga mlonda wa khomo, kugamula zimene angamve. M'mayeso, kuweruza kuyenera kutsimikizira kukhala ndi mlandu wosatsutsika; m'mayeso kwa anthu, muyeso wa boma, muyezo wafunikira kuvomereza umboni (ko mwachionekere) kaamba ka maumboni omveka, ndi umboni womveka bwino ndi wotsimikizira kaamba ka zonena kapena chiwongo.

Chilengezo

Chigamulo ndicho chosankha chalamulo choperekedwa ndi woweruza (pazengezo) kapena ajuli. M'nkhani yachiŵeniŵeni, chigamulo chidzagamula mlandu ndipo, ngati chiwopsezo cha kulakwa, chiwombolo. Mlandu ndi “wolakwa" kapena“ wopanda mlandu.” Chigamulo cholakwa m'nkhani yachigamulo chopatula mlandu. M’nkhani zachiŵenga, chigamulocho chingakhale ndi zopezedwa (m’chinga, , mlingo wa mlandu pansi pa malamulo osasamala).

Mitundu ya Zolakwa

  • General Verdict: Khoti la ajuli limangonena kuti mbali imene ipambana, popanda kulongosola malingaliro ake.
  • Sapecial Verdict: Oweruza amayankha mafunso enieni, ndipo woweruza amagwiritsira ntchito lamulolo ku mayankho amenewo kuti afikire chiweruzo.
  • Directed Verdict: Pamapeto pa umboni, woweruza angalamule kuti juli yololera siingapeze mbali ina, kugamula bwino mlanduwo panthaŵiyo.
  • Judgment Universe the Verdict (JNOV): Sizivutirapo, zimenezi zimalola woweruza kugwetsa chigamulo cha juli ngati chikusonyeza bwino lomwe kuti sakutsatira umboni.

Kuyenda Pambuyo pa Kulira

Pambuyo pa chigamulo, wolepherayo angalembe mlandu watsopano kapena kusintha chiweruzo. izi ziyenera kukhala zozikidwa pa zolakwa za lamulo, umboni wopezedwa chatsopano, kapena kusamvera.

Kukopa

Njira ya kuweruza si yachiŵiri; ndi kupenda zigamulo za khoti lozenga mlandu. Kuchonderera kuyenera kuzikidwa pa kunena kuti khoti lamilandu linachita cholakwa cha lamulo kapena njira imene inayambukira zotsatirapo. Gululo nlosangalatsa; mbali inayo ndi yokhudza. Kuzindikira apilo kuyenera kulembedwa panyengo yokhwima kwambiri.

Zidutswa za Chilengezo

  • Copedi pa Appeal: Khoti lozenga mlandu, mafaelo, ndi zionetsero zasonkhanitsidwa ndi kutumizidwa ku khoti la appellate.
  • Appantant’s Fiji: A chigomeko cholembedwa chodziŵira zolakwa zenizeni ndi kulongosola chifukwa chake zimafunikira kusintha. Kachidule kayenera kutchula ku cholembera ndi ulamuliro walamulo.
  • Appele chidule: Yankho lonena kuti chigamulo cha khoti lozenga mlandu chinali cholondola, kapena kuti cholakwa chilichonse chinali chosavulaza.
  • Zoti ayankhe (mosafuna): Wolembayo angayankhe ku zigomeko zatsopano zotchulidwa m'chidule cha apelle.
  • Mlandu wogamula: A (kaŵirikaŵiri mphindi 15-30 kumbali iriyonse) mwaŵi wa maloya kuwunikira mfundo zazikulu ndi kuyankha mafunso a oweruza. Milandu yambiri imagamulidwa popanda kutsutsana kwa pakamwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Decision: Khoti la appellate likutsutsa lingaliro. Ilo lingapereke [[FLT:] kutsimikizira (ikhale khoti lozenga mlandu), kusinthika (kusintha chigamulocho), kapena ndi (kumaliza mlanduwo kaamba ka kutsutsana kowonjezereka ndi lingaliro). M’zochitika zina, khoti lingasinthe chiweruzo kapena lamulo latsopano.

Miyezo ya Kubwereramo

Si zolakwa zonse zimene zimaperekedwa mofanana. Makhoti a kafukufuku amagwiritsira ntchito miyezo yosiyanasiyana yobwereramo mogwirizana ndi mtundu wa nkhaniyo: de novo (kupendanso) kaamba ka mafunso a lamulo, kulakwitsa koonekeratu kaamba ka zopezedwa zenizeni m'kuzenga mlandu, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru [ kaamba ka malamulo otsimikizirika kapena owonekera bwino. Miyezo imeneyi imasonkhezera mwamphamvu kuthekera kwa chipambano pa apilo. Malinga ndi Adquage of U.S. Khoti, khoti lochonderera khoti lamilandu mu 80-90%, kulephera kwa kupambana.

Njira Zina: Kuthetsa Vutoli ndi Kuthetsa Mavuto Ena

Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhani ino imafotokoza za ulendo wonse wa kugamula mlandu, kuli bwino kudziŵa kuti milandu yambiri yachiŵeniŵeni siifika ku kuzenga mlandu. Malinga ndi chidziŵitso chaposachedwapa kuchokera ku [FLT: 0] Bureau of Justice Statistics , oposa 95% ya milandu ya anthu m'khoti la boma imathetsedwa asanaweruzidwe, kuweruza mwachidule, kapena kuchotsedwa. Makhoti ambiri amalimbikitsa kuti [“makhoti] ngakhale magawo aloŵetse m'misonkhano kapena kutsutsana ndi zina (ADR), monga ngati kuulutsa mawu kapena kuweruza, asanaweruzidwe. Mediya imaphatikizapo gulu lachitatu losatenga mbali iliyonse imene imalola kuyankha koma alibe mphamvu yothetsera. Arbit ikhoza kumanga kapena kuletsa kapena kuletsa mapangano amalonda ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popeŵa ntchito m’khoti za milanduyi. Kuzindikira zimenezi kumasonyeza chifukwa chakuti imakhala nkhani yaikulu kwambiri ya mlandu, ngakhale kuti ikhale chigamule cha maphunziro cha lamulo.