Chiyambi: Chifukwa Chake Chilamulo Chosiyanitsa Zinthu

Tsiku lililonse, nzika zimayang'anizana ndi zotulukapo za kupanga zosankha za boma . () kuchokera ku mpweya umene zimapuma ku chisungiko cha chakudya chimene zimadya ndi chiwongola dzanja pa nyumba zawo. Komabe ndi oŵerengeka okha amene amaima kuti alingalire ziŵiya ziŵiri zosiyana koma zodalirana zimene zimachititsa zitetezero zimenezi: malamulo ndi malamulo. Malamulo amakhazikitsa malamulo aakulu kupyolera mwa malamulo operekedwa ndi osankhidwa ndi nthumwi; malamulo amadzaza m'malamulo a zaluso kudzera mwa malamulo operekedwa ndi mabungwe a boma. Kuzindikira mmene mphamvu ziŵiri zimenezi siziri njira yamaphunziro chabe yamaphunziro. Chidziŵitso chofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kusonkhezera mfundo zapo boma, kusunga lamulo, kapena kungozindikira mmene ufulu wawo ndi mathayo awo amalinganizidwira.

Nkhani ino ikutsegula m’manja malamulo, kufotokoza njira zimene zimapangitsa malamulowo, ndi kupereka malangizo othandiza a mmene nzika zingagwirizanitsire ntchito zonse ziŵirizo. Pofika mapeto, mudzakhala ndi chithunzi chomvekera bwino cha mmene malamulo amapangidwira ($_ndi mmene mungapezere mawu m’kachitidweko.

Kufotokoza Malamulo ndi Kukhazikitsanso

Kodi Malamulo Nchiyani?

Malamulo amalozera ku malamulo opangidwa ndi bungwe la malamulo, monga ngati United States Congress, nyumba ya malamulo ya boma, kapena bungwe la mzinda. Mabungwe ameneŵa ali ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa amene amatsutsana ndi kuvota pa zikalata zoperekedwa. Pambuyo pake anapatulidwa ndi zipinda zonse ziŵiri (m'dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka) ndi kusainidwa ndi nduna yaikulu (mtsogoleri, bwanamkubwa, kapena meya), lamulolo limakhala lolembedwa ndi mphamvu ya boma.

Malamulo ngofala kwambiri. Amakhazikitsa malamulo amakhalidwe abwino, kupanga maprogramu, kuvomereza kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, ndi kugaŵira ulamuliro ku mabungwe a boma. Mwachitsanzo, Ceaty Air Act siika malire onse ololedwa a kutulutsa utsi uliwonse; mmalo mwake, imalengeza kuti mpweya uyenera kukhala wotetezereka kaamba ka thanzi la anthu ndi kutsogoza Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kukhazikitsa miyezo yakutiyakuti.

Malamulo angagawidwenso kukhala malamulo a anthu onse (kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a boma) ndi malamulo aumwini (kupatsa mapindu kapena chithandizo kwa anthu kapena mabungwe). Malamulo ambiri amene amakhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku / / Kuteteza ufulu wachibadwidwe, malamulo a msonkho, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi malamulo a anthu onse.

Kodi Kusintha N’kutani?

Kusintha, mosiyana, kuli mpambo wa malamulo ndi zofunika zoperekedwa ndi mabungwe a nthambi aakulu kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo operekedwa ndi bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo. Mabungwewa "monga ngati EPA, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (C) apereke ulamuliro wawo ku lamulo limene linawapanga.

Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo amakhazikitsa “a” ndi“ chifukwa cha" kachitidwe ka boma, malamulo amapereka “momwe.” Amatembenuza malamulo ambiri kukhala miyezo yolunjika, yovomerezeka. Mwachitsanzo, Ceather Air Act imapatsa EPA mphamvu kukhazikitsa National Awarient Air Ser Servement (NAAQS). EPA imakhazikitsa malamulo atsatanetsatane osonyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoipitsa monga ozone ndi opatsirana, limodzi ndi njira zoyendera, malamulo otsatirira, ndi zilango za kuswa malamulo.

Malamulo ali ndi kulemera kwalamulo kofanana ndi malamulo, malinga ngati aperekedwa m'maudindo a bungwe logawiridwa. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amachedwetsa ku matanthauzo a mapangano odabwitsa pansi pa chiphunzitso ] .C. (lamulo la lamulo lotchedwa ndi mlandu wa Supreme Court U.S.A. Inc. v. Naturals Defensence Council ), ngakhale kuti chiphunzitso chimenechi chaletsedwa m'zaka zaposachedwapa.

Njira Yolamulira Mwalamulo

Mmene Bill Ingakhalire Lamulo

Chithunzi cha “mmene lamulo la lamulo la kampani ya sukulu limakhalira kudula zinthu zapakhomo.

  1. Introduction [[FLT : 1] . . Chiŵalo cha Congress chimachirikiza lamulo ndi kulidziŵikitsa m'Nyumba ya Oimira kapena Nyumba ya Malamulo. (Mapepala a pepala a kanema ayenera kuyambika m'Nyumba.)
  2. Committee Referral : Mlandu umaperekedwa ku komiti yoyenerera [1] Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la zaumoyo limapita ku Komiti ya Zamagetsi ndi Zamalonda kapena Komiti ya Zaumoyo, Maphunziro, Ntchito, ndi Pensus. Komiti imakhala ndi mayeso, kukonzanso, ndipo ingapereke “chiweruzo cha pepalalo.
  3. Nkhani ya Floor ndi Vote [1]: Ngati komiti ivomereza lamulolo, ikupita ku malo onse. Malamulo olamulira (monga ngati malire a nthaŵi ndi ziletso) amakhazikitsidwa ndi Nyumba Ilamulira Komiti kapena mwa chivomerezo chimodzi mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. Oŵerengeka amafunikira kaamba ka kudutsa m'zochitika zambiri.
  4. Act mu Komiti Ina : Mtengo umaloŵa m'njira yofanana m'chipinda china. Ngati chipinda chachiŵiri chiposa matembenuzidwe osiyana, komiti ya ziwalo za zipinda zonse ziŵiri imakambitsirana kulolera.
  5. Passal : Makoma onse aŵiri ayenera kuvomereza mawu ofanana. Ndalamazo zimalembetsedwa ndi kutumizidwa kwa pulezidenti.
  6. Presidial Action: Pulezidenti angasaine chikalatacho m'lamulo, rhioti, kapena kuchilola kukhala lamulo popanda kusaina pambuyo pa masiku khumi (kuchotsa) pamene Nyumba za Ufumu zili m'chigawo. Ngati zitachitidwa, Nyumba za Ufumu zingapose mavoti aŵiri m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri.

Kumvetsa bwino za kutsendereza kwa boardss . Makamaka komiti ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Serten .Imawononga ndalama zambiri kuti apeze njira yopezera ndalama zothandizira ana awo.

Oseŵera Otchuka ndi Zisonkhezero

Kuposa akuluakulu osankhidwa, malamulo amaumbidwa ndi akanema osiyanasiyana:

  • Nthambi ya Compmmettee : Chinenero chofufuzira, kukambitsirana, ndi kulangiza ziŵalo.
  • ALBBIS : magulu achifuniro oimira (mapangano, maukwati, zopanda phindu) ndi kukakamiza zinthu kapena kutsutsa.
  • Mabungwe ochirikiza ': Perekani luso la zopangapanga ndipo nthaŵi zina amatchula chinenero cha malamulo.
  • Constuents : Osankha mmodzi ndi mmodzi amene amafikira oimira awo angasonkhezere mavoti, makamaka pa nkhani za kumaloko kapena zapamwamba.

Nzika zimene zikufuna kusonkhezera malamulo ziyenera kusumika maganizo pa kumanga maunansi ndi maofesi a nthumwi zawo, makamaka ogwira ntchito pa nkhani ya malamulo oyenerera.

Mmene Malangizo Amayendetsera: Mmene Malamulo Amapangidwira

Administrate Procedure Act (APA)

Malamulo sanapangidwa m'bokosi lakuda. Administrative Procedure Act ya 1946 imayang'anira ntchito yokhazikitsa malamulo a mabungwe a boma, kutsimikizira kuonekera, kutengamo mbali kwa anthu, ndi kupenda. Mabungwe a boma amagwira ntchito m'machitidwe a boma ofanana. APA amakhazikitsa mitundu iŵiri yoyamba ya kukhazikitsa malamulo: mwamwaŵi (opanda ntchito ndi makompyuta) ndi mwalamulo (malamulo a pulogalamu a boma). Malamulo ambiri amaperekedwa mwa kupanga malamulo amwaŵi.

Njira Zopangira Ulamuliro Wamwamwaŵi

  1. Adresidy Guice : Bungwelo liyenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro womveka kuchokera ku lamulo lopereka malamulo pankhaniyo.
  2. Tnoice of Propaced Relagement (NPRM) : Bungwelo limafalitsa lamulo lolingaliridwa mu Faceral Register [ (magazine a tsiku ndi tsiku a boma la U.S.).
  3. Nthaŵi ya Mawu [1]: Masiku 30 mpaka 60, ngakhale kuti amafutukuliridwa kaamba ka malamulo aakulu. Aliyense / munthu, mabizinesi, timagulu taumbombo, boma ndi maboma akwawo . A bungwe liyenera kuŵerenga ndi kulingalira “zonena zonse .
  4. Kupenda ndi Kukonza : Nyengo ya ndemangayo itatha, bungwelo limapenda mawu, lingawonjeze lamulo, ndi kukonza mabaibulo omalizira.
  5. Lamulo lachibadwidwe [: Lofalitsidwa mu Register ndi ndemanga ya maziko ndi cholinga yolongosola mmene bungwelo linayankhira ndemanga. Lamulolo limaphatikizapo deti logwira mtima (kaŵirikaŵiri masiku 30 pambuyo pake).
  6. Judicial Review [[FLT: 1] : Magulu achidwi angatokose lamulo lomalizira m'khoti, kunena kuti limaposa ulamuliro wa bungwelo, nlopanda lamulo, kapena likuswa Konsichushoni kapena lamulo.

Makampani a boma ayenera kuyankhapo ndemanga zimene anthu ena anena, ndipo ngati alephera kuchita zimenezi, khoti lingasinthe lamulolo.

Ntchito ya Boma Lovomereza Malamulo.

Zinthu ziŵiri zofunika kwambiri zimachititsa dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka zinthu kuonekeratu:

  • Féderal Register (kulembetsa.gov): Chofalitsa cha tsiku ndi tsiku kumene malamulo onse operekedwa ndi omalizira, limodzinso ndi zikalata za pulezidenti, zimawonekera. N’zofufuzidwa mwa bungwe, deti, ndi mutu.
  • Malamulo. gov: Udindo wapakati wa ndemanga zapoyera za kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Nzika zingafufuze malamulo olingaliridwa, kuŵerenga zikalata zochirikiza, ndi kutumiza ndemanga pakompyuta.

Mapulatifomu ameneŵa ndi aulere ndipo amatsegulidwa kwa anthu. Malamulo. gov ndi chiwiya chimodzi chofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense amene akufuna kusonkhezera malamulo.

Kugwirizana kwa Malamulo ndi Kukhazikitsanso Malamulo

Kupatsidwa Udindo

Malamulo amakhazikitsa malamulo okhazikitsa malamulo okha amene amagwirizanitsa ndi kukhazikitsa. Nyumba za Malamulo (kapena nyumba ya malamulo) imapereka lamulo lakuti nthumwi zipereke ulamuliro ku bungwe. Lamulolo limakhazikitsa malamulo: bungwelo lingapereke malamulo amene “akugwirizana ndi zolinga za lamulo. Otumizawa amalola akatswiri a zaluso, mmalo mwa malamulo a a boma, kupanga malamulo atsatanetsatane. Ilo likhozanso kukonza malamulo ngati mikhalidwe ikusintha popanda kupempha lamulo latsopano.

Osuliza amanena kuti nthumwi zopambanitsa zimaswa lamulo lalamulo la kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, koma makhoti mwachisawawa achirikiza nthumwi zazikulu malinga ngati Congress imapereka “lamulo lotsimikizirika” kutsogolera bungwelo. U.S. apolisi a boma aumboni [ akufotokoza nthumwi zimenezi mogwirizana ndi dongosolo la kupanga malamulo.

Mmene Malamulo Amadzakhudzira Mipata

Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi mipata, mawu osamveka, kapena mawu osamveka bwino amene amafuna kumasulira. Mwachitsanzo, Occiation Safety and Health Act imafuna kuti olemba ntchito apereke malo antchito “opanda ngozi zodziŵika. . Koma kodi nchiyani kwenikweni chimene chimachititsa ngozi yodziŵika? Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) imatsutsa malamulo osonyeza malire ololedwa a makemikolo, ziŵiya zotetezera, ndi zofunika zosunga zolembedwa. Ngati malamulowo sangakhale ovomerezeka.

Mofananamo, Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation and Consumer Protection Act ya 2010 inalangiza mabungwe ambiri (kuphatikizapo SeC ndi Consumer Financial Protection Bureau) kulemba mazana a malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito makonzedwe ake. Lamulo lenilenilo linali masamba oposa 2,300, koma malamulo amene linakhazikitsa anali kupitirira masauzande zikwi zambiri.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika

Chisudzocho si njira imodzi. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo amatsata malamulo, iwo amayang'aniridwa ndi zonse ziŵiri nthambi zalamulo ndi zachiweruzo. Msonkhano ungapose lamulo mwa kukhazikitsa lamulo latsopano (ngakhale kuti zimenezi zikufuna chopinga chokwera chimodzi monga lamulo lirilonse). Chingagwiritsirenso ntchito Congressional Review Act (CRA) kutsutsa lamulo lochitidwa mwa chigamulo chosavuta, koma chiŵiya chimenechi chikhoza kuima pawindo lachidule lamulolo litaperekedwa ku Msonkhano. Makhoti angakantha malamulo okakamiza, osagwirizana ndi malamulo, kapena kupitirira ulamuliro wa bungwe.

Kupenda Nkhani: Chitetezo cha Malo Okhala pansi pa Lamulo la Mpweya Woyera

Maziko a Malamulo

Cleena Air Act (CAA), yomwe inaperekedwa koyamba mu 1963 ndi kukonzedwa kwambiri mu 1970 ndi 1990, ndi mbali ya malamulo a malo okhala. Ilo limalengeza kuti cholinga chake ndicho “kutetezera ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu ya mpweya wa mtunduwo kuti uchirikize thanzi la anthu onse. [1] Lamulolo limakhazikitsa malire ndi miyezo yokulirapo koma limasiya tsatanetsatane wa zinthu zambiri ku EPA.

Zina mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimene kampasiyi imapereka ndi izi:

  • Ankapempha EPA kukhazikitsa National Ambentient Security Servetus (NAAQS) ya “critia” yoipitsa (m'chingapo, ozone, zinthu zapadera, carbon monoxide).
  • Kuchepetsa mpweya wowononga mpweya (haps) wonga benzene ndi mercury.
  • Kukhazikitsa programu ya chilolezo ya magwero aakulu a maindasitale.
  • Maboma opanga manda kuti akonze njira zothetsera mavuto a m’dzikolo.

Chivomerezo Champhamvu

EPA yatulutsa malamulo mazana ambiri pansi pa CAA. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a zinthu zina (PM.5) amakhazikitsa muyezo wa microgram 12 pa mita cubic meter. EPA imasankha mmene maboma ayenera kuyang'anira mpweya, kuti ndi ati amene ayenera kukhazikitsa zipangizo zotetezera kuipitsa, ndi kuti ndi miyezo ingati yomwe imapendedwa. Bungweli limakhazikitsanso malamulo a kutulutsa mpweya wa galimoto, majereji a mercury, ndi zoyendera zopimira mpweya wowonongeka.

Mabungwe a EPA ayenera kuyankha ndemanga popanga malamulo, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakambirana malamulo otsutsana. Kugwirizana pakati pa lamulo la malamulo (mpweya woyera) ndi malamulo a malamulo (ogwirizana) kumasonyeza mmene dongosololi limasinthira m’nthaŵi yake pamene sayansi ndi luso la zopangapanga linayamba.

Kupenda Nkhani: Chisamaliro cha Zaumoyo ndi Kachitidwe Kosafunika

Affordble Care Act ya 2010 ndi chitsanzo china chopindulitsa. Lamulolo ndi lalikulu, koma limatumiza ulamuliro waukulu wopanga malamulo ku Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Zaumoyo (HS), Internal Revenue Service (IRS), ndi maboma a boma. Mwachitsanzo, ACA amaletsa ofunsira kuti asalembetse chifukwa cha mikhalidwe isanakhaleko. Koma kodi n’chiyani chimachititsa kuti anthu atsimikize kuti zinthu zinasintha? Kodi n’chiyani chimene chinachititsa kuti agogo asiye kukonza zinthu zimenezi?

Lamulo limodzi lodziŵika pansi pa ACA linalongosola mapindu ofunika a thanzi amene mapulani onse a munthu ndi kagulu kang'ono ayenera kukwaniritsa. HHS inapereka lamulo losonyeza magulu khumi (kuphatikizapo kugoneka kuchipatala, mankhwala operekedwa ndi boma, chisamaliro cha ana obereka, ndi mautumiki a zaumoyo) ndi kulola maboma kusankha mapulani a zaumoyo. Lamulo limeneli linapereka tanthauzo lachidziŵikire kutsimikizira kwa lamulo la “udindo”.

Kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo kwa ACA sikunali kopanda polekezera. Malamulo ambiri anatokosa ukulu wa ulamuliro wa bungwe, wotchuka kwambiri Mfumu v. Burwell . (2015) (20: 5), kumene Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza ngongole za msonkho kaamba ka malamulo oyendetsedwa ndi boma. Mlanduwo umachitira chitsanzo mmene makhoti amamasulira malamulo ndi malamulo pamodzi.

Chifukwa Chake Nzika Ziyenera Kusamala ndi Kuphatikizana Mafilimu

Ufulu ndi Udindo Zikufotokozedwa ndi Mathayo Onse Aŵiri

Nzika zambiri zimalingalira za “lamulo” monga malamulo operekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo kapena nyumba ya boma. Kwenikweni, malamulo ali ndi chiyambukiro chimodzimodzi. Ngati muswa muyezo wa EPA, lamulo la USHA, kapena chikalata chodziwitsa, muyang'anizana ndi faindi, zilango, kapena ngakhale milandu yaupandu .

Malamulowa amathandiza kuti anthu azikhala ndi ufulu wochita zinthu ngati mmene amachitira ndi anthu ovutika.

Mwaŵi wa Kukhala ndi phande m’Democracy

Chipangano sichikungokhudza kuvota pulezidenti kapena Congress. Kukhazikitsa lamulo kumapatsa nzika njira yachindunji yopangira malamulo a anthu. Mkati mwa nyengo yopereka ndemanga kwa anthu onse, ndemanga yoperekedwa bwino ndi munthu yemwe / wosokonezeka ndi umboni . Bungwe liyenera kulingalira ndemanga zonse zofunika. Zimenezi n’zofunika kwambiri makamaka pankhani za kumaloko, monga ngati lamulo la fakitale lokhudza chitaganya.

Komanso, nzika zikhoza kupezeka pa milandu ya anthu onse, kupempha kuti zipereke malamulo, ndipo ngakhale kupempha mabungwe kuti alamulire (mwachitsanzo, pamene bungwe lina lalephera kuchita zinthu pa nthaŵi yake). Zida zimenezi n’zofunika kwambiri pochititsa boma kuti likhale ndi mlandu pa masankho.

Mmene Mungaloŵetsere M’nkhaniyi: Chitsogozo Chogwira Ntchito

Mfundo Yoyamba: Dziwani Nkhaniyi ndi Zimene Zikuchitikadi

Ngati musamala ndi malo ena osungirapo zinthu ndi osamala, ogula chakudya, otetezeka ndi chakudya fufuzani kuti ndi bungwe liti limene likulamulira. Mwachitsanzo, EPA imasamalira malamulo ambiri a malo okhala, FDA imayang'anira chakudya ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi Federal Communications Commission (FCC) imayang'anira njira zolankhulirana ndi anthu.

Sitepe 2: Malamulo Oikidwa Pansi

Gwiritsirani ntchito Malamulo. gov kufunafuna mabungwe otseguka. Mukhoza kulembetsa ku machenjezo a email kaamba ka nkhani zachiwonero. Ndiponso pendani Féderal Register [[FL:3] kaamba ka zikwangwani za kupanga malamulo olingaliridwa.

Mfundo 3: Perekani Yankho Logwira Mtima

Ndemanga zapoyera zimakhala ndi chiwonjezeko chachikulu pamene ziri zolunjika, zozikidwa pa umboni, ndi kulankhula ndi ulamuliro walamulo wa bungwelo.

  • Muzifotokoza bwino udindo wanu (kuchirikiza, kutsutsa, kapena kuuza ena kuti musinthe).
  • Muzipereka malangizo okhudza zimene mukuphunzira, zimene mukuphunzira, kapena zimene munakumana nazo pa moyo wanu.
  • Tchulani mbali ya lamulo limene mukukambirana.
  • Fotokozani mmene lamuloli lingakhudzire inuyo kapena anthu a m’dera lanu.

Makalata ochokera kwa magulu a odzilamulira ali othandiza, koma ndemanga zaumwini zimakopa kwambiri antchito.

Sitepe 4: Musamapereke Ndemanga

Mungachitire umboni pa milandu ya anthu (kaŵirikaŵiri yochitidwa kaamba ka malamulo aakulu). mungalankhulenso ndi oimira anu osankhidwa kuti alimbikitse oweruza kapena kusintha kwa malamulo.

Mfundo 5: Muzionetsetsa Kuti Malamulo Omaliza ndi Mavuto Okhudzana ndi Malamulo

Ngati lamulolo likuwononga zolinga zanu ndipo bungwelo silikumvetsa, ndiye kuti mukhoza kuimirira kuti muimbe mlandu.

Kumaliza

Malamulo ndi malamulo ndi mbali ziŵiri za ndalama imodzi. Malamulo amapereka mphamvu ya demokrase ndi malangizo apamwamba; malamulo amatembenuza kuti malamulo akhale otha kugwira ntchito, oyenera kutsatiridwa. Njirayo siingakwane, ingakhale yolimba, yosalimba, ndi yogwidwa ndi zikondwerero zapadera.

Mwakumvetsetsa kugwirizana kwa malamulo aŵiriwa, nzika zingakhale zambiri kuposa nkhani zaulesi za lamulo. Iwo angakhale otengamo mbali odziŵidwa omwe amapanga malamulo amene amalamulira miyoyo yawo. Kaya mumadera nkhaŵa ponena za kulinganiza malo, malamulo a dziko, kapena kusintha kwa nyengo ya dziko lonse, ziwiya za malamulo ndi malamulo zilipo , ngati mudziŵa mmene mungagwiritsire ntchito. Choyamba lero mwa kufufuza . gov's ku mmene malamulo amapangidwira [ ndi kusindikiza m'alunji. [FLT:]