Table of Contents

Malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe amapanga maziko a chitaganya cholungama ndi cholingana, kutsimikizira kuti anthu onse alandire kuchitiridwa kofanana pansi pa lamulo mosasamala kanthu za fuko lawo, ukazi, chipembedzo, kupunduka, kapena mikhalidwe ina yotetezeredwa. Kusungidwa kwa malamulo ameneŵa sikuli kokha njira yongopeka koma kuyesayesa kothandiza, kopitirizabe kumene kumaloŵetsamo mabungwe a boma ambiri, njira zamalamulo zocholoŵana, ndi chuma chopatulidwa. Kumvetsetsa mmene maboma amasungitsira malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe kuli kofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kutetezera zoyenera zawo, kuchirikiza ena, kapena kungozindikira njira zimene zimatetezera kulingana kwa chitaganya chamakono.

Wotsogolera wodziŵa zinthu ameneyu akufufuza njira yocholoŵana imene malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe amatsatidwira ku United States, kupenda mabungwe aakulu oloŵetsedwamo, njira zimene amatsatira, maziko alamulo amene amawapatsa mphamvu, ndi njira zogwira ntchito zosungitsira ufulu wachibadwidwe ku America wamakono.

Malamulo Okhazikitsa Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Malamulo

Kutsatiridwa kwa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe ku United States kuli pa maziko a lamulo lolimba ndi malamulo amene asintha kwambiri pazaka zoposa mazana aŵiri. Lamulo lenilenilo, makamaka kudzera pa Jeneth Amendment Ecliate Protection Clause ndi Findment’s Clause, kukhazikitsa lamulo lofunika kwambiri lakuti boma silingamane chitetezo cholingana ndi lamulo.

Pambali pa malamulo a lamulo, Congress yakhazikitsa malamulo ambiri oletsa tsankho ndi kukhazikitsa njira zosungitsa ufulu wa anthu. Chikalata cha Civil Rights Act cha 1964 chili ngati lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe lokwanira, kuletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, ndi chiyambi cha dziko pantchito, maphunziro, ndi malo ogona.

Malamulo ena osuliza a boma amaphatikizapo Voing Rights Act ya 1965, imene imatetezera kuyenera kwa kuvotera ku tsankho la fuko; Fair House Act ya 1968, imene imaletsa tsankho m’nyumba; Amereka Okhala ndi Chikalata cha Kupunduka cha 1990, chimene chimatsimikizira kuthekera kofanana ndi mwaŵi kwa anthu okhala ndi chilema; ndi Chiwembu cha Nyengo mu Auroki Act ya 1967, chimene chimatetezera antchito a zaka 40 ndi achikulire kuchokera ku tsankho la msinkhu.

Malamulo amenewa amatchula tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, msinkhu, ndi mtundu m’madera monga ufulu wovota, kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe a boma akugwira ntchito, ndiponso kuti pakhale mwayi wofanana wophunzitsa anthu, wogwira ntchito, wosamalira anthu.

Maboma Aakulu Achititsa Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni

Kuzindikira mtundu wa tsankho limene lili lofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuyambitsa chidandaulo kapena kumvetsa mmene boma limachitira zinthu, kumaphatikizapo mabungwe a boma, ndipo aliyense amene akufuna kukhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wa anthu.

Ntchito Yothandiza Anthu Kupeza Ntchito Yokwanira (EOC)

Aumeter Opportunity Commission imagwira ntchito monga bungwe lalikulu la boma lokhala ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa tsankho kuntchito. Bungwe la Aumelt Opportunity Commission limakhazikitsa malamulo osiyanasiyana a boma oletsa tsankho pantchito pamaziko a fuko, mtundu, kugonana, chipembedzo, mtundu, msinkhu, kapena kupunduka. Ulamuliro wa EEOC umakhudza abwana ndi antchito 15 kapena kuposapo pa kukondera kwakukulu, ngakhale kuti kuweruzidwa kwa ntchito mu Accomplication Act kumagwira ntchito kwa antchito 20 kapena kuposapo.

Tsankho la olemba ntchito 15 kapena kuposapo la antchito limaletsedwa m’mbali zonse za ntchito ya kulembetsa ntchito: kufunsira ntchito, kulembedwa ntchito, kuombera mfuti, kupititsa patsogolo, kuphunzitsidwa, malipiro, kapena ntchito zina zilizonse. EOC samangofufuza madandaulo a munthu payekha komanso ali ndi ulamuliro wa kulembetsa milandu ya anthu opatulidwa ndi kulondola kufufuza kwa dongosolo kwa olemba ntchito okhala ndi njira za kutembenuza.

EEOC imayendetsa ntchito ya maofesi akumunda ku United States, kupangitsa mautumiki ake kukhala otheka kwa antchito m’dziko lonselo. Bungwelo limaperekanso malangizo kwa olemba ntchito ogwirizana ndi malamulo oletsa kudana ndi dziko, kuchititsa maprogramu a maphunziro otsatizana ndi maphunziro, ndi kufalitsa ziŵerengero za anthu osungitsa ndi zikalata zolangiza zimene zimathandiza kukonza ntchito m’maindasitale osiyanasiyana.

Dipatimenti Yogawa Ufulu wa Anthu pa Chilungamo

Department of Civil Rights Division imapereka ulamuliro waukulu ku mbali zambiri za lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe. Malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe angakutetezeni ku tsankho loletsedwa, kuvutitsidwa, kapena kuchitiridwa nkhanza m'malamulo osiyanasiyana monga nyumba, ntchito, sukulu, mavoti, malonda, ntchito, malo a zaumoyo, malo a anthu onse, ndi zina zambiri. Chigawochi chimalinganizidwa kukhala zigawo zapadera zimene zimagogomezera mfundo yakuti ufulu wa anthu ukhaleko.

Gawo la Division limaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa lamulo la Fair Honging Act, kuweruza milandu ya udani, kutetezera ufulu wovota, kutsimikizira kukhoza kwa maphunziro, kuyang'anira kusamvera kwa apolisi ndi mikhalidwe m’malo olangidwa, ndi kukhazikitsa Aamereka ndi Kulephera Kugwira Ntchito m'malo a anthu onse ndi m'boma ndi mautumiki a boma. Mosiyana ndi EEOC, imene imasamalira kwenikweni kudandaula kwa munthu aliyense, Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo kaŵirikaŵiri imalondola milandu yachiweruzo yokhudza kusankhana mitundu yokhudzana ndi anthu.

Bungweli limathandiza boma lonse kuti lizitsatira malamulo okhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndipo gululi likugwira ntchito limodzi ndi mabungwe ena polimbikitsa kuti malamulo okhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe aziyendera limodzi.

Ofesi ya Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni m’Madipatimenti Osiyanasiyana

Madipatimenti ambiri a boma amasunga Ofesi yawoyawo ya ufulu wa Chivomezi (OCR) kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa tsankho m'madera awo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro ya Ofesi ya Zoyenera za Chiŵeniŵeni, imakhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wa anthu m'mabungwe a maphunziro amene amapatsidwa ndalama ndi boma, kuweruza tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, mtundu, chiwerewere, kupunduka, ndi msinkhu m’masukulu ndi mayunivesite.

Dipatimenti ya zaumoyo ndi mautumiki a anthu imakhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe m’zochitika zaumoyo, kutsimikizira kuti odwala sachitiridwa tsankho pochiritsa, inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, kapena kulowa m'mautumiki a zaulimi. Dipatimenti ya zaumoyo ya Mlangizi Wothandiza pa ufulu wachibadwidwe imakhazikitsa malamulo a boma a ufulu wachibadwidwe ku USDA-A, kuyang'anira tsankho m’maprogramu monga chithandizo cha chakudya.

Ofesi ya ufulu wachibadwidwe ndiyo maziko a ufulu wonse wa anthu, maprogramu a mwaŵi wofanana, ndi kuvomereza ntchito mu Dipatimenti ya Interior, kusonyeza mmene dipatimenti ya boma iliyonse imasungitsira mphamvu yapadera yosungitsa ufulu wa anthu m’dera lake la thayo.

Bungwe la United States Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu

Ngakhale kuti si bungwe losungitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe la ku United States, bungwe la Commission on Civil Rights limathandiza kwambiri pa nkhani ya ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Bungwelo limayang’anira kusungitsa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kudziŵitsa malamulo a boma, ndi kuchirikiza maKomiti a Advisory, likutumikira monga nyumba yochotseramo ufulu wa anthu. Mwa boma lake, Bungwelo limapenda nkhani za ufulu wachibadwidwe pamlingo wa dzikolo ndi kupereka chisamaliro ku nkhaŵa za ufulu wachibadwidwe zimene zingafunikire kachitidwe ka lamulo kapena kusungitsa lamulo.

Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo cha ku Homeland Ofesi ya Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Malo Ololedwa ndi Anthu

Ofesi ya Chivomezi ndi ufulu wa Chivomezi imapereka malangizo alamulo ndi alamulo kwa utsogoleri wa DHS pa nkhani za ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wa anthu ndi kufufuza ndi kugamulapo madandaulo, kuchirikiza ntchito ya Dipatimenti yotetezera dzikolo pamene ikusunga ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, chilungamo, ndi kulingana pansi pa lamulo. Ofesi imeneyi ikukambirana za ufulu wa anthu m'dziko la anthu oloŵa m'dzikolo, chitetezo cha malire, ndi ntchito zina zachitetezo za chisungiko cha dzikolo.

Boma ndi Kukakamiza Zochita za Boma

Maboma ambiri ndi madera ena akhazikitsa malamulo oteteza ufulu wachibadwidwe amene nthaŵi zambiri amapereka chitetezo chachikulu kuposa lamulo la boma, ndipo amasunga mabungwe osungitsa malamulo ameneŵa.

Mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe a boma, kaŵirikaŵiri otchedwa Fair Aploy Practies (FAPAs) kapena Human Rights Commissions, amasungitsa malamulo oletsa kudana ndi tsankho. Mabungwe ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi ulamuliro pa olemba ntchito aang'ono osachitidwa ndi lamulo la boma, amatetezera magulu owonjezereka osatchulidwa ndi malamulo a boma, ndipo angapereke mankhwala osapezeka pansi pa lamulo la boma.

Connecticut Commission on Human Rights and Orbacture imakhazikitsa malamulo a boma oletsa tsankho pantchito, m’nyumba, m’malo ogona anthu onse, ndi m’zogulitsa ngongole, ndi ntchito yochotsa tsankho mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo a anthu ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kupititsa patsogolo zonulirapo za mwaŵi wofanana ndi chilungamo kaamba ka anthu onse m’boma kupyolera mwa kupatsidwa ufulu walamulo ndi maphunziro. Mabungwe ofananawo alipo m’maiko ambiri, akumapanga mpambo wokwanira wa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwire pa milingo yambiri ya boma.

Maboma ambiri ndi madera amene amakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa tsankho la ntchito, otchulidwa monga Fair Alork Practices (FEPAs), ndi EEOC ndi FEPAS akugwira ntchito kuletsa kulinganiza kuyesayesa kwa kuyendetsa zinthu, mwakuti ngati mupanga mlandu ndi EEOC kapena FEPA, mlanduwo udzaperekedwa ndi bungwe linalo kupyolera m’dongosolo lotchedwa digionsion, limene limathandiza kutetezera ufulu wa gulu pansi pa zigamu ndi boma kapena lamulo la dziko. Dongo lachiŵirili limatsimikizira kuti odandaulawo samataya ufulu wawo pansi pa boma kapena pa boma chifukwa cha kuvomerezana ndi bungwe lolakwika.

Mabungwe osungitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe a m’madera ambiri alinso m’mizinda yambiri ndi m’mayiko ena. Ntchito ya bungwe la Civil Rights Entorcement Agency ndi kuyang’anira ndi kufufuza nyumba zabwino, ntchito zofanana ndi kudandaula kwa anthu.

Mmene Mungachotsere Mlandu Wodandaula za Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni: Zochita Zothandiza

Kudziwa zimene angachite kuti anenere ena mlandu pankhani ya ufulu wachibadwidwe n’kofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense amene amakhulupirira kuti amasalidwa, kumadalira pa tsankho limene anthu ali nalo ndiponso anthu amene ali ndi mphamvu zolamulira, koma pali zinthu zina zimene anthu ambiri amachita poonetsetsa kuti ufulu wa anthu watha.

Kuthetsa Tsankho la Ntchito Limanenezedwa ndi EEOC

Kwa anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti achitiridwa tsankho pantchito, kulembetsa mlandu ku EEOC ndi sitepe loyamba.

Njira imeneyi inayamba ndi kufunsa EEOC, yomwe ingathe kuchitika pa Intaneti, poyendera ofesi ya boma, kapena poitana nambala yake yopanda malipiro.

Nthaŵi yoikizira mlandu wa EEOC njovuta kwambiri. Pali malire a nthaŵi yoikika kaamba ka kulembetsa mlandu, ndipo kumene tsankho linachitika kungatsimikizire kuti ndiutali wotani umene mufunikira kulemba mlandu, ndi deti la masiku 180 lachiŵerengero lofututidwa ku masiku 300 otsalapo ngati boma kapena bungwe lakwawo likakamiza boma kapena lamulo la kumaloko limene limaletsa tsankho la ntchito pamaziko omwe. Kulephera malamulo ameneŵa kungapangitse kutaya ufulu wa kusankhana.

Pokonzekera kukonza mlandu, anthu ayenera kusonkhanitsa zikalata zogwirizana ndi zimene mukuchita, makalata omaliza, makalata, umboni, ndi umboni wina uliwonse wochirikiza zimene amanena. Ndi bwino kubweretsa kumsonkhanoko chidziŵitso chilichonse kapena mapepala amene angathandize EEOC kumvetsa nkhani yanu, monga ngati kuti munawalitsa mlandu wanu, mungabweretse kalatayo kapena mungakuuzeni kuti mwawalemba ndi kukufunsani, ndiponso mayina a anthu amene akudziwa zimene zinachitika ndiponso mmene mungawadziŵire.

Kufufuza ndi Kugamulapo kwa EEOC

Pamene mlanduwo uperekedwa, EEOC imatsatira njira yolinganizidwa yofufuzira ndi kuthetsera chidandaulocho. Malamulo osungitsidwa ndi EEOC amafuna bungwelo kudziŵitsa wolemba ntchitoyo kuti mlandu waperekedwa motsutsana ndi mlanduwo.

Bungweli lingapereke malangizo odzifunira kuti munthu wina athandize anthu okana kulowa m’dzikolo.

Atamaliza kufufuza, EEOC adzatsimikiza kuti kaya pali chifukwa chomveka chokhulupirira kuti tsankho linachitika. Ngati EOC apeza chifukwa chomveka, adzayesa kulanda mlanduwo, kugwira ntchito ndi anthu aŵiriwo kuti apeze malo odzifunira. Ngati chivomerezocho chitalephera, EEOC angalembe mlandu wa chipani chozenga, ngakhale kuti ichi chimachitika m’makhoti ochepa chabe.

Ngati EEOC sapeza chifukwa chabwino kapena ngati asankha kusalondola kulakwa, ikupereka kalata "kuyenera kusuta", imene imalola woimbidwa mlandu kulembetsa mlandu m'khoti la boma m'masiku 90. Zimenezi zimasunga ufulu wa munthu aliyense wa kulondola chinenezo chake ngakhale ngati EOC sachitanso kanthu kena.

Odandaula za Tsankho la Olembedwa Ntchito Audindo

Njira zoperekera chidandaulo cha tsankho lotsutsana ndi bungwe la boma zimasiyana ndi njira zoperekera mlandu kwa bwana wa boma.

Alangizi a EEO akupereka chidziŵitso kwa munthu wodziŵa bwino mmene kampani ya EEO imagwirira ntchito, kuphatikizapo mafaniziro a nthaŵi ndi njira zopimira, ndi kuyesa kuthetsa nkhaniyo mwamwaŵi, ndipo pa nthaŵi yoyamba ya kupereka uphungu, alangizi ayenera kulangiza anthu pa kulemba zoyenera zawo ndi mathayo awo m’dongosolo la EEO, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kupempha kumvedwa pamaso pa woweruza wa bungwe la EEOC kapena chosankha chomalizira kuchokera ku bungwelo pambuyo pa kufufuza kwake kwa chidandaulo.

Ngati nkhaniyo siithetsedwa mwa kupereka uphungu, munthuyo anganene kuti mukudandaula, bungwelo lidzakutumizirani kalata yokuuzani kuti mwalandira dandaulo lanu, ndipo bungwelo lidzapendanso chidandaulocho ndi kuona ngati nkhaniyo iyenera kuchotsedwa pa chifukwa chomveka, ndipo ngati bungwelo silikuletsa kudandaula kwanu, lidzafufuza.

Bungwelo liri ndi masiku 180 kuchokera tsiku limene munalembetsa chikalata chanu kuti muthetse kufufuza kwake. Pambuyo pa kufufuzako, wodandaulayo angasankhe pakati pa kupempha kuweruzidwa pamaso pa Woweruza Wauyang’aniro wa EEOC kapena kupempha chigamulo chomalizira kuchokera ku bungwelo. Mkati mwa masiku 30, muyenera kusankha kupempha chigamulo cha bungwe lomalizira kapena kuweruza ndi woweruza woyang’anira.

Gawo la boma limaphatikizapo mipata yambiri ya apilo. Muli ndi ufulu wa kufunsa lamulo lomaliza la bungwe (kuphatikizapo lamulo lomaliza loti muperekeze dandaulo lanu) ku EEOC Office of Federal Opensuts, ndipo muyenera kukonza apilo yanu pasanathe masiku 30 mutalandira lamulo lomaliza.

Kudandaula ndi Dipatimenti ya Chiweruzo

Ngati mukhulupirira kuti inu kapena munthu wina anachitiridwa tsankho lopanda lamulo, munganene kuti anthu ena anaphwanya ufulu wawo woyenerera ufulu wa anthu, ndipo mwa kumaliza kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti, mungapereke tsatanetsatane wofunika kuti mumvetse zimene zinachitika, ndipo mudzapeza nambala yotsimikizira kuti mwalandira lipoti lanulo mwamsanga kwa antchito ofufuza.

Department of Justice imasamalira madandaulo okhudza kusankhidwa kwa nyumba, kulandidwa kwa nyumba, kuchitidwa nkhanza kwa apolisi, kuchitidwa kwa upandu wa udani, kuswa ufulu wovota, ndi tsankho ndi boma. Magulu amene amasamalira nkhani yanu adzaipenda, ndipo ngati ifunikira kutumizidwa ku gulu lina kapena bungwe, adzayesa kugwirizanitsa kudandaula kwanu ndi gulu loyenerera, ndi zotulukapo zothekera kuphatikizapo kutsatira chidziŵitso chowonjezereka, kuyamba kutumiza kapena kufufuza, kukutsogolerani ku gulu lina kaamba ka thandizo lowonjezereka, kapena kukudziŵitsani kuti iwo sangathe kukuthandizani.

Kufufuza ndi Njira Zochitira

Kumvetsetsa njira zimenezi kumathandiza onse omwe akudandaula ndi ofunsidwa kudziŵa zimene ayenera kuyembekezera pofufuza.

Umboni Wopezeka m’Kufufuza Ufulu wa Nzika

Kufufuza kwa lamulo la kudandaula za tsankho kuli kufufuza kwa boma kochitidwa m'mawu operekedwa m'kudandaula kwa EEO, ndipo EEO angaphatikizepo njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera zenizeni zonga ngati kufunsa, msonkhano wopeza mfundo, zifunsiro za chidziŵitso, ofunsa, ndi / ofufuza. Ofufuza amaphunzitsidwa kusonkhanitsa umboni popanda kugamulatu zotsatira.

Kachitidwe ka kufufuza kali kosatsutsana ndi, kutanthauza kuti wofufuzayo ali ndi thayo lakusonkhanitsa umboni mosasamala kanthu za wodandaulayo ndi malo a bungwelo ponena za maumboni. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti kufufuza kuli kosaphonya ndi kolungama, kupenda umboni umene ungachirikize kapena kutsutsa zinenezo za tsankho.

Ofufuza amapempha mafaelo a antchito, ma email, malamulo ndi njira, mafashoni, marekodi a maphunziro, ndi masamu a za kugwiritsa ntchito, kukweza, kapena kuchotsa. Iwo amafunsa wodandaula, woimba mlandu, mboni, ndi wopanga zigamulo. M'nkhani zina, ofufuza angacheze kuntchito kuti akaone mikhalidwe kapena zochita zogwirizana ndi kudandaulako.

Mayeso a Nthaŵi ya Kufufuza

Mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe amagwira ntchito pansi pa ziyeso za nthaŵi zotsimikizirika kaamba ka kumaliza kufufuza, ngakhale kuti nthaŵi za kuikidwiratu zimenezi sizimafikiridwa nthaŵi zonse chifukwa cha kutsekerezedwa kwa ziŵiya ndi kucholoŵana kwa zochitika. Zifunsiro zimafunikira kumaliza kupenda mkati mwa masiku 180 a kudandaulako, ndipo ngati kudandaulako kwakonzedwa kapena kuwonjezeredwa ndi kudandaula kwina, kupendako kuyenera kuthetsedwa masiku 180 pambuyo pa kulembedwa kwa kudandaula komaliza kapena masiku 360 pambuyo pake pambuyo pa kumaliza kwa kudandaula koyambirirako, kumene kuliko kumbuyoku.

Ngati bungwe lina lilephera kumaliza kufufuza kwake m'masiteji ofunikira, odandaula ali ndi njira zopitira patsogolo. Ngati masiku 180 apita ndipo bungwelo silinathebe kumaliza kufufuza kwake, mungadikire bungwelo kuti likamalize kufufuza, kupempha kuzenga mlandu, kapena kutumiza mlandu m’khoti la boma, ndipo mutapempha kuzenga mlandu, kudandaulako kudzaperekedwa ndi Woweruza wa EEOC Aunistration.

Ntchito ya Mipukutu ya Oyang’anira

Mayeso a akuluakulu amapereka mpata kwa odandaulawo kuti apereke mlandu wawo pamaso pa Wopanga zigamulo wopanda tsankho. M'dongosolo la EEO, odandaula angapemphe kuweruzidwa pamaso pa Woweruza wa EEOC. Maweruzi ameneŵa ali ngati mlandu wa khoti koma kaŵirikaŵiri saali oyenerera.

Asanaweruzidwe, zipanizo zingatulukire, ndipo cholinga cha kutulukira ndicho kutheketsa chipani kupeza chidziŵitso choyenerera kaamba ka kukonzekera nkhani ya chipanicho, ndi chiŵalo chimodzi ndi chimodzi choyamba chitakhala ndi ndalama zawo zokha kuti chitulukire, pokhapo ngati Woweruza wa Administrala akufuna kuti bungwelo likhale ndi ndalama zolipirira wodandaulayo kuti apeze ndalama kapena chinthu china chilichonse chifukwa chakuti bungwelo lalephera kumaliza kufufuza panthaŵi yake kapena lalephera kupenda mokwanira milanduyo.

Mlanduwo umaonedwa kukhala mbali ya kufufuza, ndipo umatsekerezedwa kwa anthu. Mkati mwa kuzenga mlandu, onse aŵiriwo angapereke mboni, kuyambitsa zikalata, ndi kupanga zigomeko za lamulo.

Njira Zothetsera Vutoli

Kumvetsa mankhwala amene alipo kumathandiza anthu kudziwa kuti angapeze mpumulo wotani ndipo kumathandiza mabungwe kumvetsa zotsatirapo za kuphwanya malamulo okhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Mankhwala Aumwini

Njira zaumwini m’nkhani za ufulu wachibadwidwe zimafuna kupangitsa wochitiridwa chiŵembu kukhala wokwanira ndi kuiika mmalo amene akanapanda kuchitidwa. Machiritso ameneŵa angaphatikizepo malipiro a malipiro otayika, kubwezeredwa ku malo kumene munthu wina anachotsedwa molakwika, malipiro oyamba pamene kubwezeretsedwa sikunachitike, chivulazo chobwezera cha kupsinjika maganizo ndi kuvulazidwa kwina kwa maganizo kosakhala kwa zachuma, ndi zivulazo m’zochitika za tsankho ladala.

Pankhani za kusankhana ntchito, mankhwala angaphatikizeponso kukwezedwa ku malo amene molakwika anakanidwa, kusintha kwa ukulu kapena mapindu, kuchotsedwa kwa kupenda molakwa kapena machitidwe olanga kuchokera ku mafaelo a antchito, ndi malo okhala oyenera kaamba ka kulemala kapena machitachita achipembedzo.

Mankhwala Ochepetsa Matenda

Kuphatikiza pa njira zosiyanasiyana zothandizira anthu kuti asiye kusankhana, anthu osunga ufulu wachibadwidwe amafufuza kuti athetse kusalidwa m’tsogolo, mabungwe angafunikire kusintha njira zochitira zinthu zimene zimapangitsa kuti anthu azisankhana. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopezera ntchito kapena kupititsa patsogolo ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito kapena kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro oletsa kuphwanya malamulo, kukhazikitsa kapena kulimbikitsa njira zodandaulira, kuyang’anira zosankha zokhudza ntchito, kapena kusankha mapulogalamu oyang’anira ntchito.

M'nkhani zochitidwa mwadongosolo zoperekedwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Chiweruzo kapena EEOC, malamulo ovomereza angafunikire kusintha kokulira kwa gulu, kupitiriza kupereka lipoti ku boma, ndi nyengo zowonjezereka zoyang'anira. Mankhwala a dongosolo ameneŵa amayesa kusintha chikhalidwe ndi machitachita a gulu kuti apeŵe tsankho kuchitika mobwerezabwereza.

Kupatsidwa Mlandu wa Zochita ndi Kukhazikika

Kuphatikiza pa kubwezera ndi chilango zimene munthu aliyense wolakwiridwa angalandire, mabungwe angalandire chilango cha boma, makamaka m’nkhani zokhudza kusankhana mwalamulo kapena kuphwanya malamulo.

Milandu yambiri ya ufulu wa anthu imathetsedwa mwa kukambirana asanachite pangano kapena zigamulo zomaliza za boma. Panthaŵi iliyonse pamene mukudandaula, bungwelo lingapereke kuti lithetse kudandaula kwanu, simufunikira kuvomereza chikalata cha kugawa mlandu, ndipo ngati inu ndi bungwelo muthetsa kudandaula kwanu, mudzachotsedwa ndipo palibenso njira ina imene idzachitidwa, ndi nthumwi zonse ziŵiri ndi bungwe lofunikira kuchita zimene munalonjeza kuchita. Malamulo angaphatikizepo ndalama, kusintha kwa malamulo, zofunika, ndi makonzedwe ena ogwirizana ndi kuyankha tsankhu la tsankholo pa nkhaniyo.

Mavuto m’Kukakamiza Ufulu wa Nzika

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo ambiri ndiponso mabungwe odzipereka, anthu oonetsetsa kuti ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu amakumana ndi mavuto ambiri amene angawalepheretse kukwanitsa kuchita zinthu zina.

Kupimidwa kwa Zinthu

Mabungwe osungitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito ndi chuma chochepa chogwirizana ndi ntchito yawo. Mwachitsanzo, EEOC, imalandira zinenezo zikwi mazana ambiri chaka chilichonse koma ili ndi antchito ochepa ndi ndalama zochitira kufufuza mlandu uliwonse mosamalitsa. Zimenezi zingatulukepo kuchedwa kwanthaŵi yaitali, kufufuza kopeka, kapena kudziŵikitsidwa kwa milandu yosadziŵika bwino.

Kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono sikumangokhudza mabungwe a boma komanso mabungwe a boma ndi a boma, amene ambiri mwa iwo amalimbana ndi kusapereka ndalama zokwanira ndiponso kulephera kugwira ntchito.

Kusonyeza Tsankho

Nkhani za tsankho nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mavuto aakulu. Umboni wooneka bwino wa cholinga cha kukondera n’ngwochepa, chifukwa anthu ambiri opatula milandu sasonyeza poyera zolinga zawo zolakwika.

Kupereka umboni wokwanira pankhani za ufulu wachibadwidwe kumafuna anthu odandaula kuti atsimikizire kuti tsankho ndilo linali chinthu chosonkhezera ntchito yotopetsa. Zimenezi zingakhale zovuta pamene zinthu zambiri zisonkhezera zosankha za ntchito kapena pamene tsankho lichitidwa mwamachenjera kapena losadziŵa. Oweruza auve angalinganize zochita zawo kuti aoneke ngati auchete pamene akukwaniritsa zotulukapo zauve.

Kuda Nkhaŵa za Kubwezera

Ngakhale kuti lamulo la boma limaletsa kubwezera anthu amene amatsutsa tsankho kapena kuchita nawo zinthu zina zokhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe, kubwezera n’kofala ndipo n’kovuta kutsimikizira.

Kubwezera n’koopsa makamaka kwa anthu amene ali pangozi, monga amene ali pamavuto a ntchito, osamukira m’mayiko ena, kapena anthu amene ali ndi ntchito zochepa zimene sangakwanitse.

Mitundu ya Tsankho

Tsankho limasintha pakasinthasintha kakhalidwe ka anthu, kuyambitsa mavuto atsopano a mabungwe osungitsa. Kusankhana mapulogalamu, kumene nzeru zopeka ndi njira zodzipangira zimapangitsa anthu kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zauchiŵeniŵeni, kuyambitsa mafunso atsopano okhudza cholinga, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Tsankho losiyana, limene anthu amayang'anizana ndi tsankho lochokera ku mikhalidwe yambiri yotetezedwa panthaŵi imodzi, lingakhale lovuta kukambirana ndi anthu opanga malamulo ogwirizana ndi tsankho la m’galimoto imodzi.

Nkhani zoyambitsa vuto monga kusankhana chifukwa cha khalidwe la mwamuna kapena mkazi, chidziŵitso cha majini, kapena kusamala anthu zimayesa malire a malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe amene alipo ndipo zimafuna kuti mabungwe apange njira zatsopano zodziŵira ufulu wa anthu ndi zouzira.

Kuyesetsa Kuteteza Anthu

Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo ochirikiza kudandaula adakali maziko a chitetezo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe, mabungwe akugogomezera kwambiri kugonjera ndi kuletsa. Zoyesayesa zimenezi zimafuna kuletsa tsankho lisanachitike mmalo mwa kungovomereza kuswa malamulowo.

Thandizo ndi Chitsogozo cha Maluso

Mabungwe omenyera ufulu wa anthu amapereka chithandizo chachikulu cha zopangapanga kuthandiza mabungwe ogwirizana ndi malamulo oletsa kuphwanya malamulo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kufalitsa zikalata zofotokoza malamulo, kupereka maprogramu ophunzitsa mabwana ndi antchito, kuchititsa nyumba zosungiramo ufulu ndi makampani oyendera mfundo zogwirizana, ndi kupereka mautumiki kwa mabungwe ofuna kuwongolera zochita zawo.

Mwachitsanzo, EEOC imafalitsa malangizo omveka bwino pankhani monga za chipembedzo, kusankhana mimba, ndi kuletsa kuvutitsa. Dipatimenti ya Zachilungamo imatumiza mabuku othandiza anthu a ku America potsatira malamulo a kulema. Mabungwe ameneŵa amathandiza kuti mabungwe athandize kumvetsa udindo wawo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo oletsa kusagwirizana ndi boma.

Kufufuza Njira ndi Njira Zochitira Zinthu

M’malo momangoganizira za madandaulo a anthu, mabungwe oonetsetsa kuti anthu akutsatira malamulo a boma amafufuza zinthu zimene zimasokoneza mafakitale, mabwana, kapena zochita za tsankho.

Nkhani za njira yochitira zinthu zimalola mabungwe kuthetsa tsankho mwaluso kwambiri kuposa njira yochitira madandaulo.

Kulemba Zinthu ndi Kufufuza

Bungwe la EEOC limafuna kuti anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito azilemba malipoti a chaka chilichonse a EEO-1 amene ali ndi nkhani zokhudza anthu amene amagwira ntchito, zimene zingasonyeze kuti anthu amakonderana.

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi ya chidziŵitso kumathandiza mabungwe kuzindikira mavuto mmalo moyembekezera kudandaula kwa munthu payekha.

Ntchito ya Kukakamiza Mwaumwini

Kuonetsetsa kuti anthu akukhala ndi ufulu wosunga ufulu wachibadwidwe kumathandiza kwambiri kuti ufulu wa anthu ukhale wabwino.

Kuyenera kwa Mseri kwa Kuchitapo Kanthu

Malamulo ambiri a ufulu wachibadwidwe a boma amapereka ufulu waumwini wa kachitidwe, akumalola anthu kulembetsa milandu m’khoti la boma popanda kuyembekezera kusungitsidwa kwa boma.

Milandu yapamseri ingakhale ndi njira zopezera mankhwala zosakhalapo kupyolera m’zochitika zauyang’aniro, kuphatikizapo kuzenga milandu kwa oweruza ndi kuvulaza kothekera.

Zochita za Gulu ndi Zochita Zophatikiza

Milandu ya kalasi imathandiza anthu kugwirizana kuti ayese tsankho lokhudza magulu aakulu. Nkhani zimenezi zikhoza kubweretsa mankhwala ambiri ndi malo ambiri amene angakhale osathandiza mwa kulembedwa kwa munthu mmodzi.

Pankhani za kusankhana ntchito, zochita za gulu pansi pa Fair Labor Standards Act and Auncial Pay Act zimalola mofananamo antchito okhala ndi malo ogwirizana kutsutsa tsankho.

Ntchito ya Mabungwe Oona za Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Mabungwe oletsa ufulu wachibadwidwe kuchitidwa mwalamulo amathandizira kwambiri pa kusungitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe mwa kupereka nduna zalamulo kwa anthu ochitiridwa tsankho, kuvomereza kukhazikitsa zigamulo zalamulo zofunika kwambiri, kufunsa ndi kufalitsa malipoti a nkhani za ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi kuchirikiza malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kusungitsa malamulo amphamvu.

Mabungwe monga la NAACP Legal Defense Fund, American Civil Liberées Union, Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, ndi magulu ena ambiri odzipereka ku madera kapena nkhani zina amathandiza kwambiri kuti boma lipitirize kuchirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Zochitika Zaposachedwapa ndi Malangizo Amtsogolo

Kumvetsa mfundo zaposachedwapa za mmene ufulu wachibadwidwe udzatetezedwere kutsogoloku kukupitiriza kusintha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zochitika m’chitaganya, kukhwima kwa malamulo, ndi kusintha kwa malamulo.

Kukulitsa Magulu Oteteza

Zochitika zaposachedwapa zimaphatikizapo kuvomereza kowonjezereka kwa tsankho lozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana ndi kudziŵika kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi monga mitundu ya tsankho la kugonana, kukulitsa kukondera kozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa wosamalira, kuwonjezereka kwa kutetezera majini kwa kutetezera majini, ndi kuzindikira tsankhu la pa mabwalo loyambukira anthu okhala ndi mikhalidwe yambiri yotetezeredwa.

Kufutukuka kumeneku kumasonyeza kumvetsetsa kosintha kwa kulingana ndi kusankhana, limodzinso ndi zoyesayesa za kulanda ufulu wa anthu zochitidwa ndi anthu ndi mabungwe ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Luso la Zamakono ndi Ufulu wa Nzika

Zipangizo zamakono zimapereka mavuto komanso mipata yothandiza anthu kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Mabungwe okakamiza akupanga njira zatsopano zothetsera tsankho la algoric, kuphatikizapo malangizo a kugwiritsira ntchito luntha lopanga ntchito posankha ntchito ndi kufufuza njira zopangira zinthu zolowera anthu.

Kugwirizana Pansi pa Mabungwe Okakamiza

Pozindikira kuti kusungitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe n’kothandiza kwambiri pamene mabungwe a bungwelo akugwira ntchito pamodzi, mabungwe a boma, boma, ndi mayiko a m’dzikolo akhala akulimbikitsa kwambiri mfundo yakuti mabungwe a boma azitha kuyendera limodzi, kufufuzira pamodzi ndiponso kuonetsetsa kuti anthu akutsatira mfundo za boma, kupereka malangizo okhudza nkhani za tsankho, ndiponso kuthandizana mwadongosolo ndiponso kuthandizana pa ntchito zaumisiri.

Kulinganiza kumeneku kumathandiza kutsimikizira kuti ndalama zosungitsa zigwiritsidwe ntchito bwino ndi kuti anthu alandire chitetezo chosasintha mosasamala kanthu za bungwe limene likusamalira kudandaula kwawo.

Mfundo Zothandiza kwa Anthu Osankhana

Kwa anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti achitiridwa tsankho, kudziŵa mmene angayendetsere ntchito yosungitsa lamulo n’kofunika kwambiri kuti ateteze ufulu wawo.

Kulemba Zonse

Kusunga zolembedwa zatsatanetsatane nkofunika kwambiri potsatizana ndi kudandaula. Anthu ayenera kusunga makope a zolembedwa zonse zokhudzana ndi tsankho, kuphatikizapo zolembedwa za ntchito, kupenda masamu, ndi kutumiza mauthenga. Ayenera kulemba zochitika zachiweruzo za masiku, nthaŵi, malo, mboni, ndi malongosoledwe atsatanetsatane a zimene zinachitika. Kusunga magazini a zochitika panthaŵi imodzi kungapereke umboni wofunika.

Chindikirani Mizere Yakufa

Madandaulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe amaikidwa pa nthaŵi yoikika imene imasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa tsankho ndi lamulo logwira ntchito. Kuphonya nthaŵi zimenezi kungatulukepo kutaya kuyenera kwa kuvomereza. Anthu ayenera kufunsa bungwe la osungitsa ufulu kapena loya mwamsanga pamene achitiridwa tsankho kutsimikizira kuti saphonya nthaŵi yoikizira nthaŵi yoikidwiratu.

Funsani Malangizo a M’malamulo

Pamene kuli kwakuti anthu angalembe madandaulo awo ndi kudziimira okha m’mabungwe, kukambitsirana ndi loya wozoloŵera m’lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe kungakhale kofunika kwambiri. Oyang’anira angathandizire kupenda mphamvu ya chonena, zofunikira zoyendera, kukambitsirana, ndi kuimira anthu m’mayeso kapena m'mawu. Maloya ambiri a ufulu wachibadwidwe amagwira ntchito pa maziko a malipiro oyenerera, tanthauzo iwo amapatsidwa kokha ngati apezanso malipiro a wowalemba.

Lingalirani Zonse Zomwe Zilipo

Anthu ayenera kuganizira ngati akufuna kukonza njira zoyendetsera boma, boma, kapena dziko lawo, kuti apereke njira zoyendetsera ntchito kapena kuitengera mlandu, ndiponso ngati njira iliyonse kapena yokhayokha ili yoyenera.

Muziteteza Anthu Kuti Asakunyozeni

Anthu amene amadandaula kuti sasankhana ayenera kudziwa kuti ali ndi ufulu wobwezera ndipo ayenera kuvomereza kuti zimene achitazo n’zolakwika pambuyo podandaula.

Kufunika kwa Kukakamiza Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni m’Chigwirizano cha Democratic Society

Kusungitsa ufulu wa anthu kumatumikira zifuno zimene zimawonjezera kuchepetsa zochitika za tsankho. Kumachirikiza malamulo ofunika kwambiri a kufanana ndi ulemu wa anthu amene ali ofunika ku ulamuliro wa demokrase. Kumachirikiza kuyendetsa bwino chuma mwa kutsimikizira kuti ntchito ndi mipata ina imaperekedwa chifukwa cha kuyenerera mmalo mwa tsankho. Kumachirikiza mgwirizano wa anthu mwa kuchepetsa mikangano ya magulu ndi kupititsa patsogolo zipani zopanda malire. Kumapititsa patsogolo thanzi la anthu mwa kutsimikizira kuti pali kulingana kwa thanzi ndi kusiyanitsa kwa thanzi ndi kusiyanitsa pakati pa anthu.

Kusungitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe kumafuna kudzipereka kopitirizabe kuchokera ku mabungwe a boma, chuma chokwanira, malamulo amphamvu, kuloŵererapo kwa anthu okhudzidwa, ndi kuchirikiza mabungwe a boma.

Kupeza Chidziŵitso Chowonjezereka

Kwa anthu ofunafuna chidziŵitso chowonjezereka ponena za kusungidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu, zinthu zambiri zilipo. Webusaiti ya Ofesi ya Ofesi ya Opatsira Ntchito [1] imapereka chidziŵitso chokwanira ponena za malamulo a ntchito, njira zoikizira, ndi ziŵerengero za anthu. Chikalata cha Chilungamo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe Chikumbukiro [[FLT: 3] chikutulutsa masheya a zinthu zosiyanasiyana pa mitundu ya ufulu wa anthu wopatuka ndi mmene angachitire lipoti. [FLT: 4.] U.S Commis for Civil Rights Rights Rights Rights Rights Rights Rights [[FLT:] imafalitsa ndi kufufuza pa nkhani za ufulu wachibadwill Division Division Division . Boma ndi mabungwe a za boma asungidwa ndi mawero a za boma ndi njira zotetezera ufulu wa boma. Mabungwe amapereka ufulu wa za kudziko, ndi zothandizira zalamulo, ndi zopereka zopereka zaumoyo.

Kumaliza

Kusungitsa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe kumaimira dongosolo locholoŵana, lopangidwa ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana la boma la boma pa mabungwe a boma, boma, ndi malo a komweko, logwirizana ndi lamulo laumwini kupyolera m'makhoti a mlandu ndi kuyendetsa gulu. Kuchokera ku kuyang'anira kwa Ecumetic Opportution Commission ku kudandaula kwa kukondera ntchito kwa Department of genement of the geographic of the recons, kuchokera ku maomission oimira ufulu wa anthu ku mabungwe a boma a ufulu wachibadwire, kutembenuza lonjezo la chitetezo chofanana pansi pa lamulo kukhala chogwira ntchito.

Pozindikira mmene dongosololi limagwirira ntchito, njira zimene limagwiritsira ntchito, njira zimene lingapereke, ndi mavuto amene iwo angakumane nawo — mphamvu zotetezera ufulu wawo ndi kuthandiza magulu kupitirizabe kutsatira malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto aakulu akupitirizabe, kuphatikizapo kutsendereza zinthu, mavuto oonekeratu, ndi mitundu yothetsa tsankho, dongosolo losungitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe likupitirizabe kulinganiza ndi kuyambitsa njira zatsopano zochirikizira ufulu wa anthu.

Kusintha kwa zinthu ndiponso mitundu yatsopano ya tsankho kukuchititsa kuti anthu ayambe kukonderana, koma kuyenera kuti anthu apitirizebe kukhala ndi ufulu wosankhana chifukwa cha luso la zoyenerera za anthu, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndiponso kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, kudzakhala kovuta kwambiri ndiponso kudzakhala ndi mwayi woteteza ufulu wa anthu.

Ngati munthu wachitiridwapo tsankho kapena kufuna kumvetsa mmene ufulu wa anthu umatetezedwera, kudziŵa bwino za malamulo n’kofunika kwambiri.