Kumvetsetsa Maboma: Ufumu wa U.S.

Mabungwe a Federal ndi zida zogwirira ntchito za boma la United States, kutembenuza malamulo a malamulo ndi maofesala akuluakulu kukhala zochita zowona zimene zimaumba miyoyo ya Aamereka pafupifupi 330 miliyoni. Kuchokera ku kutsimikizira chisungiko cha madzi anu akumwa kusungitsa chisungiko cha dziko, mabungwe ameneŵa akukhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wamakono. Kwa nzika, kuzindikira ntchito ya bungwe nkofunika osati kokha kaamba ka mautumiki a boma komanso kugawana thayo la democracy. Wotsogolera wowonjezereka ameneyu amafufuza mitundu, mathayo, ziyambukiro za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku, ndi lipo la mabungwe a boma, kupereka kuyang'anira mozama zimene amachita ndi mmene mungachitire ndi iwo.

Kodi Ndani Ali Mautumiki Aakulu?

Mabungwe a boma ndi magulu apadera oyang'anira okhazikitsidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo kapena Pulezidenti kuti achite ntchito zina zofotokozedwa ndi lamulo. Mosiyana ndi ntchito zazikulu za nthambi zitatu za boma, mabungwe amayesetsa kukwaniritsa, kuonetsetsa, ndi kupereka utumiki. Iwo amagwira ntchito pansi pa ulamuliro, kutanthauza kuti angapange malamulo atsatanetsatane amene amayendetsa malamulo, ngati malamulowo akhalabe m'malamulo oikidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Bungwe lamakono limaphatikizapo madipatimenti 2,000, mabungwe, mabungwe, ndi makampani a boma, onse pamodzi akugwiritsa ntchito antchito wamba pafupifupi 2.2 miliyoni.

Mabungwe a zachangu agwera m’magulu atatu aakulu ozikidwa pa kakonzedwe kawo ndi unansi wawo ndi nthambi ya boma:

  • Madipatimenti a Zaumoyo: Madipatimenti apamwamba 15, iliyonse ikutsogozedwa ndi mlembi woikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikizidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Dipatimenti ya Defense (DoD), Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Mautumiki a Anthu (HS), ndi Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro (ED). Ameneŵa ndi mabungwe aakulu ndi ooneka kwambiri, okhala ndi malamulo aakulu otetezera madera ena.
  • Mabungwe Odalirana: amene amagwira ntchito kunja kwa madipatimenti a akuluakulu, monga Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), ndi Social Security Administration (SA). Nthaŵi zambiri amakhala ndi ufulu wowonjezereka kuchokera ku ulamuliro wa pulezidenti, nthaŵi zina ndi akuluakulu otumikira, mawu odabwitsa.
  • Mabungwe a lamulo: Mabodi opatsidwa mphamvu zolamulira maindasitale ena kapena magawo a zachuma, monga Federal Commission (FCC), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), ndi Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Mabungwe ameneŵa ali ndi mphamvu za shosi-judia ndi quasi-legislation, kupanga malamulo ndi mikangano.

Udindo wa Mautumiki a Maboma

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma amasiyanasiyana kwambiri, m’magulu ambiri anthu amachita zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Lamulo ndi Kulamulira

Pamene Congress ipereka lamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri n’kofala, kufunikira kuti mabungwe akwaniritse tsatanetsatane kudzera kukonza malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Cease Air Act inapatsa Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ulamuliro wokhazikitsa miyezo yokha yokha ya zoipitsa. Mabungwe opanga malamulo oikidwa m'malamulo Register , kupempha ndemanga zapoyera, ndiyeno kutulutsa malamulo omalizira. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti malamulo ali ndi maluso, osungitsa mano. AGUPUPUPU AGUPUD Procrect Active Active Act imalamulira ntchito imeneyi, ikufuna kuona zapo ndi kutengamo mbali.

Kusintha ndi Kukakamiza

Apolisi a zachitetezo akugwirizana ndi malamulo ndi malamulo, kufufuza kuswa ndi zilango zowopsa. Occapational Safety and Health Administration (OSA) amafufuza ntchito kuti atsimikizire miyezo ya chisungiko; Food and Drug Administration (FDA) angatenge zinthu zosatetezeka m'mashelufu osungira zinthu. Zochita zochokera ku makalata ochenjeza anthu ndi zigawenga, kupanga dongosolo lotetezera thanzi la anthu, ndi misika yabwino.

Kupereka Utumiki Wachindunji

Bungwe la Social Security Administration limachotsa anthu opuma pantchito komanso limachotsa anthu opunduka ku America oposa 70 miliyoni. Dipatimenti ya zaumoyo ya ku Veterans Affairs imayang'anira ntchito yaikulu kwambiri m’dzikolo.

Kufufuza, Kudziŵa Zinthu, ndi Chilengedwe

Bungwe la National Institutes of Health Safes Inficial Medicine lomwe limafufuza njira zatsopano zothandizira anthu kupeza chithandizo chamankhwala. Bungwe la Bureau of Labor Statistics limatumiza ntchito, kukwera mitengo kwa zinthu, ndiponso ntchito, zomwe zimapereka mfundo zimene zimasintha kwambiri za zachuma.

Chitetezo cha Dziko Lonse ndi Chitetezo cha Anthu

Kuteteza dziko ku zinthu zimene zingalitse mavuto a m'mayiko ena ndiponso a m’banja ndi udindo waukulu wogawana ndi mabungwe ambiri. Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security (DHS) imayang'anira chitetezo cha kumalire, kukhazikitsa lamulo loletsa anthu kusamuka, ndi kuyankha koopsa. Bungwe la Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) limafufuza milandu ya boma ndi zinthu zoopseza. Dipatimenti ya Department imayang'anira asilikali amphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse. Mabungwe amenewa amagwira ntchito pamodzi monga bungwe la National Security Council.

Mmene Zinthu Zaumoyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku Zimayendera

Kumvetsa bwino zimene mabungwe a boma amachita kumathandiza anthu kuona kufunika kochita zinthu m’boma komanso kufunika koyang’anira.

Thanzi ndi Chitetezo cha Ogula

Nthaŵi iliyonse imene mudya chakudya choikidwa m’mapaketi, kumwa mankhwala operekedwa kwa dokotala, kapena kugwiritsira ntchito chiwiya chamankhwala, FDA yaona kuti ndi yotetezeka. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) imayambitsa matenda ndi kuyambitsa mavuto. Dipatimenti ya zaulimi (USDA) imafufuza nyama ndi malo okonzera nkhuku. Kuyesayesa kumeneku kumateteza matenda osaŵerengeka ndi kupulumutsa miyoyo, ngakhale kuti siikupanga nkhani zankhani pamene ikugwira bwino ntchito.

Malo Okhala ndi Zachilengedwe

Environmental Protection Agency imayang'anira mpweya ndi kuipitsa madzi, kuika malire pa kutulutsidwa kwa mafakitale ndi magalimoto. National Park Service imayang'anira malo oposa 400, kusunga chuma chachilengedwe ndi cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. nkhalango za United States zimayang'anira mahekitala 193 miliyoni a nkhalango za dzikolo, kulinganiza kupangidwa kwa mitengo ndi kusungidwa. Mpweya woyera, mitsinje yosambira, ndi maiko opezekapo [[FLT:]

Maphunziro ndi Ntchito

Dipatimenti ya zamaphunziro imagaŵira chithandizo cha ophunzira a boma, imayang’anira ntchito yoonetsetsa kuti ufulu wa anthu ukhalepo m’sukulu, ndiponso imasonkhanitsa mfundo zokhudza zimene ana a sukulu akwanitsa. Dipatimenti ya ntchito imakhazikitsa malamulo a malipiro ochepa, kuvulala kuntchito, ndi kutumiza inshuwalansi ya ulova.

Zoyendera Ndiponso Zinthu Zowonongeka

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) imayang'anira malo oulutsira ndege, kutsimikizira oyendetsa ndege ndi kuyendera ndege. Federal Highway Administration imakhazikitsa miyezo ya chitetezo ya misewu ndi mabulogo. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) yoyesa kuwonongeka kwa galimoto ndi nkhani zimene zimakumbukira za mbali zowonongeka. Mukayendetsa galimoto, kuuluka, kapena kukwera sitima, mumadalira pa [FLT: 0] malamulo ndi mapulani a .

Zachuma Ndiponso Kuteteza Anthu

Bungwe la Consumer Financial Providetion ndi Exchange Commission imayang'anira misika ya masheya kuti itetezere ku chinyengo ndi malonda a mkati. Bungwe la Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) limayang'anira ngongole za ngongole, makhadi a ngongole, ndi ngongole za ophunzira. Federal Deposit Inssurance Corporation (FDIC) imasunga ndalama zokwana madola 50,000. Mabungwe ameneŵa amasungabetsekera ndi kudalirana m'dongosolo la zachuma limene limachititsa kuti ndalama ziyende bwino ndi kupita patsogolo.

Mmene Mungachitire ndi Maboma

Nzika zili ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zolankhulirana ndi mabungwe a boma, kuyambira pa kupeza mapindu ndi kusonkhezera malamulo.

Kupeza Mautumiki ndi Mapindu

Mabungwe ambiri amasunga madoko a pa Intaneti aubwenzi. USA.gov imagwira ntchito monga khonsa yapakati, yogwirizanitsa mafomu a mafomu a zachitetezo za Social Security, kukonzanso paspoto, kulembetsa, ndi malonda aang'ono. Mabungwe ambiri alinso ndi ma ndandanda a chithandizo aulere ndi maofesi a m’munda. Mwachitsanzo, SSA ili ndi maofesi a m'magawo oposa 1,200 m'dziko lonselo momwe mungafunsire khadi la Social Security kapena apilo.

Kupereka Zoloŵetsedwamo ndi Zodyetsa

Pamene mabungwe apereka malamulo operekedwa, iwo ayenera kulandira ndemanga zapoyera asanamalizitse. Mukhoza kupereka ndemanga kudzera mwa Regulects.gov , kumene mabungwe amafalitsa madoko. Iyi ndi njira yamphamvu kwa anthu, mabizinesi, ndi magulu a anthu apamwamba kuti apange malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, FCC yalandira ndemanga mamiliyoni ambiri pa malamulo a uchete. Kupita ku makomiti a anthu, kugwirizanitsa makomiti a komiti a kugawa, ndi kuyankha kupenda kuli njira zina zowonjezereka zochitiramo.

Kusimba Mavuto ndi Kufunafuna Zochepetsa

Ngati mukhulupirira kuti bungwe lina lachita molakwika, mungalembe chidandaulo ndi ofesi yake ya Inspector General, imene imafufuza chinyengo, kutayidwa, ndi kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Ofesi ya Special Counse imateteza oimba foni. Mabungwe ambiri alinso ndi madandaulo a ogulitsa zinthu zamalonda , ndipo FDA imalola malipoti a mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Njira zimenezi zimathandizira kuwongolera ntchito.

Kukopa ndi Kusonkhezera

Mabungwe a boma, makampani a malonda, ndi magulu a nzika nthaŵi zonse amakopa mabungwe kuti asinthe malamulo. Pansi pa bungwe la Federal Advisory Committee, mabungwe ayenera kuphatikizapo opereka ndemanga zosiyanasiyana pa mabungwe othandizira. Kupereka ndemanga zapoyera, kukumana ndi akuluakulu a bungwe, ndi kugawana ndi njira zonse zogwiritsa ntchito pokhudza mfundo zofunika. Freedom of Information Act (FOA) imalola nzika kupempha mafashoni, kupereka kuunika kwa m’kati mwa kukonza zosankha.

Mavuto Oyang’anizana ndi Maboma Osonkhezera

Ngakhale kuti mabungwewa ali ndi mbali yaikulu, amakumana ndi zopinga zopitirizabe zimene zingalepheretse anthu kuchita zinthu zabwino ndiponso kuchepetsa kudalirana kwawo.

Zoletsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama

Makampani amathandiza pa mapulogalamu a chaka ndi chaka ochokera ku Nyumba ya Malamulo. Pamene bajeti yaphwatalala kapena kudula, mabungwe angachepetse ntchito, kuchepetsa mautumiki, kapena kukonza zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, IRS yakhala ikuvutika kukonza luso lake ndi kuyankha mafoni a okhometsa msonkho chifukwa cha ndalama zopereŵera. Kuwononga ndalama zowonongedwa ndi Debal Control Act ya 2011-masterdalect ya madrector ambiri, kusokoneza zonse kuchokera ku ku kuyendetsa ndege kupita ku malo osungirako zinthu za dziko.

Kuloŵererapo pa Zandale ndi Kusinthasintha

Atsogoleri a boma nthaŵi zina amaika akuluakulu a boma kuti anyalanyaze mfundo zogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma. Anthu ogwira ntchito pa ntchito yao angabwezere chilango chifukwa cha kukhazikitsa malamulo otsutsana ndi zolinga zandale. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa sayansi ya sayansi, kusintha malipoti a EPA okhudza kusintha kwa nyengo.

Kulephera kwa Uyang’aniro

Mabungwe akuluakulu, apamwamba a kagulu ka zinthu kangachepe kuyambitsa. Malo oyendera limodzi, ndi njira zachikale zimakhumudwitsa antchito onse aŵiri ndi anthu. Boma la Authority Accounting Office (GAO) nthaŵi zonse limagogomezera “maprogramu apamwamba ” amene angawonongeke kapena kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa, monga ngati njira zoŵerengera za Desensi ndi ndalama zosayenera za Medicare. Zoyesayesa kuyendera potsatira Pulezidenti Agenda zatulutsa zotulukapo zosiyanasiyana.

Kudalira Anthu Onse Ndiponso Maganizo Awo

Kudalira mabungwe a boma kwachepa zaka makumi angapo. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Pew Research Center, 20 peresenti yokha ya anthu a ku America amanena kuti amakhulupirira boma ku Washington kuti lichite zinthu zabwino nthaŵi zambiri. Kufalitsa nkhani zoipa, kulephera kwapamwamba (chitsanzo, kuyembekezera kwa nthaŵi yoopsa) ndi kuukira kwa anthu oukira boma kumawononga chidaliro. Kudalirana kumachititsa kuti boma lizitsatira malamulo modzifunira ndipo kumawavuta kwambiri kuti mabungwe akwaniritse ntchito zawo.

Mavuto a Ntchito

Ogwira ntchito a boma okalamba, amene antchito ambiri ayenerera kupuma pantchito, akuwopseza chidziŵitso cha bungwe. Kupikisana ndi antchito aumwini kaamba ka matalente aluso . Makamaka mu IT, kusatetezeka kwa pa Intaneti, ndi sayansi . Njira zachinsinsi nzapang'onopang'ono ndi zofooketsa, zolefula oyenerera. Ofesi ya Malamulo akhazikitsa masinthidwe ofulumizitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kuwongolera kulinganiza zinthu, koma kupita patsogolo sikukusintha.

Tsogolo la Maboma Olimbikitsa Ntchito

Kuti zikhalebe zothandiza m’dziko limene likusintha mofulumira, mabungwe a boma ayenera kusintha.

Kusintha kwa Magetsi ndi A

Zipangizo zamakono zimapereka zipangizo zamphamvu zothandizira kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino komanso kuti zikhale zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Mabungwe ambiri akuika ndalama pa pulogalamu ya pakompyuta . Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la United States loona za makompyuta komanso magulu 18F amalumikizidwa m'mabungwe amakono kuti athandize mawebusaiti amakono. Luso lopanga zinthu likhoza kupenda phindu limene likufuna, kuona chinyengo, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendera. Komabe, mabungwe ayeneranso kusamala ndi ngozi za tsankho, zachinsinsi, ndi kuonekera bwino kwa zinthu. Mabungwe a AI in Govern Act a 2020 amafuna kuti mabungwe afufuze kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo AI ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zabwino.

Kuona Malo ndi Kutsegula Zinthu Mowonjezereka

Komiti ya Boma ya Boma ilamula kuti mabungwe osakhudzidwa ndi zimene akufalitsa m'makompyuta. Asayansi atumiza pafupifupi 250,000 a makampani osiyanasiyana, kuti athandize ofufuza, atolankhani, ndi amalonda kusanthula zonse kuyambira ku nyengo mpaka kuchipatala. Zochita zoonetsa zinthu monga Freedom of Information Act yamakono ndi kupanga mabungwe a boma zithandize kuti ntchito za bungwelo zioneke bwino, kuti zikhale ndi mlandu.

Kugwirizana ndi Kugwirizana kwa Anthu Onse

Mavuto ovuta kumvetsetsa ((aclited Security) , kuchuluka kwa Intaneti, kusokonezeka kwa makampani ndi anthu ena. Bungwe la National Cybersecurity Protection System (EINSTEIN) limaphatikizapo DHS, NSA, ndi ma intaneti achinsinsi. Kusintha kwa pa Intaneti kwa anthu odzipereka ku United States kumagwirizanitsa ndi mabungwe panthaŵi ya mavuto. Kuthandizana kumeneku ndi chuma kuposa zipupalensi za boma, komanso amafuna kuti pakhale njira zothetsera mavuto ndi kugawana zinthu.

Kusumika Maganizo pa Kuyenera ndi Kukondera

Bungwe loyang'anira bungwe la United States la United States (Old Education) linkatsogolera mabungwe kuti athandize anthu a mitundu ina ndiponso kuti athandize anthu a m'madera ena. Makampani akufunika tsopano kuti aone ngati pali kukondera, kuchotsa zopinga kuti apeze ntchito, ndi kusonkhanitsa mfundo za anthu. Zitsanzo za bungwe la Department of Agriculture zimaphatikizapo zoyesayesa za alimi a Black ndi a Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi za Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo wa anthu kuchepetsa kusagwirizana kwa mayanjano. Zoyesayesa zimenezi zimayesetsa kutsimikizira kuti makampani apeze anthu ofunikira kwambiri.

Kupirira ndi Kusintha

Kusintha kwa nyengo, miliri, ndi kusakhazikika kwa zandale kumafuna mabungwe kuti akonzetse kulimba. Bungwe la Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) likukonza mapu a madzi ndi malamulo othandizira pakagwa tsoka. Dipatimenti ya Energy ikugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zopangira makompyuta ndi mphamvu zomakonzanso. Makampani akuyambitsanso zolinga zogwirizana za kuukira kwa pa Intaneti ndi kusokonezeka kwa zopereka. Kusintha ziwopsezo kudzakhala chitokoso kutsogolo kwa atsogoleri a boma.

Kumaliza

Mabungwe a Federal sali anthu wamba ku Washington; iwo ali injini imene imasintha malamulo kukhala zokumana nazo zokhalitsa. Kuyambira pa chisungiko cha chakudya chanu kufikira pa chisungiko cha kupuma pantchito, ntchito yawo imayanjidwa kukhala yopanga moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kumvetsetsa mabungwe amene amachita . ndi mmene angagwirizanitsire nawo ndi nzikazo kusungitsa boma, kupezera mautumiki ofufuza, ndi malangizo alamulo. Pamene mabungwe akuyendetsa bajeti, zitsenderezo za ndale zadziko, ndi luso lawo la kusintha maluso awo a kuwona mmene amagwirira ntchito kwa anthu m’zaka makumi ambiri zikubwera. Kukhalabe odziŵa ndi kutenga mbali m'zopanga makampani sikuli kolondola; kuli thayo la kukhala nzika ya democracy.