Mitundu ya Njira Zotulutsira M’madzi

Madongosolo otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi akupanga chipale choimira demokrase, kutembenuza chivoti chimodzi ndi chimodzi m'zosankha. Kumvetsetsa njira zothandizira zimenezi nkofunika pofufuza chilungamo chawo ndi kugwira ntchito. Madongosolo otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse amaphatikizapo Fist-Past (FTP) , [[FLT]], [[FLT]] , [MFFT] MP] [FLT], ndi zina zodziŵika kwambiri, [[FTT:] [FT] [FT] [FFFF:5], [FFFFFFF:], [3] [ziyense] [ziyense]

Kuyamba - Past- Zilembo Zofika (FPTP)

FPTP ndi njira yosavuta ndi yakale kwambiri yosankhira yofala. M’zigawo za mbali imodzi, wofunsira amene ali ndi mavoti ambiri amapambana, mosasamala kanthu kuti apeza ambiri. Dongosolo limeneli limagwiritsidwa ntchito ku United Kingdom, United States, Canada, India, ndi kale kolamulidwa ndi Britain. FPP imayanja anthu ambiri, mabungwe okhazikitsidwa ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imapanga boma limodzi la anthu ambiri.

Mapindu a FPTP

  • Kusintha: Voters zimasankha woloŵa; kachitidwe kake kali komvekera bwino ndi kosavuta kupatsa.
  • Zotulukapo za mwamsanga: [[FLT] Kuŵerengera kuli kolunjika, kolola zotulukapo m’maola.
  • Kugwirizanitsa kogwirizana: chigawo chilichonse chimasankha woimira mmodzi, kuyambitsa kugwirizana kwa malo pakati pa ovota ndi MP yawo.
  • Kukhazikika kwa Gome: FPP imakonda kutulutsa maboma ambiri amene angapereke malamulo popanda kugwirizana.

Zopinga za FPTP

  • Chipani chingapambane mipando yambiri ndi voti yotchuka, monga momwe kwawonedwa m'chosankha cha 2015 UK kumene osankha anapambana 36.9% ya voti koma 50.8%.
  • Mavoti osankhidwa: Omwe amataya otsala kapena wopambana pa mpando wachisungiko samakhudza zotsatira, kuletsa kutuluka.
  • Chilamulo cha kuchuluka: Okhoza kaŵirikaŵiri kupambana ndi ochepera 50% ya voti, kutanthauza osankha ambiri sanachirikize wopambanayo.
  • Kusintha kwa zigawo zazing'ono: Otsatira Achitatu amapata mipando yocheperapo kuposa zilolezo zawo zosankhidwa, kuchepetsa kusankha ndi kuimira wovota.

Kuimira kwa Malamulo (PR)

Madongosolo a PR amalinganiza kugaŵira mipando ya malamulo mogwirizana ndi mavoti amene gulu lililonse limalandira. Pary-mulongo PR , wogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Sweden, Netherlands, ndi South Africa, ndi kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu. Makampani amasankha mpambo wa zipani, ndipo mipando imagawidwa mozikidwa pa mavoti. Mndandanda wa otsegula [ imalola wovotera kusonkhezera dongosolo la ofunsira pakati pa gulu. PR imasankha mpambo wa magawo ambiri ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imafunikira maboma a mgwirizano.

Mapindu a PR

  • Kulondola kwa chisonyezero: Zosankha za osankhika zikhale zolondola kwambiri, kuphatikizapo timagulu tating'ono ndi timagulu tating'ono.
  • Unyinji: [[FLT :1] Akazi ndi magulu oimiridwa kaŵirikaŵiri amapeza mipando yambiri pansi pa PR chifukwa chakuti maphwando angalinganize mpambo wawo.
  • Fewer anawononga mavoti: Pafupifupi voti iliyonse imathandiza kuti pampando pakhale gawo, kulimbikitsa kukwera.
  • Kulonjeza ndi kugwirizana: Maboma a Coalition amafunikira kukambitsirana kotsatizana, kumene kungatsogolere ku malamulo ambiri ogwirizana.

Zopinga za PR

  • Malamulo oikidwa: Magulu ambiri aang'ono angaloŵe m'nyumba ya malamulo, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kupanga mgwirizano wokhazikika. Italiya ndi Israyeli akumana ndi kugwa kwa boma kaŵirikaŵiri pansi pa PR.
  • Magulu a kuulutsa: PR angapereke mapulatifomu ku magulu otsatana amene angachotsedwe pansi pa FPTP. Kukwera kwa magawo a kumanja kwa m'madongosolo angapo a Yuropu PR kumasonyeza upandu umenewu.
  • Kugwirizanitsa kwa Weak: Nthaŵi zina zokhala ndi woimira wakomwe woŵerengera mlandu, kuchepetsa chivomerezo.
  • Kupimira: [ Mavota ayenera kumvetsetsa mpambo wa chipani, makhomo, ndi zigwirizano, zimene zingakhale zosokoneza.

Kutulutsa Malo Okongola

RCV, yodziŵikanso monga [[FLT: 0] Inkalola osankhidwa kugawa malo osankhidwa motsatira mfundo zomveka. Ngati palibe wofunsira amafika pa unyinji wa mavoti oyamba, womalizira wosankhidwa amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amatchulidwanso ku chinthu china. Mchitidwe umenewu umabwereza kufikira mmodzi wa ofunsira ambiri. RCV amagwiritsidwa ntchito kaamba ka masankho a boma m’Australia ndi m'masankhoti a m’mizinda monga San Francisco ndi Minneapolis.

Mapindu a RCV

  • Kulengeza ndawala yotsimikizirika: Otsalira a m'mapepala afunafuna chichirikizo chachiŵiri kuchokera kwa osankha a adani, kuchepetsa ziukiro zoipa.
  • Opambana: Wopambana koposa ali ndi chichilikizo choposa 50%, kupeŵa vuto la kuchepa kwa kulamulira kwa FPTP.
  • Mavota angawononge zotsatirapo zowononga: Mavota angachirikize wofunsira wamng'ono popanda kuopa kuvulaza wofuna kuloŵa nawo wamkulu, chifukwa chakuti pepala lawo likhoza kusamutsidwa.
  • Chosankha chachikulu: [[FLT :1] Magawo a Widerest n’ngotheka chifukwa kugaŵikana kwa voti kumachepetsedwa.

Zopinga za RCV

  • [[FLT: 0] Kusokonezeka kwa kampani: Osankha ena amalimbana ndi obatizidwa ambiri, kuchititsa kukwera kwa ziŵerengero za mavoti ovundidwa. Maphunziro mu San Francisco anapeza ngati 1% ya mavoloti sanayende bwino chifukwa cha zolakwa zazikulu.
  • Kuŵerengera: [[FLT] Table amatenga nthaŵi yaitali ndipo amafunikira mapulogalamu otsogola kwambiri.
  • Zotulukapo zochedwetsedwa: Pamene mavoti atha, zotulukapo zomaliza sizingadziŵike kwa masiku kapena milungu, pamene maposi olembedwa afunikira kukonzedwa ndi kuzungulira kochulukira.
  • Kusanthula: Kufufuza kwina kumasonyeza kuti RCV ikhozabe kutulutsa mkhalidwe woyenerera, makamaka m’minda yodzala anthu.

Mtengo wa Member (MMP)

MMP imaphatikiza FPTP ndi PR mwa kupereka ovota aŵiri: mmodzi wa wobatizidwa wa kumaloko ndi mmodzi wa mpambo wa chipani. Wosankha wosankha wopambana wachigawo (kaŵirikaŵiri ndi FPTP), ndipo voti ya chipani imasankha mpando wa mipando yonse kuti apeze zotulukapo zoyenerera. Mipando ya anderhang ingachitike pamene chipani chipata chachigawo chilandira mipando yambiri kuposa gawo lake la chigawo, limene limabwezeredwa mwa kuwonjezera mipando ina. Germany ndi New Zealand ndi otchuka ogwiritsira ntchito MMP.

Mapindu a MMP

  • Kuimira kolembedwa: Mavoti apeza zonse ziŵiri MP ya kumaloko ndi chiwiya cha chigawo, kukwatira madongosolo abwino koposa onse aŵiri.
  • Anachotsa mavoti otayidwa: Chivoti chimatsimikizira kuti kuchirikiza zigawo zazing'ono kumayang'anizanabe ndi kuimira kwa onse.
  • Zotsatirapo: MMP imatulutsa zotulukapo zolingana kwambiri kuposa FPTP yoyera pamene ikusunga kuimira kwa malo.
  • Ubwino wa Governation: Nthaŵi zambiri ma Prives amapanga mgwirizano, koma kukhalapo kwa nangula wa MP ya kumaloko kungathandize kukhazikika.

Zopinga za MMP

  • Makalasi aŵiri a MP: maMP ali ndi maunansi amphamvu koposa maMP, kupangitsa kusalinganizika kwa mlandu.
  • Kutsatira: Osankha ambiri samamvetsetsa mmene mavoti awo aŵiri amasonkhanitsidwira kugamula maperesenti a mipando. Ku New Zealand, mkupiti wa maphunziro unafunidwa.
  • Mipando ya Opanhang: Mipando yowonjezereka ingawonjeze ukulu wa nyumba ya malamulo, monga momwe ikuwonedwa ku Bundestag ya Germany, imene yakula kufika pa mipando yoposa 700 chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mlingo ndi mipando yoyezera.
  • Kusakhazikika kwa chivomezi: Monga PR, MMP ingachititse maboma osalimba amene amafuna kukambitsirana kosalekeza pakati pa zipani.

Kuchepetsa Kugwira Ntchito Kwabwino kwa Ntchito Yotulutsa Zopanga

Kugwira ntchito kwa dongosolo la voti lililonse kungayeseredwe motsutsana ndi malamulo anayi a demokrase: kuimira , kuthekera , kuvomereza , ndi [FLT] kuŵerengera [. Palibe dongosolo lopambana m'zi zinayi, ndi kutsalirapo malonda. Chosankha choyenerera chimadalira pa chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko, mbiri yakale, ndi kuyang'anira.

Chithunzi

Malo oimira mmene nyumba yosankha imalozera molondola zimene osankhidwa amakonda. Madongosolo a PR amachitira mpikisano wapamwamba pa metric imeneyi, nthaŵi zonse kukwaniritsa malo a pa mlingo woŵerengeka wa mavoti. Galaghher Index, muyeso wofala wa kuchotsako, amasonyeza nthaŵi zonse PR monga South Africa ndi Netherlands yokhala ndi miyezo yaing'ono. FTP[FF:3] kaŵirikaŵiri imatulutsa proportigationdity , chitsanzo cha 2019, m'voti ya boma la Canada, Libera adapata 33% ya mavoti ovota koma mapepala, pamene mapepala a Green Fact 5 [3] koma mavotimentiwo okha. [FFF:]

Komabe, kuimira kumaphatikizaponso kuimira kwa malongosoledwe [1] Kusonyeza bwino lomwe magalasi a nyumba ya malamulo a kuchuluka kwa anthu. Madongosolo a PR amasankha akazi ambiri ndi mafuko ena chifukwa cha njira zachipani zimene zimalola kuphatikizidwa dala. Mu 2021, Riksdag ya Sweden inali yachikazi 46%, poyerekezera ndi 24% mu UK House of Commons.

Kukhazikika

Kukhazikika kumatanthauza kukhoza kwa boma kulamulira bwino popanda kusintha kwa nthaŵi zambiri. Kalelo kumatulutsa maboma ambiri osasintha, okhala ndi avareji ya utali wa nthaŵi yaitali kuposa m'madongosolo a PR. Mwachitsanzo, UK wakhala ndi masankho 20 okha kuyambira 1945, ndi boma lililonse lokhala ndi nthaŵi yokwanira yanthaŵi. PR ndi MMP kaŵirikaŵiri imatuluka m'maboma a mgwirizano umene ungagwe ngati mnzake wasiya kuchirikiza. Pakati pa 1945 ndi 2010, Italiya inali ndi maboma oposa 60. Komabe si madongosolo onse a PR ali osakhazikika: Maboma a Germany anthaŵi yaitali, ndipo adakalipo, maulamuliro a Sweden ocheperapo.

Kukhazikika kumadaliranso pa chilango cha pagulu, chiŵerengero cha zipani, ndi njira zoyendetsera zinthu monga mavoti osadalirana (ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Germany ndi Spain), zimene zimafuna kuti woloŵa mmalo atchulidwe boma lisanachotsedwe. Zimenezi zimachepetsa kusakhazikika ngakhale m’madongosolo olinganizika.

Kutengamo Mbali

Voter surtout ndi muyezo wovuta wa kutengamo mbali. Mayiko okhala ndi [FLT: 0] PR madongosolo amaoneka kukhala ndi kutembenuka kwapamwamba kuposa aja okhala ndi FTP] FP[. Malinga ndi [[FLT:] madongosolo] a dziko lapansi [[FLT] [[FLT:]], avalerovss , amabwerera kumaiko 77%, poyerekezera ndi 65% m'maiko a FPPP. Kusiyanako kumakhala mbali ina chifukwa chakuti makompyuta amawononga mavoti ndi kupatsa zigawa zaing'ono za kupambana, kupanga kuvotera kopetsa koposa. [FLD] [FF: FFFF:]

Malamulo okakamiza ovota, monga ku Australia (amene amagwiritsira ntchito RCV kaamba ka Nyumba), amatsendereza kuposa 90%. Komabe, kukakamiza kuli lamulo losiyana ndi njira yovotera yeniyeniyo. Kutengamo mbali kumaphatikizaponso chiŵerengero cha zipani ndi zosankha zopitira zopezeka. Madongosolo a PR amapereka njira zowonjezereka, zothekera kuwonjezereka kwa pangano.

Kuŵerengera

Kuŵerengera kotsimikizira ovota kungapereke mphotho kapena kulanga m'mapangano. FTP [1] imapereka kuŵerengera kowonekera: chigawo chilichonse chili ndi woimira wosankhidwa mwachindunji amene ovota angalowe mmalo. Kugwirizanitsa kumeneku nkwachindunji. M'madongosolo a PLT , kuŵerengera mlandu kumafalitsidwa chifukwa chakuti otembenuza asankha magulu mmalo mwa anthu (kupanda mindandanda yotsegulidwa imagwiritsiridwa ntchito). Maboma achinyengo owonjezera thayo, monga momwe magawo angaikire onsewo chifukwa cha malamulo ena osatchuka. [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] MP] Kuyesa kulinganiza aŵiriwo mwa kusunga MP pamene akuwonjezera MP, koma ndandanda yosoŵera kuyang'.

RCV imawongolera kuŵerengera kwa osankhidwa amene ali ndi chichirikizo chochuluka, koma njira yosamutsira ingathe kusokoneza ovota ponena za amene ali ndi thayo kaamba ka ziyambukiro za lamulo. M'zigawo zambiri kugwiritsira ntchito STV, kuŵerengera kwa kuvuta chifukwa chakuti oimira ambiri ochokera ku magulu osiyanasiyana amatumikira mbali imodzimodziyo.

Kuwonjezeka kwa Njira ndi Kusintha

Maiko ambiri akufufuza kapena kutengera njira zopangidwa ndi zotengera zatsopano kuti agwirizane ndi mphamvu za mafashoni omwe alipo. Womwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Vote (STV) m'zigawo zosiyanasiyana, zogwiritsidwa ntchito ku Ireland ndi Malta, amaphatikiza magawo a makampani ndi PR. Ofunsira ntchito a magawo ambiri m’madera, ndipo muyezo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira makampani ambiri. STV imathandiza kuti pakhale zotsatirapo zoyenerera pamene ikuimira munthu wofuna kubatizidwa ndi woimira. Zotsatira zake zazikulu n’zovuta kumvetsetsa ndi kusokoneza mgwirizano wa m'madera a m’deralo.

Madongosolo aŵiri (TRS) , ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankho a pulezidenti ndi a kaunioti, amaphatikizapo malo oyamba amene wobatizidwa aliyense angayenerere kaamba ka kachiŵiri ngati apyola malire. Zimenezi zimalimbikitsa zigwirizano zochepera koma zingakhale zokwera mtengo ndi zopingasa. M'maiko ena, monga ngati Mali ndi Ukraine, TRS yaloŵedwa mmalo chifukwa cha kutsika kwa kamphiri kachiŵiri.

[[FLT: 0] Kusankha mawu ogwirizana ndi osankhidwa [[FLT :1] ndi [FLT :2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kuvota kulola ofunsira kusankha amene akufuna kubatizidwa ngati avomereza; wofunsira amene wapambana. Chosankha amalola ofunsira aliyense pamlingo. Madongosolo ameneŵa savomerezedwa kwambiri koma ayesedwa m'masankho ena a kumaloko ndi mabungwe achinsinsi.

Magulu okonzanso amachitidwa m'maiko angapo. Canada , komiti ya nyumba ya malamulo ya 2016 inavomereza kuti pakhale kugaŵana kwa mbali, koma boma la Liberal linasiya kusintha. UK[FL:] adakhala ndi decuum ya 2011 potenga [[FLT:], RV] pa kufalikira 50 (AVFT) (AVFT) [[FT:5] ya Nyumba za Chikhalidwe, imene inagonjetsedwa 32% [[FFFFF:6] [kusintha kwa , kufalikira kwa] , RVVPNUP], kuphatikizaponso kuwonjezera zigawa za ku madera ambiri, mizinda ingapo: [FT] ndi .[4]

Kumaliza

Kusankha njira yovota sikuli kwauchete; kumakhudza kumene anthu amakumva, mmene maboma amapangidwira, ndi mmene nzika zimagwirizanirana ndi demokrase yawo. FTP imatchuka chifukwa cha kufeŵa kwake ndi kukhazikika, koma kulephera kwake kumachitidwa bwino. PR imapatsa kulinganiza ndi kulinganiza kwabwino kwa zinthu zothekera. RCV [FF:] [FLT] [markssssssss tracts tractives] yogwirizana ndi njira yapadera ya kusoŵa kwake kwapadera. [mayezapo] ndi kuyang'anira zinthu zowononga zinthu zowononga zinthu. [FLT.]

Kuzindikira zinthu zimenezi n’kofunika kwa aphunzitsi, opanga malamulo, ndi anthu ogwirizana. Zoyesayesa zopitirizabe zosintha mavoti m'mayiko ambiri zimasonyeza kuti njira zovota sizikusintha monga mabungwe akuyambanso zolinga za demokrase. Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, ACE Ectoral Knowlet Knote [1] Kusintha kwakukulu kwa Kayendedwe ka kumapereka chidziŵitso chofananitsa, ndi maphunziro amaphunziro onga [FLT:] Electoral Systems: Convection production [ [Fact:3], 2011] kupereka kusanthula kwakukulu. Kugwira ntchito kwa dongosolo la kuvota kulikonse kumadalira pa mmene kumagwirira ntchito kwake bwino, kumene kumafuna zonse ziŵiri zopanga mawu ndi kugawa.