Njira zolamulira kusankha osankhidwa kukhala osankhidwa ndi oimira demokrase. Pakati pa malamulo aakulu osonkhezera chisankho cha America pali chosankha cha amene angaloŵe nawo m'chipani chachikulu. Kusiyana pakati pa zotseguka ndi zotseka si tsatanetsatane chabe; ndi chitsenderezo chachikulu cha mphamvu ya ndale zadziko, chimene chimasonkhezera chilichonse kuchokera ku ku kuyera kwa malingaliro ndi mphamvu ya boma kusanthula ndi thanzi la magulu andale zadziko. Kusanthula kumeneku kumafufuza bwino ndi ziyambukiro zopeketsa za madongosolo opikisana ameneŵa, kumapereka chidule chozikidwa pa sayansi yandale ndi ziyambukiro zenizeni za dziko.

Kufotokoza Madongosolo a Zinthu: Kupezeka kwa Nkhokwe Zokongola

Mawu "otsegula maziko" ndi "otsedwa" akuimira malo ovuta kwambiri ofikira ovota. Malamulo olamulira masankho ameneŵa amasankha ukulu umene wovota ayenera kukhalira pamodzi ndi gulu la ndale kuti asankhe wotsogolera wake. Kumvetsetsa mapangidwe olondola a madongosolo ameneŵa nkofunika, monga momwe iriyonse imapangira mpambo wosiyana wa zisonkhezero kwa ovota ndi ofunsira.

Malo Otsekeredwa: Nyumba ya Chipani

Pambali yaikulu, mamembala a chipani cha ndale zadziko okha ndi amene angavote m'mipikisano ya chipani chimenecho. Chiyenere n’chomveka: chipani, monga bungwe lachinsinsi, chili ndi kuyenera kwa kusankha atsogoleri ake kupyolera mwa njira yokha yokha ya mamembala ake. Dongosolo limeneli limabwezera pangano lakuya m'chigwirizano chapadera ndi kulimbitsa chizindikiro cha chipanicho. Voters ayenera kulengeza chipanicho tsiku la chisankho lisanathe, kuletsa masinthidwe omalizira a gulu la otsutsa. Maboma onga New York, Pennsylvania, ndi Florida Wearcal imagwiritsira ntchito maprinsial. Atsutsa kuti zimenezi zimasunga umphumphu umphumphu wa gulu ndi kuletsa "drai," kumene ziŵalo za gulu lotsutsa chipani cha otsutsa chisankhoterero cha otsutsa chipani cha chipani chankhondo.

Malo Otseguka: Malo Oonetserako Anthu Onse

Otsegulira gulu lapadera amalola wovota aliyense wovomerezeka kusankha chisankho pa tsiku la chisankho, mosasamala kanthu za kugwirizana kwawo. Wovotayo monga woimira Independent angasankhe kuvota m'dziko lalikulu, Democratic, kapena nthaŵi zina kagulu kakang’ono, koma angangovote kokha. Mfundo yaikulu ya kutsegulira ovota ndi kutenga nawo mbali. Mwa kuchepetsa chopinga choloŵa, iwo amalola kuti chisankhocho chiwonjeze dziŵe dziŵe dziŵe la chipani cha ofufuza. Dongosolo limeneli limalingaliridwa kuti lilimbikitse ofunsira kupitirira pagulu limodzi, moyenerera kuvomereza oponya moto wa oimba, Alabama, Michigan, ndi otseka otsegula.

Semi- Yotseka ndi Kusintha kwa Malo Aŵiri Apamwamba

Pakati pa masamu aŵiriwo pali madongosolo ophatikizapo. Satmi-ma brived primes . imalola kuti mamembala a gulu a m'chipani asakhalepo ndi mbali zake. Izi zisungitsa mbali zina za gulu pamene zikulamulira gulu lalikulu ndi lomakula. [[FLT:] [2] 2] 2 [2] 2 "Jungle" Prial , yogwiritsidwa ntchito ku California ndi Washington, imakhala ndi njira yosiyana kwambiri. Onse, mosasamala kanthu za gulu limodzi, imawonekera pa gulu limodzi. Voots. Vot . Osankha pa gulu limodzi, ndi osankhidwa aŵiri amachititsa kusankhidwa, mosasiyana, ngakhale kuti pali kugwirizana. [Fonton yosagwirizana ndi kuwonjezera, yosagwirizana ndi kugawawolo.]

Nkhani Zake Zakale Ndiponso Malamulo Ovomerezeka

Dongosolo lamakono ndilo chotulukapo cha Kusintha Kopita Patsogolo m'zaka za zana la 20, kumene kuli ndi cholinga cha kuchotsa mphamvu kwa mabwana a chipani ndi kuiika m’manja mwa ovota. Komabe, mkangano wa madongosolo otsekedwa ndi otsekedwa unafika pa mutu walamulo m'nkhani ya Khoti Lapamwamba . California Party v. Jones [2]

M'chigamulo 7-2, khoti linagamula njira yaikulu ya California . Imene inalola wovota aliyense kuvota aliyense, kuphatikiza ndi kugwirizana ndi zipani zina . ikumati inaswa ufulu wa zipani za ndale za ufulu wa gulu loyamba. Khotilo linanena kuti chipani sichingakakamizidwe kulola anthu osakhala ziwalo kusankha atsogoleri ake. Chigamulo chimenechi chinachititsa kuti kulengedwa kwa njira yaikulu ya Phezulu-2, imene imapeŵa nkhani ya malamulo mwa kuchotsa chizindikiro cha gulu la ndale kuchokera kwa oimba a gulu lalikulu. Chilungamo chimenechi chimakhazikitsa bwalo la milandu yonse yotsatira yokhudza kuloŵa ndi ufulu wa zipani. Kumvetsa nkhaniyi nkofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse malamulo akukhala ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za malamulo a masiku ano.

Chiyambukiro pa Kutengamo Mbali ndi Kuchita Chigwirizano

Anthu ambiri amatsutsana kwambiri ndi mmene makampani akuluakulu amakhudzira munthu wovotayo.

Kutseguka ndi Kufikirika

Kutsekereza kwa ma promostate kumachepetsa kusanthula, kuchotsapo osankha amene amasankha kusagwirizana ndi chipani chachikulu. M'nyengo imene pafupifupi munthu mmodzi mwa atatu a ku America amatchulidwa kuti Independents, lamulo limeneli lingasokoneze kwambiri kutengamo mbali m'zochitika za magetsi. Maboma okhala ndi mapulaneti otseka kaŵirikaŵiri amaona kutsika kwa mlingo wochepa poyerekezera ndi kutseguka kwa maiko aakulu, makamaka m'mafuko akwawo kapena a boma. Kutsegula Prime, poyerekezera ndi, kuitanira osankhidwa aakulu ndi osiyanasiyana ku kachitidwe ka kusankha, kumene kungawonjezere kugwirizana ndi dongosolo landale.

Ntchito Yopanga Mtanda Waluso

Chimodzi cha ziyambukiro za makhalidwe apamwamba koposa za kutseguka kwa zigaŵenga ndicho kuthekera kwa kuvota kwapadera, kapena "kutembenuza". Otsutsa a gulu lotseguka atsutsa kuti amalola ziŵalo za gulu lotsutsa kuvota wofooka kapena wopambanitsa, mwakutero kukulitsa maupandu a chipani chawo m'chosankha. Pamene kuli kwakuti umboni wa kuchuluka kwa ziwopsezo, kuukira kogwirizana kumasanganizidwa, lingaliro la ngozi imeneyi likhoza kufooketsa chidaliro m'ka kwa njira yochitira chilo. Otsendereza otsekera kuthekera konseku, kutsimikizira kuti ziŵalo zachipembedzo zokha ndizo zimene zimagamula chigamulo.

Kupenda Zakuthambo ndi Kusintha kwa Ndale

Zikuoneka kuti njira yaikulu ya kachitidwe ka zinthu imakhudza kwambiri maganizo a anthu amene akufuna kubatizidwa.

Maziko Ogwirizana ndi Mawu Olankhulidwa

Pambali yaikulu, voti inapangidwa ndi ziŵalo zokhulupirika koposa ndi zokangalika za chipani. Ovota ameneŵa amakhoterera kukhala onkitsa kwambiri kuposa wovota wamba mu ovota wamba. Wosankha wotsekedwa ayenera kupambana pa malo apamwambawa, kuwachititsa kukhala pa malo akutali ndi pakati. Chochitikachi ndi kuyendetsa chigawo cha ndale zadziko kodziŵika bwino: "Médian Voter Theorem" imasweka pamene wosankhidwa wamkuluyo ali wopapatiza, phee, phee ya anthu.

Pamalo aakulu, oyembekezera kubatizidwa sangadalire paphwando. Ayenera kukopa anthu onse, kuphatikizapo oyenera ndi odziimira. Chitsenderezo chimenechi chimapangitsa oyembekezera kulowa pakati, kulimbikitsa malo apamwamba ndi osagaŵanitsa kwambiri. Komiti ya Top-2 ku California inakonzedwa bwino ndi cholinga chimenechi.

Kuthandiza

Malo otsekerezedwa amakulitsa chiwopsezo cha chitokoso chachikulu cha malingaliro, kapena "kuvutitsidwa. Opangika m'madera otetezereka kaŵirikaŵiri amawopa chitokoso chachikulu kuchokera ku mbali zawo kuposa chitsutso cha chisankho. Mphamvu imeneyi ingasonkhezere anthu oima nji kutengera, kaimidwe kosasinthika kamene kali kosayendera limodzi ndi chigawo chachikulu koma kofunikira kuti apulumuke pakati pa magulu awo. Otsegula maprimya amachepetsa mphamvu imeneyi, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa kagulu kake kuchotsapo kachigamulo kochepa.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa Mafanizo ndi Kuimira

Pali umboni wotsimikizira kuti pali mfundo zina zimene zikugwirizana pa nkhani imeneyi.

Ochirikiza ofufuza otsekeredwa akuvomereza kuti iwo amapereka njira yolinganizidwa yolinganizidwa bwino kaamba ka magulu opatulidwa m’mbiri m’gulu la opita kumsonkhano kulinganiza ndi osankhidwa amene amaimira zikondwerero zawo zenizeni.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, ochirikiza mapulogalamu otsekedwa amanena kuti madongosolo otsekedwa angapereke mphamvu ya anthu apamwamba amene alipo ndi chigawo cha homogenous . Otsegula ma primmies amalimbikitsa oyembekezera kumanga mapangano ozungulira, opitira ndi opitira kutsogolo ndi opitira kutsogolo. Madongosolo aŵiri apamwamba, mwa kulola oyembekezera kufunsira kudutsa mizera ya ofufuza, m'zochitika zina alimbikitsa kusankhidwa kwa atsogoleri oyenerera ndi otchuka, ngakhale kuti umboni wakuti awonjezera kuimira kwake kukukulabe.

M'kaundula wa Chase: Madongosolo a Zochita

Kuona mmene madongosolo amagwirira ntchito m’dziko lenilenili kumapereka umboni wokwanira wosonyeza mmene amakhudzira zinthuzo.

New York: Malo Otsekeredwa Aakulu

New York ndi chitsanzo chodziŵika bwino cha dongosolo lotsekedwa kwambiri m'boma limodzi lokhala ndi mbali imodzi. Voter aprimprings ku New York kaŵirikaŵiri ali pakati pa otsika kwambiri m'dzikolo, nthaŵi zina kuloŵetsedwa m'madyungu amodzi a mafuko a boma alamulo. Malo otsika ameneŵa asintha amapatsa mphamvu magulu a anthu olinganizidwa ndi a malingaliro, limodzinso ndi makina a zipani. Chotulukapo ndicho nyumba ya malamulo imene kaŵirikaŵiri imalimbana ndi kusagwira ntchito bwino ndi mapuloteni, monga mmene amachitira a m'gulu laling'ang'ono, okangalika kuposa a osankhidwa a boma. Independent , amene angapereke mphamvu yolinganiza njirayo, amachotsedwa kotheratu.

California: Kuyesa Kuŵiri Koyamba

Chilengedwere kumbuyo kwa Jones , Processing 14 California (2010) inayamba kukhazikitsa njira yoyamba yapamwamba-ŵiri. Cholinga chinali kuchepetsa kutsekereza mapulogalamu mwa kukakamiza ofunsira kuti apereke umboni wochuluka. Umboni wokhudza zotsatira za zinthu n’zosagwirizana. Kufufuza kwa asayansi andale ku UC San Diego ndi Stanford kumayambitsa kuti dongosololibe kuchepetsa kwambiri kusanthula kwa malamulo a boma; atsogoleri a zipani akugwirabe ntchito zolimba. Komabe, kwawonjezera chiŵerengero cha ofunsira oyenerera amene amapanga chisankho, ndipo kwakakamiza ofufuzawo kuti amvetsere kwambiri. Dongolo lachititsanso kuti likhale "kagawale chigawo cha chivoti chachikulu" m'chisankhoma chachikulu, chigawa chigawanidwe bwino.

Alaska ndi Washington: Kusintha kwa Zinthu pa Frontinenti

Washington State imagwiritsira ntchito njira ya Top- Kabiri yofanana ndi California, ndi kutsimikizira kwabwino kwa chiyambukiro chake pa ntchito ya lamulo. Alaska wapanga chitsanzo chatsopano: Mtsogoleri wa Four - Fourpansan wophatikizidwa ndi chisankho chapamwamba cha voti. Dongosolo limeneli lalinganizidwira kuletsa dongosolo lapadera "kusintha" mwa kulola ovota kulinganiza zokonda zawo, kutsimikizira kuti wopambanayo asonyeze chivomerezo chachikulu. Umboni woyambirira kuchokera ku Alaska umapereka lingaliro lakuti walimbikitsa oyembekezera kuloŵa m'chotoko ku modzi ndi kusanthula mavoti achiŵiri kwa opikisana nawo, kuchirikiza chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko chogwirizana nawo.

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Mtsogolo mwa Apandu

Zopinga za zonse ziŵiri za mwambo wotseguka ndi kutseka zasonkhezera malingaliro a kusintha m'dziko lonselo. Kuyendera njira yopita ku malo osakhala apartisan primme ndi kuvota kosankhidwa ndi anthu apamwamba kumasonyeza chikhumbo cha kuchepetsa kupotoka kochititsidwa ndi mipikisano ya kutsika kwa mlingo, yapamwamba kwambiri.

Magulu onga Nhlangano wa America ndi FairVote ochirikiza madongosolo amene amafutukula kupezeka kwa wovota pamene akusunga chosankha. Chitsanzo cha Alaska . Chikugwirizanitsa chisankho chotseguka ndi chisankho chapamwamba ndi chisankho cha ajenekha . kaŵirikaŵiri amaonedwa kukhala chiwonjezeko cha mayiko ena. Kusintha kumeneku kumakhala ndi cholinga choloŵa mmalo mwa madongosolo aŵiri "kutsegulirana" ndi kutsutsana kochititsa kupambana mpikisano, kulinganizika, ndi kugawanamo mbali yaikulu. Funso lalikulu lochititsa masinthidwe ameneŵa ndilo lakuti dongosolo lalikulu lingasinthidwenso kuti apeze zisonkhezo zabwino kwa ofunsira ndi boma lovomereza kwambiri.

Kumaliza

Kusankha pakati pa kutseguka ndi kutsekedwa kuli chosankha pakati pa masomphenya opikisana a kuimira kwa demokrase. Otsendereza amalimbikitsa zipani za ndale zadziko monga mayanjano aumwini ndi kufupa chipangano chachikulu m'chigwirizano chapadera, koma iwo amaika pangozi kuwonjezera kugaŵana ndi kuchotsa mbali yaikulu ya osankhidwa. Otsegulira amodzi ndi kulimbikitsa oitanidwa kukulitsa chikalata, kutseguka, kutsegulira, koma umboni umasonyeza kuti mtsogolo mwa kusintha kwakukulu sikuli chinthu chosavuta, koma kutsegulira chitseko chitseko cha kutseguka mchitidwe wadongosolo. [2:] Jones] amakhazikitsa malamulo, koma samakhazikitsa njira yovomerezeka ya ufulu, koma samalamulira njira yothandiza ya kuwongolera njira yachitukukira ya kudziko. Umboni umasonyeza kuti mtsogolo, m’chipo wa kuwongolera ufulu wa kukonzanso kukonza kwa anthu onse.