Kugwirizana: Malamulo Okhudza Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Ufulu wa Anthu

Unansi pakati pa kulingana ndi malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe suli chabe mbiri yakale . Ndi wamoyo, wosintha mfundo imene imachirikiza ulamuliro wa demokrase yamakono. Pamaziko ake, ubale umenewu umafotokoza mmene malamulo onse aŵiri angasonyezere ndi kukonza kumamatira kwa chitaganya ku kuchitiridwa moyenera. Kuti munthu amvetse kugwirizana kumeneku, ayenera kupenda kutsutsana kwa m'mbiri kumene kunayambitsa malamulo osintha zinthu, mikangano ya filosofi imene ikupitirizabe kuwawongolera, ndi kusiyana kumene kumafuna kuvomereza malamulo atsopano.

Kulingana, m’njira yake yosavuta, kumatanthauza kuti munthu aliyense amayenerera ufulu walamulo ndi chitetezo. Malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe amatembenuza lingaliro lopanda tanthauzo kukhala malamulo osungidwa. Popanda malamulo, kufanana kumakhala kulakalaka; popanda kulinganiza, malamulo amakhala opanda pake. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza kuti kugwirizana kopanda pake mwa kugwiritsa ntchito kalelo ndi mavuto amakono, kupereka mapu a msewu kwa aphunzitsi, ochirikiza, ndi nzika zogwirira ntchito ku chitaganya chachilungamo.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Ufulu wa Nzika

Bungwe lamakono la ufulu wachibadwidwe ku United States silinatuluke m’zaka mazana ambiri za ukapolo, kugaŵana, ndi kukonderana mwalamulo kumene kunaletsa Aafirika ndi magulu ena a m’mbali. Chapakati pa zaka za zana la 20 panakhala kusintha kwakukulu pamene mizu ya udzu inayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zalamulo, ndi kusonkhanitsa anthu kuti afune kusintha dongosolo la zinthu.

Maziko a Kusalingana Malamulo a ku America

Kalekale ma 1950 asanafike, dongosolo la malamulo la U.S. linali ndi kusalingana kwa malamulo. [FLT: 0] Did Scott v. Sandford chigamulo chakuti anthu akuda sanali nzika. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni, [[FLT]] 1313, 14th, ndi 15 Development [mapangano] anachotsa ukapolo, kupatsa unzika, ndi kuletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko. Komabe malonjezano ameneŵa anaswedwa mwamsanga ndi [[FLT:] malamulo [[FLT:] [5] [zithunzi] Kummwera, kumene kumasungitsa ndi kuchotsako. [FT] [FT] [FT] [F]

Kukhazikitsa lamulo kumeneku kunakhazikitsa njira yothetsera kulinganiza kwachindunji pakati pa lamulo lakusankhana ndi kulinganiza. Kumenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuyambira pachiyambi, kunali kumenya nkhondo ya kupangitsa lamulo kulingana ndi chikalata chotetezera cha 14 Demendment.

Zochitika Zochititsa Chidwi Zimene Zinaumba Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti zochitika zambiri zinasonkhezera gululo, nthaŵi zina zofunika kwambiri zinapangitsa anthu kukakamizidwa kuti achitepo kanthu pa msonkhano.

  • Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956): [[FLT] Modzutsidwa ndi kukana kwa Rosa Park kuchotsa mpando wake, mnyamata ameneyu watsiku 381 wolinganizidwa ndi Martin Luther King Jr. ndi Montgomery Reformation Association inathetsa basi yopanda lamulo ndi kutsimikizira mphamvu ya chitsutso chopanda chiwawa.
  • Maliro pa Washington ya Jobs ndi Freedom (1963): Anthu oposa 2500,000 anasonkhana pa Chikumbutso cha Lincoln. Mawu a Mfumu “Ndine Loto” anakhala kulongosola kulingana. Kamphindiyo anakakamiza Pulezidenti Kennedy mwachindunji kupereka malamulo a zoyenera za anthu.
  • Sande ndi Selma ku Montgomery Marchs (65): Pamene oyenda anaukiridwa mwankhanza ndi asilikali a boma pa Edmund Pettus Bridge, chichilikizo chodzutsa mkwiyo wa dziko kaamba ka Chikalata cha Zoting Rights. Prezidenti Johnson mwamsanga anapereka keyala ya mbiri yoitanira kaamba ka lamulo.
  • Freedom Rides ndi Sit-ins (1961): Magulu a a Interracial anatsutsa mabasi apakati ndi malo operekera chakudya chamasana, kupirira chiwawa ndi kumangidwa. Zochita zimenezi zinayesa kusungitsa lamulo la boma ndi kufalitsa nkhani zambiri.

Zochitika zimenezi, limodzi ndi ndawala zopanda mbiri yaikulu m’madera onse a dzikolo, zinayambitsa chifuno cha ndale zadziko kugonjetsa a Kummwera kwa Thursers ndi chitsutso chamwambo. Zimagogomezera kuti malamulo sachokera ku kukoma mtima kokha [1] Kufuna kusokonezeka kwa boma.

Malamulo Oyenera Kusunga Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni ndi Malamulo Ake Olingana

Pakati pa 1964 ndi 1968, Nyumba ya Malamulo inakhazikitsa malamulo amene anasintha kwambiri chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku America.

Lamulo la 1964 la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Olingaliridwa kwambiri kukhala lamulo lofunika koposa la ufulu wachibadwidwe kuyambira kukonzanso, Act ya 1964 yoletsa tsankho pamaziko a fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena mtundu. Ilo linakwaniritsa zonulirapo zingapo zowopsya:

  • Kupatulana kwa anthu m’malo opezeka anthu ambiri (masukulu, mapaki, mabwalo a zamasewero, ndi m’malesitilanti).
  • Kusankhana ntchito kunapangitsa kuti pakhale bungwe loona za ntchito (EOC) loona za ntchito.
  • Ndalama za boma zosungidwazo sizinapezeke pa maprogramu amene anapatula.
  • Ufulu wovota unalimbikitsidwa kuteteza.

Chochititsa chidwi nchakuti, kuwonjezera kwa “sex” monga gulu lotetezeredwa kunayambitsidwa monga kukonzanso kwachidule komaliza ndi chitsutso choyembekezera kugonjetsa mlandu [1] koma chinapita ndi kukhala maziko a lamulo lapambuyo pake lakulingana kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi, kuphatikizapo Thit IX. Chikalatacho chinatsimikizira kuti kulingana pansi pa lamulo sikumatanthauza kokha chitetezo cholingana komanso kukhoza kukhoza ku moyo wa anthu onse.

Chikalata Chovomereza Ufulu wa Anthu cha 1965

Pamene kuli kwakuti Chikalata cha Chisankho cha Chisankho cha Civil Rights chinafotokoza mitundu yambiri ya tsankho, voti inakhalabe malo ankhondo. Lamulo la Kuyenera kwa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe [[FLT: 1] linalimbana ndi zopinga za dongosolo la zinthu /misonkho yoipitsa zinthu, mayeso a kulemba ndi kuŵerenga, kuopseza [1] zimene zinasunga anthu akusankha anthu akuda ku mavoti. Makonzedwe ofunika akufufuza anali kuphatikizapo:

  • Chigawo 2: Kuletsa kusankhana mitundu m’dziko lonselo.
  • Chigawo 5: Malamulo Ofunidwa ndi mbiri ya tsankho kuti “creadioption” asinthe kuvota kulikonse ndi boma la boma.
  • Ofufuza a Federal analembetsa ovota kumene akuluakulu a boma anakana.

Act inawonjezera kulembetsa kwa wovota pakati pa Aafirika, makamaka ku South America. Kumapeto kwa ma 1960, zikwi za ovota atsopano a Black anali kutengamo mbali m'masankho, kutsogolera ku chisankho cha oimira a Black ndi oimira oyambirira a Black chiyambire Reconsoleon. Mphamvu ya lamulo inatsimikiziridwa pamene Bwalo Lapamwamba linachirikiza lamulo lake m' South Carolina v. Katzenbach [1] (196). Komabe, 2013 [FL:2] County . Shel Counter v. Raker [1] Chigamu cha chigamulo chake mu [FLT: 3] chigawo 5, chitukuro chimene chayambitsanso kuvota kwa anthu.

Phunzirani zambiri ponena za mbiri ya Vong Rights Act ndi malo amakono ku U.S. Department of Justice [[FLT: 1]

Lamulo la Kusamalira Nyumba la mu 1968

Kupatula malo okhala kunachitidwa mwa kugulitsa, mapangano oletsa, ndi kukana kotheratu kugulitsa kapena kubwereka kwa timagulu tating'ono. Act Fair House Falpass (Titule VIII ya Chikalata cha ufulu wa Chigawo cha 1968) inaletsa tsankho m'malonda, kubwereka, ndi kuchirikiza nyumba zozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena mtundu. Pambuyo pake kukonzanso kwa mabanja ndi anthu okhala ndi mavuto.

Act inachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kudana ndi boma, koma malamulo oonetsetsa kuti nyumba za anthu akutsatiridwa akupitirizabe.

Kupitirira Mbali Yachitatu: Kufutukuka Kwapambuyo Pake

Malamulo a kulingana anapitirizabe kukula. MaAmericana okhala ndi Chipatala (ADA) [1990] a kuteteza ufulu wa anthu okhala ndi zopunduka, kuletsa tsankho pantchito, mautumiki a anthu onse, ndi malo ogona. Anazindikira kuti nthaŵi zina kulingana kumafuna malo ogona oyenerera kuti munthu akhalemo. Mofananamo, [[FLT:] Lill Bealiveal Fair Pay Act [FT:3] (2009]) inafotokoza za tsankho, kuwonjezera lamulo lakuti kulingana kumapindulitsa ntchito yofanana.

Malamulo apambuyo pake ameneŵa amasonyeza kumvetsetsa kwakukulu: Kulingana sinjira yosalekeza koma kufutukuka kosalekeza kwa ufulu wa magulu amene kale anali osadziŵika.

Mtima Wolingalira: Kulingana Malamulo Oyenera

Malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe azikidwa pa lingaliro la kulingana, koma kulifikira kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna kulingalira za kukondera.

Kulingana: Chithandizo Chofanana kwa Onse

Kulingana kumafuna kuti lamulo likhale ndi munthu aliyense mofanana. Palibe amene amamanidwa kuyenera kozikidwa pa kudziŵika kwawo. Lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino limeneli ndilo maziko a Chitetezo cha 14 cha Fivicence Community Claus ndipo limasonyezedwa m’malamulo amene amaletsa tsankho. Kuchitira aliyense wofananayo nkolunjika ndi kusonkhezera lingaliro la chilungamo.

Komabe, otsutsa amanena kuti kulingana kwalamulo kumanyalanyaza kuipa kwa mbiri ndi nyumba. Kupatsa aliyense chuma chimodzimodzicho sikumathandiza awo amene anayamba pavuto lalikulu. Mwachitsanzo, kuletsa kugaŵana kwa ana kusukulu sikunapatse ophunzira achikuda zotulukapo zofanana ndizo.

Kusakondera: Njira Zothandiza Kuti Zinthu Ziziyenda Bwino

Equity amazindikira kuti magulu osiyanasiyana angafunikire kuchirikizidwa kuti apeze chotulukapo chimodzimodzi. Lingaliro limeneli linatulukira m'kutsutsidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu kupyolera m'lingaliro la “chiyambukiro chopatula” . Ndi chizoloŵezi chimene chili chosaloŵerera pankhope yake koma chingakhalebe chopanda lamulo. Griggs v. Mphamvu ya Duke Co. [7] [1] [1] chigamulo chimene chinakhazikitsa kuti kuyesa ntchito ndi mphamvu ya kusokonezeka kwa wailesi ya kanema kukhale kogwirizana ndi ntchito kuti kukhale kovomerezeka.

Malamulo ovomerezedwa amaphatikizapo kuvomereza m'zipatala za ku koleji ndi kuloŵerera, osankha ochitidwa opotoka m'midzi yotsenderezedwa, ndi maprogramu otsimikizira nyumba amene amathandiza mabanja kupita kumadera apamwamba. Malamulo ameneŵa samaswa malamulo auchimo chifukwa chakuti amafunitsitsa kuthetsa zopinga. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likugamula mobwerezabwereza kuti kusankhana kwa mafuko kuyenera kukhala ndi chikondwerero chachikulu ndi kukonzedwa bwino lomwe lomwe lachirikiza ndi kuswa malamulo oyenerera malinga ndi nkhani yake.

Kaamba ka kufufuza kozama kwa mkangano wa kulingana, onani Chikhululukiro cha Chigawo cha Americane Union [[FLT: 1] chuma pa chilungamo cha fuko.

Mavuto Obwerabe pa Kulingana Kwenikweni

Ngakhale kuti ma 1960 apambana m’malamulo, anthu ayamba kukonderana pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, ndipo anthu akale akupitirizabe kuchita zinthu zina zosadziwika bwino.

Chilungamo Chaulemu ndi Chaupandu

Kupha George Floyd, Breenna Taylor, ndi ena ambiri anabutsa zitsutso zapadziko lonse zotsutsa ufuko wa utundu wa anthu m'polisi. Pamene kuli kwakuti Amereka a 14 akutsimikizira chitetezo chofanana, kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti anthu akuda ndi Aspanya amaimitsidwa, kumangidwa, ndi kuikidwa m’ndende pamiyeso yokwera kwambiri. Georgie Floyd Justice in Policing Act [1] (Kulephera kupitirira mu 2021] kuletsa kutsendedwa, kulimba mtima, ndi kulephera kuwongolera kulinganiza.

Kutsenderezedwa kwa Maute m’Zaka za Zana la 21

Pambuyo pa Chigamulo cha Selby County [FLT :1] chinachotsedwa pasadakhale, maboma ambiri anakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima oyenera ovota, kuchepetsa kuvota koyamba, ndi kutulutsa ndandanda za ovota. Masitepe ameneŵa amakhudza kwambiri anthu osankha mtundu, osankhidwa ndi otsika, ndi ophunzira. [FLT:] John Volt Voltive Active Act (kuyambiranso kwa nthaŵi yamakono) kubwezeretsa ndi kukonzanso kwa ufulu, koma kulowa m'malo apamwamba kwa gulu la sukulu lasintha. Ichi ndi chitsanzo cha mmene malamulo angapangire kulingana.

Kusalingana Zachuma ndi Maphunziro

Malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe sanangokhala ogwirizana ndi lamulo lokhudza kulingana kwalamulo . Act yoona za ufulu wachibadwidwe, koma malipiro, kugaŵana, ndi ndalama zasukulu zosalingana. Mabanja a anthu akuda ndi a Latino amakhala ndi kachigawo ka chuma cha mabanja azungu. Sukulu yawonjezekadi zaka 30 zapitazo, malinga ndi zimene zalembedwa ndi Project [[FLT:]] UCLAGUF].

Tsogolo la Malamulo Okhudza Ufulu wa Anthu: Kukulitsa Malamulo

Opanga malamulo ndi ochirikiza akupitiriza kukakamiza lamulo latsopano lonena za kusalingana kwa masiku ano. Ufulu wa anthu wakula kuphatikizapo zitetezero za LGBTQ, anthu olumala, ndi osamukira ku dziko. Malamulo a kulingana ndi kulingana adakali nyenyezi zotsogolera.

LGBTQ+ Ufulu ndi Chilamulo cha Kulingana

Act yosalingana [[FLT: 1], imene yapitirira Nyumba nthaŵi zambiri koma yosungidwa mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, ikhoza kuchotsa Chikalata cha Chigawo Choyenera Kuyenera kwa Ufulu wa Anthu kuletsa poyera tsankho pamaziko a kugonana ndi tchuwe cha mwamuna. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lalikulu [[FLT:] Bostock v. Clayton County [20] chigamulo chomasulira Chidindo VII kubisa mkhalidwe wa kugonana ndi chisembwere pantchito, lamulo lakuyanjanitsa chitetezo ku nyumba, malo ogonako anthu onse, ndi mapulogalamu ovomerezeka. Lamulo limeneli limapangitsa kuti pakhale masomphenya a kufanana amene amaphatikizapo LBTQT+ American.

Chilungamo Chosiyanitsa ndi Kukonderana kwa Mafuko

Ochirikiza ena amanena kuti kufanana kwenikweni kumafuna kulongosola choloŵa cha ukapolo kupyolera mwa kugaŵanitsa. H.R. 40, yoyambitsidwa mobwerezabwereza m'Congress, ikakhazikitsa ntchito ya kupenda malingaliro. Pamene kuli kwakuti bungwe siliri lolamulira lokha, likhoza kutsogolera ku maprogramu amene amapereka mankhwala oyenera monga kupereka maphunziro, chithandizo cha nyumba, ndi chuma. Kutsutsana kokhudzana ndi malamulo: kodi malamulo a ufulu wa anthu angafikire kulingana ngati salungamizidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri?

Ufulu wa Anthu pa Zipangizo Zamakono ndi Wamakono

Pamene malamulo a algoric akulamulira mowonjezereka ntchito, ngongole, nyumba, ndi polisi, malamulo a ufulu wa anthu ayenera kusintha. Malamulo a zaufulu angachititse tsankho pamlingo. [Algatorithmubility Accounting Act Act Act (kuperekedwa mu 2022]) kungafune makampani kupenda madongosolo awo olinganiza ufulu wa anthu. Mbali imeneyi yobuka ya ufulu wachibadwidwe imasonyeza kuti kugwirizana pakati pa kulingana ndi malamulo sikuli kwa mbiri yakale .

Kumaliza: Kulingana monga Lamulo la Chikhalidwe

Unansi pakati pa kulingana ndi ufulu wa anthu ngwamphamvu ndipo ngwosatha. Malamulo a m'mayiko kuyambira m'ma 1960 anapanga maziko alamulo kaamba ka kuchitiridwa mofanana, koma sanathetse tsankho. Chofunikanso nchakuti, chisinthiko cha kulingana kwachibadwa ndi kulingana kwa kulingana kwa chilungamo chakulitsa kuzindikira kwathu zimene chilungamo chimafunikira. Chigawo chilichonse chatsopano cha malamulo . Chikalata cha ADA, ADA Pay Act, kapena Act ya Kulingana ndi maziko operekedwa ndi anthu amene anagunda, kutsutsa, ndi kusintha lamulo.

Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi ochirikiza, kuchoka nkwachionekere: kufanana sikuli mphatso ya lamulo koma kukwaniritsa kopitirizabe. Malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe amapereka njirayo, koma kufuna kuigwiritsira ntchito kuyenera kuchokera kwa nzika zodziŵa. Tsogolo likudalira pa kukana kunyalanyaza ndi kuzindikira kuti mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kukonzanso chigamulo cha chilungamo chofanana pansi pa lamulo. Ulendo wochokera ku . Ulendo wochokera ku suyenera kumenyedwa ku [FLT] BROBN [FL:3] ku [FL:] County ku . Ulendo wamakonowusonyeza kuti kupita patsogolo sikuyenera kuchitika, kutsogolo, kutsogolo, kutsogolo, kumbuyo, ndi kutetezera.