Chiyambi: Chimanga cha Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku India

Nyumba ya malamulo ya India ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya ma Bhameral, kutanthauza kuti ili ndi nyumba ziŵiri: Raje Sabha (Nyumba ya Malo) ndi Lok Sabha (Nyumba ya Anthu). Malamulo ameneŵa anasankhidwa mwadala ndi oimira malamulo a boma kuti alinganize kufunika kwa anthu otchuka ndi kufunikira kwa kuimira kwa chigawo ndi kudziletsa, kuganizitsa kwa mphamvu za pakati pa nyumba ziŵirizi ndi kusinkhasinkha. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu za mphamvu za m’nyumba zimenezi nkofunika kwambiri kuti zimvetsetse mmene malamulo, kulamulira ndalama, ndi kuyang'anira ntchito yapamwamba mu democracy. Pamene kuli kwakuti Lok Sabha amaonedwa kukhala nyumba yaikulu chifukwa cha lamulo lotsogolera ndi kulamulira boma, Jayya Saba amachita ntchito yaikulu monga nyumba yochitiramo ndi nyumba yochitiramo malamulo aŵiri.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mozama za mphamvu za malamulo, mphamvu zothandiza, ndi mavuto enieni a dziko a kugwirizana kwa Rajeya Sabba ndi Lok Sabha. Imakhudza kapangidwe kawo, mphamvu zawo zokha, maudindo amodzi, ndi zinthu za ndale zadziko zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimaposa malemba alamulo. Pofika pomaliza, oŵerenga adzakhala ndi chidziŵitso chomveka bwino cha mmene mphamvu zimagawidwira ndi kupikisana ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ya India.

Nyumba Ziŵirizo Zinamangidwa Mosiyanasiyana

Lok Sabha: Nyumba ya Anthu

Lok Sabha, kapena nyumba yaing'ono, imasankhidwa mwachindunji ndi nzika za India kupyolera mwa kufalikira kwa onse auchikulire. Ilo liri ndi mphamvu yaikulu ya mamembala 552, amene 530 akuimira maboma, 20 akuimira magawo a mgwirizano, ndipo 2 amaikidwa ndi Pulezidenti kuchokera ku chitaganya cha Anglo-Indiya (mchitidwe umene unalekedwa ndi Lamulo la 104 la Malamulo, 2019, umene unafutukula kufalikira kwa maufumuwo kufikira 2030). Pakali pano, nyumbayo ili ndi mamembala osankhidwa 543. Mawu a Lok Sabba ndi zaka zisanu, komano kutha ndi Pulezidenti. Nduna ndi Audindo a Bungwe la Sab, ali ndi thayo kwa Lokha, kukhazikitsa bwalo lalikulu la boma ndi kukhazikitsa.

Raje Sabra: Msonkhano wa ku United States

Raje Sabba, kapena nyumba yapamwamba, ndi bungwe lachikhalire lomwe silingafe. Imodzi mwa mamembala ake atatu imapuma ntchito zaka ziŵiri zilizonse. Mphamvu yaikulu ya Rajiya Sabba ndi 250, ndipo 238 ndi oimira maboma ndi magawo aŵiri, ndipo 12 amasankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti kaamba ka luso lawo m’minda monga ngati mabuku, sayansi, luso, ndi utumiki wa kakhalidwe. Kuimira Raja Sabba kuli kosadziŵika bwino: ziŵalo zosankhidwa ndi mamembala a State Legastis Countation oimira ku ndandanda ya mavoti amodzi. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti Raje Sabba asonyeza mkhalidwe wa dziko la India, ndi kuimira kwawo.

Kusiyana Kokulira kwa Maziko

  • Chisankho: [1] Ziŵalo za Lok Sabba zimasankhidwa mwachindunji; Raje Sabha amasankhidwa mwa njira yosakhala yapadera ndi misonkhano ya boma.
  • Ubwino: Lok Sabha [1] ali ndi liwu loikika la zaka zisanu (pambuyo pa kutha msanga); Raja Sabha Sabha sakhalitsa ndi kupuma pantchito kogwedezeka.
  • Kuimira: Lok Sabha imaimira anthu a ku India monga gulu; Raje Sabha akuimira magawo a mayiko ndi mabungwe a mgwirizano.
  • :[[FLT :1] Lok Sabha ali ndi ziŵalo zambiri (pakali pano 543); Raje Sabha ali ndi mamembala 245.

Kusiyana kwa nyumba kumeneku sikuli kokha kwa procedal; kumaumba mphamvu. Chilamu cha osankhidwa mwachindunji chimapatsa Lok Sabba uchifumu wokulirapo wa demokrase, pamene kuli kwakuti chisankho chosadziŵika ndi kugwedezeka kwa Rajiya Sabra chimaipatsa kukhazikika ndi lingaliro lokulirapo, kaŵirikaŵiri kumaipangitsa kukhala yosayambukiridwa ndi mikhalidwe ya ndale zadziko yachidule.

Maulamuliro a Malamulo: Malo Opatulikitsa ndi Ogaŵana

Ngakhale kuti m’madera ena, Rajiya Sabhaha ndi amene ali ndi mphamvu zokha.

Malikole Andalama: Malo Opatulikitsa a Lok Sabba

Mwinamwake mphamvu yaikulu kwambiri ya Lok Sabba ndiyo ulamuliro wake pa ndalama. Mfundo 110 imalongosola ndalama monga ndalama zimene zimafunika pa misonkho, ndalama za boma, kukongola, kapena ku Indalama ya ku India. Ndalama zingangoperekedwa kokha ku Lok Sabba. Ndalamazo zikhoza kuperekedwa ndi Lok Sabba. Ngati Yaya Sabba, imatumizidwa ku Rajiya Sabba, imene iyenera kuibwezera m'masiku 14 ndi zilolezo zake. Komabe, Lok Sabba satha kukaka kulandira zilo zilizonse; ingapitirire ndi anthu wamba. Ngati Raji Sabba satha kubwezera chikalatacholoŵa m’nyumba m’kaimbidwe kaja ndi chija choyambirira cha Sab. Chikhoteretsochi chimapereka chikalata cha anthu omalizira, ndipo chilolezo chikanena kuti anthu oimira.

Komabe, kuganiziridwa kwa lamulo la ndalama kwagamulidwa ndi Wolankhula wa Lok Sabha, amene chosankha chake nchomaliza. Imeneyi yakhala magwero a mkangano, pamene maboma aika ndalama zofunikira monga ndalama zochitira jajiya Sabhaha . Chitsanzo chodziŵika chinali Aadhaar Act, 2016, yomwe inaperekedwa monga ndalama, mwakutero kuchotsa Raja Sabha ku mkangano watanthauzo. Khoti Lapamwamba, mu [[FLT: 0] Justice. .S Pattaswamy (Red.) Unions of India [1], adachirikiza Chikalatacho koma kumanja, chiganitso chakuchi, chikhome chamwa chikalata chotse chija cha kutsende, chikalata chotsende cha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsegulira milandu.

Malamulo Achibadwa: Kugaŵana Mphamvu ndi Chipindu cha Lok Sabba

Pamapepala wamba, kachitidweko kali kolinganizika kwambiri. Mlandu ungayambike m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri (kusiyapo ndalama). Uyenera kuperekedwa ndi nyumba zonse ziŵirizo m’njira yofanana. Ngati pali kusagwirizana. Prezidenti angaitanitse kukhala pamodzi ngati chikalatacho chatha, Lok Sabba, ndi ziŵalo zake zazikulu, zili ndi phindu lalikulu. Mphamvu ya Rajiya Sabba' kuchedwetsa lamulo koma siikutha. Limodzi lingayendetsedwe kokha ngati chikalatacho chachotsedwa ndi nyumba ina, kuperekedwa ndi chikalatacho, kapena miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yoposa pachaka kuyambira pamene chikalatacho chinapangidwira ku nyumba ina. Njirayi ikutsimikizira kuti Sabba ilosendedwa m’ka mchitidwe wa chigwirizano cha anthu ambiri.

Nkofunika kudziŵa kuti kukhala pamodzi kwapamodzi nkosoŵa [1] kwachitidwa katatu kokha m'mbiri ya nyumba ya malamulo ya India (ya Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961; Banking Service Commission Repeal Bill, 1978; ndi Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002). Kulimbana kumeneku kumasonyeza chikhoterero cha kupezera chigamulo mwa kukambirana ndi kukonzanso, koma makonzedwe a lamulo akuwonekera monga woswa nyumba yaing’ono.

Kusintha Malamulo: Kutengamo Mbali Kofanana

Pankhani yokonza malamulo a boma, mphamvu imagaŵiridwa mokulira. Zosintha zina zimafuna unyinji wapadera (magawo aŵiri chitatu a ziŵalo zimene zilipo ndi kuvota, limodzinso ndi unyinji wa ziŵalo zonse) m’nyumba imodzi ndi imodzi, kutsatiridwa ndi kulinganiza ndi theka la malamulo a boma. Malamulo otere, kukhala pamodzi sikulipo; Raja Sabhaha kuli kofunika. Zimenezi zimapereka ntchito yaikulu ku Raja Sabha yoletsa kukonza kaumbidwe ka boma, kuimira, kapena ufulu waukulu. Mwachitsanzo, Malamulo 101 Constistical Resclation Act (Mautumiki ndi Mautumiki) anafuna kupangidwa ndi theka la makampani onse aŵiriwo atapatulidwa. Sanha adavomerezedwadi, ndipo chikalatacho chinali chofunikira kutsutsana kwambiri m’nyumba.

Ndalama Zoposa Malipiro

Pamene kuli kwakuti ndalama zoyendetsera Lok Sabba zimapatsa ndalama ndi ndalama, Rajiya Sabba amasunga chisonkhezero kupyolera mwa makomiti a zandalama ndi mbali yake m'kulinganiza bajetiyo. Komiti ya Public Maakaunti ndi Komiti ya Kuŵerengera imaphatikizapo ziŵalo za nyumba zonse ziŵiri, ngakhale kuti Lok Sabhaha ziwalo zambiri. Makomiti a zandalama a Rajiya Sabba amadzetsa malingaliro a boma apakati, kaŵirikaŵiri amagogomezera kugaŵa kwa chigawo m'malamulo. Ndiponso, Rajiya Sabbaha angakambirane za ndalama za chaka ndi chaka ndi chaka, koma sangavomere ndalama zofunikira kaamba ka chilo cha Lobha. Pamene kuli kwakuti Lammetkha akuchirikiza kuyendetsa boma.

Kulamulira kwa Olamulira ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu

Kulinganizidwa kwa Boma ndi Zoyesayesa za Chidaliro

Nduna Yaikulu ndi Bungwe la Atumiki onse pamodzi ali ndi thayo ku Lok Sabhaha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti boma liyenera kukhala ndi chidaliro cha anthu ambiri ku Lok Sabha. Raja Sabha Sabha alibe ntchito m'kupangidwa kwa boma kapena kudutsa mphamvu yosadzidalira. Komabe, Rajiya Sabha angafotokoze ntchito ya boma ndi kukhazikitsa zigamulo zimene zimakhudza ndale, koma sazikakamiza ku boma. Zimenezi ndizo maziko a mphamvu ya Lok Sabha .

Kuyang’anira Nyumba ya Malamulo

Nyumba zonse ziŵiri zili ndi njira ya ola lakufunsa kuti boma lidziikire mlandu. Atumiki ayenera kuyankha mafunso a mamembala. Komabe, nthaŵi ya mafunso ya Raje Sabha kaŵirikaŵiri siilimbana kwambiri ndi Lok Sabhaha chifukwa chakuti boma silili ndi mlandu wake mwachindunji. Komabe, Rajiya Sabba angaitanitse atumiki ndi kufuna mayankho. Nyumba yapamwamba ilinso ndi mphamvu yokambirana nkhani zofunika kwambiri za anthu kudzera m'kusinthasintha kwa zinthu ndi makambitsirano a maola angapo.

Kuvomereza ndi Kuchotsa Maulamuliro a Malamulo

Rajiya Sabba ali ndi mbali yokha m’kuchotsedwa kwa eni mabwana ena a malo apamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, kuchotsedwa kwa woweruza wa Khoti Lapamwamba kapena Bwalo Lalikulu kumafuna machenjezo a nyumba iliyonse ya Palamende, yozikidwa pa kutsimikizira kukhala wolakwa kapena wosamvera. Rajiya Sabba ayenera kupatula chosankha cha kusamvera kwa anthu ena apadera. Mofananamo, kuchotsedwa kwa Vice-Presidenti, amenenso ndi woimira wa Rajiya Sabbaha, ayambitsidwa ndi chigamulo ku Raja Sabbaha . Ntchito zimenezi zimapatsa nyumba yapamwambayo kuyang'ka yapadera pa judiary ndi mkulu wapamwamba pa nyukdia.

Ulamuliro Wapadera wa Raje Sabha

Ngakhale kuti Lok Sabha anali wotchuka kwambiri, Raje Sabba ali ndi mphamvu zina zapadera zimene zimatsimikizira khalidwe lake la boma:

  • Chilengedwe kapena kuchotsedwa kwa mabungwe a boma: Mfundo 169 imapatsa Rajiya Sabba mphamvu yokha yopanga kapena kuchotsa Malamulo Council m'boma mwa kukhazikitsa chigamulo kwa anthu ambiri apadera. Lok Sabba alibe mbali m'nkhaniyi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kukhazikitsa malamulo pa nkhani za boma: Pansi pa Mfundo 249, Rajiya Sabha angapereke chigamulo (chochirikizidwa ndi mamembala ake osachepera atatu aŵiri omwe alipo ndi kuvota) kulengeza kuti nkofunika kuti pakhale chikondwerero cha dziko kaamba ka Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhazikitsa lamulo losungidwa mwachibadwa. Mkonzi wa chigamulo chimenechi kupanga malamulo pa nkhani imeneyo kwa nyengo ya chaka chimodzi, yofutukulidwa.
  • Mphamvu yopanga malamulo a kukhazikitsa mautumiki onse a Indiya: Mfundo 312 imapatsa mphamvu Rajiya Sabha kuti apange mautumiki onse atsopano (monga IAS, IPS) mwa kutumiza chigamulo kwa anthu ambiri apadera. Lok Sabha akuphatikizidwa m'malamulo otsatira, koma njirayo ili ndi Rapya Sabba.

Nyumba yapamwambayi imalola kuti nyumba yapamwamba iyambe kugawa maulamuliro a m’mayiko a Union ndi mayiko ena, motero imakhala ndi umboni wakuti pali chilichonse chimene chingathe kusokoneza boma la Lok Sabha.

Mphamvu Zosonkhezera: Nkhondo Zenizeni za Dziko ndi Mikhalidwe

Malembo a Malamulo amapanga maziko, koma mphamvu zenizeni zimasonkhezeredwa ndi magulu andale.

Gulu la Ulamuliro ndi Ukulu Wake

Chochititsa chachikulu kwambiri chosonkhezera mphamvu ndi kaya chigamulo chimodzi kapena kugwirizana kwa onse aŵiri. Pamene gulu lolamuliralo liri ndi ambiri mu Lok Sabba koma likusowa mu Rajeya Sabba (monga momwe zinalili kuyambira 2014 mpaka 2020 pansi pa Boma la Modi), Rajeya Sabba ingakhale chitsutso chenicheni. Ikhoza kuchedwa ndi kutha kutha kuletsa ndi kutha, kukakamiza boma kukambirana kapena kugwiritsira ntchito njira zina (mphom, ndalama, malamulo). Chochitikacho chinakhazikitsa National Juvial Commis Commissions Commissions (NJAC) chinapatsidwira ndi nyumba zonse ziŵiri koma chinakanthidwa ndi Supreme Court; Rajahab adatsendement. Chitsutso cha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za Sargy kuyendetsa malamulo a Sarkiya pa malamulo a boma, monga momwe chilo chachikulu, chilengezo cha kumbuyo kwa zinenezo, kumbuyo kwa chinenero cha kumbuyo kwa malamulo a .

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, pamene boma limasangalala ndi anthu ambiri m’nyumba zonse ziŵiri, Raje Sabha adakhala ngati sitampu ya mphira. M’nyengo ya 2014-202019, ngakhale kuti panalibe ambiri mu Rajiya Sabba, boma linakhoza kutumiza ndalama zambiri pambuyo pogwirizana. Chikalata cha Real Reace (Kupanga Malo ndi Development) Act, 2016, chinaperekedwa pambuyo pa mkangano waukulu, ndi Rajaya Sabba akulingalira kuti akugwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti Lok Sabha Saha anavomereza. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti mphamvu sizili chabe za ulamuliro walamulo komanso zamphamvu zandale ndi kufunika kolimbikitsa kugwirizana.

Mapangano Aposachedwapa: Ntchito ya Raje Sabba

Chimodzi cha nkhani zotsutsana kwambiri ndizo kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo kuletsa Ravya Sabba. Malamulo amalola Pulezidenti kukhazikitsa malamulo pamene pasakhale pa msonkhano. Koma lamulo liyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi nyumba zonse ziŵirizo mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi ya kukhazikitsa. Pamene boma liyang'anizana ndi Rajiya Sabba, kaŵirikaŵiri limatembenukira ku malamulo, amene kenaka amatsutsa mobwerezabwereza. Imeneyi yasulizidwa kukhala kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo la malamulo. Mu 2020, Rajiya Sahabla anapereka chigamulo cha kukhazikitsa komiti ya pa la pamalikulu kuti apende kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo, kugogomezera nkhaŵa ya nyumba yapamwambayo ponena za kuchepa kwa ntchito kwake.

Makomiti a nyumba ya malamulo akusonyeza mphamvu ya zipani m’nyumba iliyonse, koma boma nthaŵi zina limakonzanso makomiti a makomiti a boma m’njira imene imapatsa komiti ambiri ngakhale m’Rajiya Sabba. Izi zachititsa makomiti olemba zinthu kuletsa kugawana. Makomiti a Rajya Sabba a mwiniwa ndi malamulo amalola Cairman kugaŵira nthaŵi mogwira mtima, koma masamu andale kaŵirikaŵiri amapambana.

Chiyambukiro pa Malamulo

Mphamvu zake zimakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa malamulo. Pamene Lok Sabba angasinthe malamulo kudzera m'njira ya kampani ya Raje Sabba, pali ngozi ya kufulumira kapena kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo. Mosiyana ndi, pamene Raje Sabba achita ntchito yake yosinthasintha mwa kufuna kuti pakhale mkangano ndi kukonzanso, malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amawongokera. Bungwe la Companies Act, 2013, ndi chitsanzo cha kudutsa kwa nyumba yapamwamba yotsogolera ku lamulo la kampani. Mosiyana ndi, kutsata kwa Kusintha kwa Dziko Lolamulira, 2019, anaona Jajiya Sabbaha akutsutsana, ndi kutsutsa konse kuti boma ligwiritsira ntchito chikalata chamalizo chapamwamba ndi njira zoyendetsera nyumba.

Kufuna Ulamuliro Wachiaindiya

Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa nyumba ziŵirizo kuli ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu za mmene demokrase imagwirira ntchito mu India. Kuyandikira kwa Lok Sabba kumatsimikizira kuti boma likhalabe lovomerezeka kwa osankhidwa. Popeza kuti masankho ayenera kuchitidwa zaka zisanu zilizonse, Lok Sabba ali wovomereza kwambiri ku malingaliro a anthu. Rajiya Sabba, pokhala wosankhidwa mosadziŵika bwino ndi wosagonjera ku kusweka, amapatsa chothetsera choletsa kutsalira kwa mafashoni a ndalensi a ndale zadziko. Mabungwe aŵiriwa amathandiza kuletsa ufulu wa anthu apamwamba ku ufulu wa anthu ochepa kapena zikondwerero.

Komabe, njirayo siili yosasuliza. Ena amatsutsa kuti mkhalidwe wachikhalire wa Rajiya Sabba ndi kudalira kwake pa opanga malamulo a boma kumaipanga kukhala chigwirizano cha demokrase chimene chimaimira zipani za abusa mmalo mwa maboma enieni. Ena amatsutsa kuti Lok Sabhaha alamulire, makamaka kupyolera mwa njira ya ndalama, amalola maboma kunyalanyaza kufufuza kotsimikizirika. Kulinganizika kwa boma kumayesedwanso pamene gulu lolamulira pa Centre Department Deault likutsogolera maboma osiyanasiyana, kupanga Rajiya Sabba malo a mkangano wandale zadziko mmalo mwa kukhazikitsa.

Democracy yabwino imafuna nyumba zonse ziŵiri kugwira ntchito mkati mwa malire awo a lamulo pamene kuli kwakuti zimadalirana. Raje Sabha ali ndi kuthekera kwa kukhala chipinda chobisa chimene chimayang’anira akuluakulu a boma, koma kugwira ntchito kwake kumadalira pa zigawo zimene zimawalamulira. Nzika ndi ophunzira a ulamuliro ayenera kuzindikira kuti mphamvuzo sizili zosakhazikika; zimasinthana ndi zotulukapo zosankhidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko cha m’tsikulo.

Osamuka

  • Lok Sabha ndi wamkulu chifukwa cha lamulo lake lachindunji, kulamulira ndalama zokha, ndi kukhoza kugonjetsa Rajiya Sabba kupyolera m’chigwirizano cha ndalama wamba.
  • Raje Sabra ali ndi mphamvu zapadera pankhani za boma, kuphatikizapo kupanga mabungwe a boma okhazikitsa malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a bungwe la United Nations pankhani za boma.
  • Kukonza malamulo kumafuna kuti nyumba iliyonse ikhale ndi anthu ambiri, ndipo zimenezi zimapatsa Raje Sabba mawu ofanana ndi amenewa posintha mfundo zofunika kwambiri.
  • M’zochita zake, mphamvu yoyendera limodzi imadalira ngati chipani cholamuliracho chikulamulira nyumba zonse ziŵiri; Nyumba Yachifumu yogawanika imayambitsa macheza aakulu, pamene kuli kwakuti mphamvu imodzi yogwirizana imaloza ku Lok Sabba.
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, malamulo, ndi njira zofufuzira kungafooketse ntchito imene Raje Sabba anali ndi cholinga chopanga nyumba yosungiramo ndalama.
  • Kumvetsa zinthu zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense wofufuza za demokalase ya India, chifukwa kumasonyeza kusagwirizana pakati pa ulamuliro wotchuka ndi kuimira boma.

Kuwerenganso ndi Kugwirizanitsa Zinthu

Kuti mufufuze mozama za malamulo oyendetsera nyumba ziŵirizo, fufuzani zinthu zotsatirazi:

Unansi pakati pa Raje Sabba ndi Lok Sabha ndi umodzi wa mbali zosintha kwambiri za Malamulo a India. Nyumba zonse ziŵiri zili ndi ntchito zosiyana zimene zimathandizirana mmalo mwa kupikisana ndi zinzake, koma zandale kaŵirikaŵiri zimayambitsa kusagwirizana. kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi a ulamuliro wa Aindiya, kuzindikira bwino za mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika osati kokha kuti munthu amvetsetse bwino komanso kuti akhale nzika yodziŵa bwino. Pamene demokrase ya India iyamba kusinthika, mphamvu ya zipinda zake ziŵiri za nyumba za nyumba za malamulo iŵiri idzakhalabe mbali yaikulu m'kukonza malamulo ndi malamulo a dzikolo. Mwa kuphunzira mfundo za malamulo ndi ntchito yake, tingayamikire bwino lomweli kuti tikhale ndi kukhala nzika yapamwamba kwambiri.