Malamulo: Mmene Malamulo Amakono Amakhudzira Maulamuliro Amakono

Dongosolo la boma la America linalinganizidwa mwadala ndi kusiyanitsa maulamuliro pakati pa nthambi zitatu zolingana: mkulu wa boma, malamulo, ndi chiweruzo. Mabungwe ameneŵa, ondandalitsidwa m'Mabuku I, II, ndi II of the Constitution, amapanga mphamvu imene palibe nthambi iliyonse ingalamulire. Olemba mafomuwo anazindikira kuti chikhumbo chiyenera kupangidwa kuti athetse chikhumbo cha ulamuliro, ndipo zotsatira zake ndi kugwirizana kosiyanasiyana, uyang'aniro, ndi kukambirana. Kumvetsa mmene nthambi zimenezi zimachitira ntchito kumafunadi kupenda nthaŵi zakale kumene maunansi awo anayesedwa, kufotokozedwanso, kapena kulongosolanso bwino. Kuyambira masiku oyambirira a Repablicblic ku nkhondo ya ndale, mayeso ndi kulinganiza ndi kulinganiza kwa mgwirizano kwa mapangano, malamulo, ndi ufulu wa dziko.

Otsogolera: Olamulira, Odzikweza, ndi Malire

Pulezidenti, monga mkulu wa nthambi yaudindo, ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu m’kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma, kutsogoza malamulo a dziko lachilendo, kulamulira asilikali, ndi kupereka malamulo a akuluakulu a boma. Komabe, mphamvu imeneyi siili yotheratu. Maulamuliro a Nyumba za Malamulo, angapambanitse mapangano ambiri a akuluakulu. Oweruza angathetse ntchito zaudindo zimene zimaswa Lamulo. Zochitika zotsatirazi zikusonyeza mmene machenjezo amagwira ntchito.

Phunziro Loyamba: Chigamulo cha Nkhondo cha 1973

Polankhula za Prezidenti Nixon’s Declaration ya War Power Council inali njira yoyesera kutulutsa ulamuliro wake walamulo kuti upereke nkhondo pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za pangano la asilikali lochitidwa ndi bwanamkubwa. Lamulolo limalamula kuti Prezidenti afunse kwa Congress asanayambitse magulu ankhondo ndi kuchotsa magulu ankhondo mkati mwa masiku 60 mpaka 90 pokhapokha ngati bungwe la Congress litalolabe kuyambitsa nkhondo.

M’zochitika, pulezidenti aliyense kuyambira Nixon adakayikira kuloŵerera kwa lamulo la lamulo la chigamulocho, akumatsutsa icho kutsutsa mphamvu ya wolamulira. Mwachitsanzo, kukhazikitsa kwa Pulezidenti Reagan asilikali ku Lebanon mu 1983, mkupiti wa Clinton wa ndege ku Kosovo mu 1999, ndi Pulezidenti Obama kuloŵerera kwa Libya mu 2011 zonsezo ndi madeti osiyanasiyana a kukambirana kwa bungwe. Chigamu cha Nkhondo Chigamulo chidakalibe choonekera bwino, kusonyeza kusagwirizana kopitirizabe pakati pa ntchito ya akuluakulu a boma ndi oyang'anira boma pankhani za chitetezo. [FLT: 0] Cornell Leganity Institute [FLT]

Kupenda Nkhani 2: Malamulo Otsogolera ndi Kupenda Chiweruzo

Malamulo a akuluakulu a boma amalola Prezidenti kutsogolera ntchito za boma popanda malamulo atsopano. Iwo ali ziwiya zamphamvu koma adakali ofunikira kupendedwa zembe. Khoti Lalikulu lakhala likutsimikizira mobwerezabwereza kuti palibe lamulo lapamwamba limene lingapose lamulo lalamulo kapena chitetezo cha malamulo.

Zitsanzo ziŵiri zapadera zimagogomezera kupendaku. Mu] achichepere ang'onoang'ono Kujambula & Lamp; Tube Co. Sawiter [1] (1952), Bwalo la Truman linakantha lamulo la pulezidenti Truman la kunyamula zitsulo zachitsulo mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Korea, kulamulira kuti Pulezidenti analibe lamulo lalamulo kapena ulamuliro wa boma wa kuchita zimenezo. Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, [[FLT:] United States v. Nixton[FLT] [12] [127] [7] Pulezidenti Nixon [7] kukakamiza kujambula nyimbo mkati mwa kulakwa kwa madzi, kukana kudzinenera kwake kwa udindo waudindo weniweni. Posachedwapa, Khoti lakhala ndi maofesala a kusamuka kwa otchuka [FT] [FT] [5] [5]

Kupenda Nkhani 3: Kuikidwa kwa Claus ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo

Mphamvu ya Pulezidenti yoika mamembala a kabungwe, oweruza a boma, ndi akuluakulu ena apamwamba amagonjera ku “chigwirizano ndi chivomerezo” cha Nyumba ya Malamulo. Kufufuza kumeneku kungakhale malo aakulu ankhondo pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ikana kutsimikizira kapena kuchedwetsa ntchito. Kukana kwa 2016 kuchititsa kumvetsera Merrick Garland, Pulezidenti Obama ku Khoti Lapamwamba, kunali kugwiritsa ntchito kochititsa chidwi kwa ulamuliro wa kayendetsedwe ka bungweli. Kamara Harris Harris kuvomereza chivoti mu 2022 kutsimikizira kuti Jasiti la Great Javalk likhale ndi chiyambukiro cha nthambi ya boma. Zimenezi zikutsimikizira kuti wokhazikitsa chigwirizano cha ndale ya ndale zadziko, ngakhale kuti zingatsogolerenso ku chigalamulo cha bungwe la Kamaralalansi ya Klan Harborce ku Goversitian Jakkkkkkt.

Malamulo a Nthambi: Malamulo Opanga ndi Kutsatira Malamulo Aulemu

Bungwe lopanga malamulo ndilo bungwe lopanga malamulo, koma mphamvu yake imaposa kungopereka ndalama. Limachititsa uyang’aniro mwa kumvetsera, kufufuza, ndi mphamvu ya chikwama. Nthambi yapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri imayesa malire a cholinga cha lamulo, kuchititsa mikangano imene nthaŵi zina imafunikira chigamulo cha chiweruzo.

Kupenda Nkhani 1: Lamulo la Chithandizo Chosaŵerengeka ndi Chiyambukiro Chake

Affordble Care Act (ACA), inadutsa mu 2010 ndi mavoti a democratic okha, omwe anaimira chipambano chachikulu cha boma. Pambuyo pa chisankho chapakati pa 2010, ma Congress a Republican olamuliridwa ndi boma anayesa kukonzanso lamulo kudzera mwa lamulo ndipo pambuyo pake kudzera m'makonzedwe a bajeti. Atalephera, akuluakulu a Trump anagwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito maulamuliro apamwamba kufooketsa lamulo, monga kuchepetsa ndalama zowonongedwa ndi kuwonjezera zolinga zaumoyo zimene sizinagwirizane ndi malamulo a ACA.

Congress anayankha mwa kuphatikizapo chinenero m'lamulo la 2017 kuti athetse chilango cha msonkho, chomwe kenaka chinayambitsa chitokoso cha malamulo. Mu California v. Texas (201), Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza ACA, likupeza kuti mapepala a msonkhowo sanaimirire. Kufufuzaku kumasonyeza mmene nthambi zonse zitatu zingasokonezeke: lamulo loperekedwa ndi Congress, lomenyedwa ndi bungwe loyang'anira zinthu, ndipo pomalizira pake lotetezedwa ndi bungwe la judiary. Khoti Loyamba , likupeza kuti ACUMALIMBENT .

Kupenda Nkhani 2: Kusankha Monga Kayeso Kotsatira Malamulo

Malamulo amapatsa Nyumba ya Oimira mphamvu yokha ya kutsutsa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu yokha yoyesera kutsutsa. Njira imeneyi ndi yovuta kwambiri kuyang'anira nthambi ya malamulo ya bwanamkubwa ndi ya jaji. Kupeka kwa Pulezidenti Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, ndi Donald Trump (twice) imachitira fanizo mlingo wa ndale ndi malamulo a ulamuliro umenewu.

Chitsutso cha Pulezidenti Johnson chinayambitsidwa ndi mikangano ya kukonzanso malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a Ofesi, imene inalamulidwa pambuyo pake popanda boma. Prezidenti Clinton anatsutsa 1998 ndi kuletsa chilungamo chokhudzana ndi mlandu wa kuvutitsa kwa kugonana. Pulezidenti Trump adapatsidwa chilango mu 2019 chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa mphamvu ndi kusokoneza Congress ponena za Ukraine, ndipo kachiŵirinso 2021 chifukwa cha kusonkhezera chipanduko pambuyo pa kuukira Capitol kwa mu January 6. Mlandulo wonse, Serventi inamasula Pulezidentiyo, ikugogomezera chibale chotsekera chapamwamba cha kuchotsa. Komabe, dongosolo lauyang'a wandale ndi kulinganiza zotsatira zake, monga momwe zinawonekera pamene Sent Mit Romney anakanira mlandu pa gulu limodzi la anthu 2020.

Phunziro Lachitatu: Uyang’aniro wa Mabungwe ndi Mphamvu ya Katundu

Congress imagwiritsira ntchito mapologalamu ang'onoang'ono, akumva, ndi olinganiza ndalama kuyang'anira nthambi. Kulimbana kwa chidziŵitso kaŵirikaŵiri kumakula kukhala mikangano ya lamulo. Mkati mwa kuyang'anira kwa Obama, House Oversing Committee inafufuza ntchito ya mfuti yoyenda, kutsogolera ku kunyozedwa kwa Attorney General Eric Horer. Pambuyo pa kuyang'anira Trump, Nyumba ikulumidwa kukakamiza mapepala a umboni ndi mapepala a akuluakulu a nthambi, kuphatikizapo yemwe kale anali Wolemba la White House Don McGahn.

Kaŵirikaŵiri mikangano imeneyi imathera m'makhoti, kukakamiza oweruza kulinganiza kugaŵanitsa kwa maulamuliro ndi kufunika kwa kuŵerengera mlandu. Utumiki wa Kufufuza [[FLT: 1] wafalitsa malipoti aakulu a njira zauyang’aniro zimenezi.

Nthambi Yoweruza: Kumasulira Chilamulo, Kuteteza Ufulu Woyenera, ndi Kukhazikitsa Malire

Chigamulo chachiweruzo, makamaka Bwalo Lapamwamba, ndicho nthambi ya demokrase yocheperapo, komabe ulamuliro wake wakumasulira Malamulo ndi kugamula zochita ndi nthambi zina uli maziko a dongosolo la kupima ndi kulinganiza. Milandu ili pansipa imasonyeza mmene Khotilo lalongosolera mobwerezabwereza ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma.

Phunziro la Case 1: Marbury ndi Madison ndi Chiyambi cha Judicial Review

M’chimodzi cha zigamulo zazikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya America, Marbury v. Madison (1803]) anakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti Bwalo Lalikulu lili ndi mphamvu zolengeza machitidwe a Congress popanda kugamula. Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall, kulemba pa khoti logwirizana, anakhulupirira kuti Konsichushoni ndilo lamulo lapamwamba ndi kuti ndilo “lofunika chigawo ndi ntchito ya dipatimenti yachiweruzo yonena zimene lamulolo lili."

Mlanduwu unayambika pa mkangano wa ndale zadziko pambuyo pa chisankho cha 1800, pamene Pulezidenti John Adams anakhazikitsa “oweruza ausana.” Olamulira a Jefferson anakana kupereka ntchitozo, ndipo William Marbury anasudzula. Lingaliro la Marshall mochenjera linapeŵa kulimbana kwachindunji ndi Pulezidenti Jeffer Jefferson mwa kugamula kuti lamulo la Marbury linali lopanda lamulo. Chigamulocho chinakhazikitsa ntchito ya judiary monga nthambi yolingana ndi lamulo lalamulo ndipo chinayala maziko a zaka mazana ambiri. Popanda [FLT:] Marbury [[FLT: 1]], kuyang'anira ndi mamalipiro a ndalama za , chikatsimikizira kuti siingaletsedwe wosunga woloŵa.

Phunziro la Case 2: Brown v. Board of Education and Judicial Leadership on Civil Rights

Mu Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), Khoti Lapamwamba linagwirizana kuti kusankhana mafuko m’masukulu a anthu onse kunaswa Chitetezo cha Expression cha 1450. Chigamulo chimenechi chinalamulira “kusiyana koma kulingana” chiphunzitso chokhazikitsidwa mu Pyyv. Ferguson [1896]] ndi kutsutsa mwachindunji nthambi za malamulo ndi akuluakulu, zimene zinalola kuti chisankho chisanduke.

Chigamulocho chinayang'anizana ndi chitsutso chachikulu kuchokera ku maiko a kummwera ndipo ngakhale kwa Pulezidenti Eisenhower, amene anakayikira mwamseri. Komabe, ulamuliro wa Tchalitchi cha makhalidwe, kuphatikizapo ntchito yaudindo yotsatira (kugwiritsira ntchito kwa asilikali a boma kusungitsa ku Little Rock mu 1957) ndi kachitidwe ka lamulo (Chilamulo cha ufulu wachibadwile cha 1964 ndi Choinga Kolumbitsira ufulu wa anthu mu 1965), potsirizira pake anapanga kusintha kosintha. [[FLT: 0] Brown Brog]

Phunziro Lachitatu: M’pofunika Kumenyana pa Mwayi Wotsogolera ku Watergate

Chinyengo cha Watergate chimapereka fanizo lamphamvu la nthambi zonse zitatu zomenyana. Pambuyo pa kusweka pa likulu la Democratic National Committee, Pulezidenti Nixon anayesa kuphimba kuloŵetsedwa kwake. Congress inayambitsa kufufuza, ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo inapanga Komiti Yosankha pa Prezidential Campaice Actical . Pamene loya wapadera anafuna matepi a makaseti a White House, Nixon anapempha mwaŵi waudindo wa kuwamana.

Khoti Lapamwamba, mu United States v. Nixon [1] [FLT , [1997] , adagamula mogwirizana kuti kuvomereza kwa Pulezidenti kwa mwaŵi sikuli kotheratu ndipo sikunathe kuchotsa kufunika kwa umboni wa mlandu waupandu. Khoti linalamula kuti matepiwo atembenuzidwe, kuvumbula kuloŵetsedwa mwachindunji kwa Nixon . Kuyang'anizana ndi kusalabadira kwa Nyumba, Nixon . Mlanduwuwuwuwu unasonyeza kuti ja jadicaritse mkulu wa bungwelo kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo, ndi kuti kulephera kwa lamulo kwa nthambi ya malamulo kuli chiletso chodalirika, ngakhale kutsutsa pulezidenti wokhala pansi.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zinthu Zogometsa M’zaka za M’ma 2000: Mavuto Atsopano

Mikangano yamakono yayambitsa mafunso atsopano onena za kulinganiza mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsira ntchito kwa Congregation:0 Law LLC v. Confessial Providuction Bureaution , kufutukuka kwa “nthanthi ya maulamuliro,” ndi kuchuluka kwa mabungwe odziimira kwachititsa kutsutsana konse. Chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba cha 2020 mu Law LLC v. Ndalama za Ndalama zotetezera za Mabungwe zinachepetsa mphamvu ya Pulezidenti ya kuchotsa mutu wa bungwe la kudziimira, pamene [[FLT:] Collens v[FLT]. [2] [2]

Bungwe lina lamakono limaphatikizapo zoyesayesa za nthambi ya malamulo kukakamiza umboni kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a nthambi. Nyumbayo itafufuza kuukira kwa January 6 inatsogolera ku chigaŵenga chotsutsana ndi yemwe kale anali Woyera House wa antchito Mark Meadows, kusonyeza mmene Nyumba ya Malamulo ingachirikize kuyang'anira kwake kupyolera m’malamulo aupandu. Zochititsa zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti kuseŵera pakati pa nthambi kudakali kwamoyo, kopikisana ndi mbali ya ulamuliro wa Amereka.

Kumaliza: Kulimbana Kosatha

Nkhani yofufuzidwa pano imasonyeza kuti kupatukana kwa maulamuliro si malumbiro aukhondo koma ndi bwalo lochitirako malongosoledwe opitirizabe. Opezawo anayembekezera kuti chikhumbo ndi kudzifunira zingachititse nkhondo, ndipo anaona kuti kulimbana monga chitetezo pa ulamuliro wankhanza. Maulamuliro a zankhondo, Affordcable Care Act , kusagwirizana, [[FLT: 0]] Marbury v. Madison [FLT]], ndi Brown v. Board ya Education nthaŵi zonse zikuvumbula nthaŵi zonse pamene nthambi ina inanena kuti ipende ina, nthaŵi zina kukakamiza kusintha kumene boma lonse likufuna.

Kwa nzika ndi aphunzitsi, kumvetsetsa kugwirizana kumeneku nkofunika. Umoyo wa lipabuliki lalamulo umadalira nthambi iliyonse kukhala yofunitsitsa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake ndi kulemekeza ulamuliro wa ena. Pamene mavuto atsopano akubuka / kuchokera ku kutsendereza kwa akuluakulu a boma kufikira ku kutsendereza kwa lamulo ndi kulinganiza kwa mayeso ndi kulinganiza kupitiriza kusinthika. Lamulo la lamulo, lochirikizidwa ndi judiary, limakhalabe thanthwe limene limapanga dongosololi, kutsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imene imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri ndi kuti ufulu wa anthu usungidwe.