Madongosolo a Electoral ndi malamulo amene amatembenuza mavoti m'mipando, kupanga maziko a demokrase yoimira oimira. Kusankha njira yovota kumapanga mpikisano wandale, kumakhudza kukhazikika kwa magulu a anthu ochepa, ngakhalenso kukhazikitsa kayendetsedwe ka ndale. Mitundu padziko lonse yatengera njira zosiyanasiyana, iliyonse yokhala ndi mbiri yake yodzisankhira ndi zotsatira zake za demokrase. Kumvetsa madongosolo ameneŵa n’kofunika kwa nzika iliyonse imene ikufuna kupenda bwino ndi mogwira bwino mmene boma lawo limasonyezera chifuniro cha anthu. Nkhaniyi imapereka phunziro loyenerera la madongosolo opangira masankho ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, kupenda maluso awo, mphamvu zawo, zofooka, ndi ziyambukiro zawo zenizeni za ndale zadziko.

Kuyamba - Past- Zilembo Zofika (FPTP)

Yoyamba-Past-The Post [[FLT: 1] ndi njira yosavuta kuimvetsa: wosankha amene ali ndi mavoti ambiri m’chigawo chimodzi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku United Kingdom, United States, Canada, ndi maiko ena ambiri akale a Britain. Ngakhale kuti n’ngotchuka chifukwa cha kufewetsa kwake, FPPP imachititsa zotsatira zimene zimasungunula kwambiri kuchokera ku voti yotchuka.

Mmene Umagwirira Ntchito

Wosankha aliyense amasankha chisankho chimodzi kwa wobatizidwa mmodzi m’chigwirizano chake cha kumaloko. Wosankha amene amalandira mavoti ambiri kuposa wina aliyense amalengezedwa kukhala wopambana, ngakhale ngati alephera kupambana ndi unyinji wa anthu. Gulu limene limapambana makampani ambiri limapanga boma, ngakhale kuti silinapambane unyinji wa voti m’dziko lonselo.

Mapindu

  • Kusintha ndi liŵiro: Mavota amazindikiritsa wobatizidwa mmodzi, ndipo chotulukapo chake chimadziŵika mofulumira. Njirayo njosavuta kupereka ndi kulongosola.
  • Kuimira kwa opanga malamulo: chigawo chilichonse chili ndi MP imodzi, kupangitsa muyezo wowonekera wa kuŵerengera pakati pa wopanga malamulo ndi ziwiya zawo.
  • Matsiriziro a kutulutsa maboma okhazikika: Chifukwa chakuti FPTP imakuza malo a gulu lalikulu koposa, kaŵirikaŵiri imapatsa unyinji umodzi wa mbali, kuchepetsa kufunika kwa kukambitsirana kwa mgwirizano.
  • Atsata zipani zosinthasintha: Zipani zatsopano kapena zopambanitsa zimakupeza kukhala kovuta kupata mipando pokhapo ngati chichirikizo chawo chiri chokulira m’malo osiyanasiyana.

Zopinga

  • Maschipartiation : Malikiti angapata mipando yambiri yokhala ndi mavoti ochepera kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, m'chosankha chachisawawa cha UK, Consorvative Party inapambana 36.9% ya voti koma inalandira 50.8% ya mipando. Koma, Laberal Democrates inapata 7.9% ya voti koma 1.2% ya mipando.
  • Kuvota: Kaŵirikaŵiri opanga ndalama amasiya wofunsira woyamba chifukwa cha munthu wosakondedwa kwambiri koma wodalirika, akumasokoneza zokonda zenizeni.
  • Mavoti osankhidwa: Mavoti a oyembekezera kubwera atatu kapena anayi amatayidwa bwino. Pamipando yotetezereka, ovota angamve kuti chivoti chawo sichingakhudze kanthu.
  • Kujambula ndi kuphwanya: Kujambula malire a chigawo kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kupindulitsa m'zakudya kapena paphwando.
  • Kuperekedwa kwa timagulu tating’ono: mafuko, kapena malingaliro a timagulu tating’ono tokhala m’zigawo zonse sitingapambane malo.

Zitsanzo Zochititsa Chidwi

United States Congress imasankhidwa ndi FPTP yonse, kuthandizira ku dongosolo la mbali ziŵiri limene otsutsa ambiri amatsutsa kuti mamiliyoni a ovota alibe njira ina yodalirika. Ku Canada, FPTP nthaŵi zina yapanga “kupambana kwa [1] kwaposachedwapa . Koma kampani yokonza zinthu zamakono mu 2019 ndi 2021, pamene bungwe la Liberal Party linapanga boma ngakhale kuti linapambana mavoti ochepa kwambiri kuposa bungwe la Conservativeties. Ochirikiza a dongosololi amatsutsa kuti kumveka kwake ndi kuŵerengera kwake kolunjika kupambana kuchuluka kwa ndalama, koma magulu okonzanso zinthu ku Canada ndi UK akulingalira kuti kusakhutirako kukuwonjezereka.

Kuimira kwa Malamulo (PR)

Proportigational directoration cholinga cha kugaŵira mipando yolingana ndi mavoti, kutsimikizira kuti mipando ya chipani ikugwirizana ndi mbali yake ya voti yotchuka. PR imabwera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mpambo wa PR, wosanganizidwa ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana (MMP), ndi voti imodzi yosamutsidwa (STV). Mayiko onga Sweden, South Africa, ndi Israel akhala akugwiritsira ntchito PR kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Mmene Limagwirira Ntchito (Mndandanda wa PR)

M’njira yofala kwambiri, PR, ovota amasankha chipani mmalo mwa kubatizidwa. Masett amagaŵiridwa kwa chipani chilichonse mogwirizana ndi chisankho chake cha dziko kapena chigawo, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yonga d’Hondt kapena Sainte-Laguë. Macandidate amasankhidwa pa mpambo wa chipani. Ma Voter angakhale ndi chosankha cha kusonyeza kukondera kwa ofunsira omwe ali m’ndandanda.

Mapindu

  • Chiyeneretso: Nyumba ya malamulo imasonyeza kwambiri zokonda sankho. Zipani zazing'ono ndi timagulu tating'ono tingapambane ngati tidutsa malire ochepera.
  • Opesetsa anawononga mavoti: Pafupifupi voti iriyonse imathandiza kuŵerengera kwa mpando wa chipani, kupangitsa osankha kumva nkhani zawo zosankhidwa.
  • imagwirizanitsa nyumba zogwirizana: Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna kugwirizana, kumene kungatsogolere ku malamulo ogwirizana ndi kuimira kokulira.
  • Wovota wamkulu: Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti madongosolo a PR ali ndi ziŵerengero zapamwamba zotengamo mbali, mbali ina chifukwa chakuti ovota saona mavoti awo kukhala otayidwa.

Zopinga

  • Kusakhazikika kwa Malamulo: Nyumba za malamulo zopatulidwa zingapangitse kugwa kwa boma mobwerezabwereza. Israel ndi Italiya akumana ndi maboma anthaŵi yochepa chifukwa cha kufunika kwa zipani zambiri kupanga mgwirizano.
  • Kuŵerengera kwakwanuko: Mavoter sangadziŵe kuti ndi iti MP imene imachititsa dera lawo. Zigawo zazikulu za ziŵalo zambiri zimafooketsa kugwirizana pakati pa ma procession ndi oimira.
  • Kupimira: Njira zoŵerengera (m., d’Hondt, yaikulu koposa) zingasokoneze ovota, ndipo madongosolo a zipani amapereka mphamvu zotsimikizirika kwa utsogoleri wa chipani m'dongosolo la ofunsira.
  • M’pofunika kwambiri kwa magulu otsutsa: Motsatira, ngakhale timagulu tating’ono towopsya tingapeze zikole za nyumba ya malamulo, kuchititsa malingaliro opotozedwa kukhala opambanitsa.

Mtengo wa Member (MMP)

MMP, yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Germany, New Zealand, ndi mbali za Scotland, imaphatikiza FPTP constituencics ndi mipando yapamwamba yopezera kulingana. Voters amaponya mavoloti aŵiri: mmodzi wa wofunsira ndi mmodzi wa paphwando. Chivoticho chisankha mlingo wonse wa mipando, ndipo mipando imagawiridwa kuwongolera kusokonezeka kwa zinthu. MMP imasunga kuimira kwa kumaloko pamene ikutsimikizira zotulukapo zake zomalizira ziri zolingana. New Zealand inavomerezedwa pambuyo pa 1993 kutumiza MMP ndi nyumba yake tsopano imaphatikizapo mipatuko, kuchokera ku Green mpaka ku New Zealand Yoyamba.

Chosankha Chopimira (RCV) / Mwadzidzidzi Runoff Voting (IRV)

Ranked Choice Voting, yodziŵikanso monga Point- Runoff Voting mu mipikisano yokha [1] , imalola ovota kukhazikitsa osankhidwa m'njira yosankha. Ngati palibe wobatizidwa amene apambana mavoti ambiri oyambirira a chisankho, wosankhidwa womalizira amachotsedwa ndipo mavoti awo amafalitsidwa mogwirizana ndi chivoti chotsatirachi pa mpikisano uliwonse. Kachitidwe kameneka kamabwereza kufikira wofunsirayo atasunga unyinji wa anthu. RCV imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kusankhoti ya boma mu Australia, kaamba ka boma ndi masankhoti a kumaloko ku Maine ndi Alaska, ndi kaamba ka masankhoti ambiri a boma kudutsa United States.

Mapindu

  • Kuvomereza kusanthula kowona mtima: Mavoti angandanitsidwe choyamba kukhala okondedwa awo enieni popanda kuwopa “kupeputsa” chisankho cha woloŵa.
  • imalongosola chiyambukiro chowononga: Ofuna kulowa pa gawo lachitatu kapena odziimira okha angathamanga popanda kugawa voti ya chipani chachikulu chofananacho, kupanga masankho ambiri.
  • Achepetsa ndawala yoipa: Atsatiri ayenera kukopa kupyola maziko awo kukhala chosankha chachiŵiri cha ochirikiza ochotsa adani, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amayambitsa ndawala zochepera.
  • Aguanties wopata: Wopambanayo amachirikizidwa ndi ovota ambiri pamene alingaliridwa, mosiyana ndi FPTP kumene wopata wochuluka angapereke kagulu kochepa chabe ka osankhidwa.

Zopinga

  • Kuwomba ndi kuphophonya kwa voti: Mavota angasokonezedwe ndi njira yapamwamba, kutsogolera ku zilolezo zopanda ntchito. Maboma ena amaona milingo yapamwamba ya oponya mavoti kufikira ovota atazoloŵera.
  • Kuŵerengera nthaŵi: Ngati palibe wofunsira wokhoza kukwaniritsa unyinji pa kuŵerengera koyamba, ma redis translate ambiri akufunika, zimene zingachedwetse zotulukapo, makamaka pamene ma blackot ayenera kunyamulidwa ndi kusankhidwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ili ndi tanthauzo la zinthu zopanda umboni: M’zochitika zachilendo, wofuna kubatizidwa angalephere mwa kupata mavoti ambiri oyambirira (chodabwitsa chodziŵika monga “kulephera kwa ufulu wa munthu" kapena pambuyo pake . Otsutsa zimenezi amatsutsa chilungamo cha dongosolo.
  • Sizingawongolere kuimira kwa timagulu tating'ono: Chifukwa chakuti IRV idakali njira imodzi yokha, siikutsimikizira kulinganiza kwa magulu osiyanasiyana m'dziko lonse la malamulo. Ikhozabe kutulutsa wopambana amene ali chosankha chachiŵiri cha ovota ambiri koma chosankha choyamba cha oŵerengeka.

Maute Otumizidwa pa Okha (STV)

Vote yotumizidwa Imodzi ndi njira ya chigawo chochulukira . Ofuna kulowa m'malo amodzi paokha (osati zipani), ndipo chigawo chaikidwa [1] [1] (mavoti onse ovomerezedwa + 1)) (kuchuluka kwa mipando yokha + 1). Osankha amene amapitirira muyeso amasankhidwa, ndipo mavoti awo amasamutsidwira ku zinthu zina. Ngati palibe munthu amene akwaniritsa chigawocho, wofooka kwambiri amachotsedwa ndipo mavoti awo amatengedwa. Zimenezi zimapitirizabe kufikira mipando yonse itadzaza. STV imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Ireland kaamba ka masankhoti, ku Melita, ndi mavoti ena a kumalo ena ku Scotland ndi ku Australia.

Mapindu

  • Zotsatirapo zogwirizana kwambiri: STV imapanga kugwirizana kwapafupi pakati pa mavoti ndi mipando, pamene kuli kwakuti amalolanso ovota kusankha pakati pa ofunsirawo mmalo mwa mapwando.
  • Mavoti otayidwa a polisi: Mavoti amasinthidwa kufikira athandiza kusankha woloŵa, kutanthauza pafupifupi chivoti chirichonse chimapereka chipambano kwa wina.
  • Mpikisano wa Intrapartic: Mathangata ochokera ku gulu limodzimodzilo ayenera kupikisana ndi kusamutsidwa, kuwalimbikitsa kudzisiyanitsa ndi kuchonderera ku mbali yaikulu ya mtanda wa ovota.
  • Chosankha cha `[FLT'] [1] Mavota angandanitsidwe mzera wa maphwando, kuchirikiza maphwando kapena anthu ena mogwirizana ndi zimene amakonda.

Zopinga

  • Kuchuluka kwa kuŵerengera: [[FLT :1] Kuŵerengera STVot ndi ma translate ambiri ndi ntchito yochedwa ndipo ingathe kuchedwa zotulukapo za masiku. Mavoter afunikiranso kuzindikira mmene zikondazo zidzagwiritsidwira ntchito.
  • [[FLT: 0] Maloti aatali: m'chigawo chokhala ndi oyembekezera ambiri, onse angakhale otopetsa, ndipo ovota angafikire kuyamikira oŵerengeka okha.
  • Ukulu wa chigawo waukulu wofunikira: [[FLT :1] Kuti STV ifikire kuufupi wokwanira, zigawo ziyenera kusanthula zigawo zosachepera 3-5. Zigawo zazing'ono kwambiri (m., 228seat) zingatulutse zotulukapo zofanana ndi FPTP.
  • Zikalata zapamwamba za machenjera: zingaike maliro otchuka a anthu ena poyembekezera kupititsa patsogolo iwowo, mtundu wa khalidwe lapadera lofanana ndi kuvota kwaluso kwinakwake.

Njira Zina Zodziŵika

Kulandira Chilolezo

Povomereza kuvota, ovota anga “watsimikizire” kuti ambiri akufuna kubatizidwa monga momwe amafunira. Wosankha amene wapambana mavoti ambiri. Dongosolo limeneli limagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankho ena a boma mu United States ndi m'zigawo za ndale zadziko. Nlosavuta, kuchepetsa chiyambukiro cha wowononga, ndi kulimbikitsa ovota kusonyeza kuchirikiza oyembekezera kuchuluka. Komabe, silikutenga mphamvu, ndipo likhoza kutsogolera ku kusankhidwa kwa wofunsira wotetezeka, wotsika, wocheperapo udindo amene ali chosankha chachiŵiri cha aliyense koma palibe amene ali chosankha chokondweretsa choyamba.

Kutulutsa Maluŵa / Kutulutsa Manja

Voters apeza kuti wosankhidwa aliyense pa mlingo wa manambala (m’chingapo 0 mpaka 5). Wosankha amene ali ndi chiwonkhetso chapamwamba kwambiri (kapena avereji) apambana. Kuvota kumalola ovota kusonyeza madigiri a chichirikizo ndipo kumateteza ku zotsatirapo za wowononga. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti kukhoza kusanthula anthu otsata mwadongosolo kuti awonjezere chiŵerengero cha oyembekezera ofooka, ndipo kuŵerengerako nkovuta kwambiri kuposa kuchuluka kwa anthu wamba.

Malo Otchedwa Borda

Borda ndi njira yodziŵika bwino kwambiri imene oyembekezera kulandira mfundo mogwirizana ndi malo awo pa malo amodzi: kwa ofunsira, voti yoyamba [1] imapatsa n'[FLT] n' malo, amapatsa [kachiŵiri] [[FLT:] n [1] n [1], ndi zina zotero. Kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'masankhoti a maphunziro ndi m'mipikisano yaing'ono. Kumawoneka kukhala kovomerezeka kwa oyenerera kuposa zikondwerero, koma nkosavuta kwambiri kuyendetsa [[FLT:] [1] [[FLT]] [1] , ndi zina zomalizira).

Kupenda Moyerekezera: Malonda ndi Manda

Palibe dongosolo lovota lolondola; lililonse limakhala ndi miyezo yosiyanasiyana. FPTP imaika patsogolo kuŵerengera mlandu kwa mudzi ndi boma limodzi lokhazikika pamtengo wa kulinganiza. Madongosolo a projectation amapereka kuimira koyenera koma kaŵirikaŵiri pa kuwonongeka kwa maunansi a kumalo ndi kukhazikika. Madongosolo a RibankÍqued projective imasintha FP m'zigawo chimodzi [1]winner koma samakambirana kulinganiza kwa onse. STEV ndi MMP imayesa kugwirizanitsa kuimira kwa dziko ndi kulinganiza, koma kulimba kwake kungakhale chopinga cha kuvomereza ndi kuyendetsa bwino.

Kugwira ntchito kwa dongosolo lopatsidwa kumadaliranso pa chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko ndi kakhalidwe ka anthu a dzikolo. Anthu ogaŵanika kwambiri ndi mafuko kapena zigaŵenga zachipembedzo angapindule ndi dongosolo la PR limene limapatsa magulu onse mawu, pamene kuli kwakuti dziko lofanana kwambiri lingakhale ndi dongosolo lamphamvu limene limatulutsa maboma otsimikiza. Kusankha dongosolo la osankhidwa kuli chosankha cha lamulo chimene chiyenera kupangidwa pambuyo pa kupenda mosamalitsa, kudziŵitsidwa ndi umboni woyerekezera ndi zofunika za wosanthula.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo a kuulutsa si tsatanetsatane wa luso chabe; amaumba thanzi la demokrase. Kumvetsetsa ubwino ndi kuipa kwawo kumapatsa nzika mphamvu ya kupenda dongosolo lazokha ndi kuchirikiza kusintha. Chikhoterero cha zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa chakhala cha njira zowonjezereka ndi zolinganiza, ndi maiko monga New Zealand yomwe imapita ku MMP ndi U.S. mizinda yambiri yolandira RC. Komabe, kusintha kulikonse kumatenga malonda, ndipo palibe njira iliyonse imene ingakhutiritse mapindu onse a democracy. Mfungulo ndiyo kugwirizanitsa dongosolo la chitaganya chimene ikutumikira, nthaŵi zonse kukumbukira kuti chomalizira ndicho chiyanjo chimene chimawonera anthu pamene akuyendetsa bwino zinthu. Nzika zimene zimachita ndi nkhani zimenezi kutsimikizira kuti ziwongothandiza kukwaniritsa zitoko.