Maziko a Mfulu ya Malamulo a Munthu Aliyense

Ufulu wa malamulo umakhala maziko a ulamuliro wa democracy, kukhazikitsa maluso alamulo amene amatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense kwa ochenjeredwa ndi boma. Ku United States, Konsichushoni ndi kusintha kwake zimapanga dongosolo limene lakhala losintha kwa zaka mazana ambiri, kumasulira, ndi kulimbana kwa anthu. Ziyenga za ufulu wachibadwidwe zoyamba khumi zovomerezedwa mu 1791.

Ufulu umenewu suli wokhazikika. Makhoti amene amamasuliranso kuti anthu amamva bwino chilungamo. Mwachitsanzo, chitsimikizo cha ufulu woyamba cha kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za ufulu chafutukuka kuteteza mawu ophiphiritsa, zopereka zandale, ndi nkhani za pa Intaneti, pamene akuyang'ananso mafunso atsopano okhudza nkhani zabodza ndi mawu a chidani. Kutetezedwa kwa Commergement ku kufunafuna kosayenera kwayesedwa ndi luso la zofufuza zamakono limene oyambitsawo sakanatha kuliganizira. Chilemberetso cha Eighth Amendment chakhala ndi chiletso chankhanza ndi chilango chachilendo chochititsa mikangano yokhudza kutsekedwa kwa anthu ndi chilango cha imfa.

Kuzindikira zoyenera za lamulo kumafuna kuzindikira kuti pali mavuto pakati panu. Kuyenera kwa kusonkhana kwaulere kungawombane ndi nkhaŵa za kutetezeka kwa anthu. Kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida, kotetezeredwa pansi pa Lamulo Lachiŵiri, kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsutsana ndi zoyesayesa za kukhazikitsa njira zotetezera mfuti. Kulimbana kumeneku sikuli kulakwa koma mbali za dongosolo lolinganizidwira kulinganiza makhalidwe opikisana. National Constitution Center imapereka thulirapo lalikulu pa mmene ufulu wa mfutiwu umagwirira ntchito ndi kusinthika.

Ufulu waukulu wa lamulo umene umaphatikizana kaŵirikaŵiri ndi nkhani zachikhalidwe ndi chilungamo umaphatikizapo izi:

  • Mpambo Woyamba: [ Ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, kusindikiza, msonkhano, ndi kupempha
  • Demendment: Kutetezeredwa ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi khunyu
  • Fith Amendment: Kuyenerera, kutetezeredwa ku kudzipatula, ndi malo otchuka
  • Kusintha kwa Malamulo: Chitetezero ku belo lopambanitsa, faindi, ndi chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo
  • Demeterment of Development:[[FL:1] chitetezo cholingana pansi pa lamulo, ntchito yoyenerera, ndi ufulu wa unzika
  • Mpambo wa Kusintha kwa Pansi pa Desiti: Kupatsa ufulu mosasamala kanthu za fuko
  • Demetrisement: Kupatsa ufulu mosasamala kanthu za kugonana

Chimodzi ndi chimodzi cha ziwonjezeko zimenezi chiri ndi mbiri ya ponse paŵiri kufutukuka ndi kugaŵana, kaŵirikaŵiri kusonyeza mkhalidwe wandale ndi wa mayanjano wa nyengo. Chisinthiko cha 14th, mwachitsanzo, chinavomerezedwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni kutsimikizira chitetezero chofanana kwa anthu akale ogwidwa ukapolo, komabe chinatenga pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi la kutembenuzidwa ndi kuchita kachitidwe ka zinthu . Kupyolera konga Brown v. Board of Education[FLD (19544) .to kutsempha chivomezo cha boma la boma la opansidwa ndi liwolo.

Chilungamo cha Mayanjano Monga Chochititsa Chimodzi cha Makhalidwe

Chilungamo chamakhalidwe chimasintha kuposa malamulo a ufulu wa anthu kulongosola kugaŵidwa kwa mphamvu, chuma, ndi mwaŵi mkati mwa chitaganya. Pamene kuli kwakuti zoyenera za lamulo zimakhazikitsa zimene boma lingachite kwa anthu, chilungamo chamakhalidwe chimafunsa chimene chitaganya chiyenera kuchita [ kwa mamembala ake ] makamaka awo amene anachotsedwa kapena amene anali osoŵa. Kusiyana kumeneku n’kovuta: ufulu wa lamulo uli wolakwika kwambiri (ufulu wa kuloŵererapo m’zochitapo kanthu), pamene chilungamo cha anthu kaŵirikaŵiri chimafuna mathayo opindulitsa (ufulu kulowa m’zinthu zofunika ndi mautumiki).

Chiphunzitso cha chilungamo cha anthu chili ndi maziko aakulu a nzeru za anthu. Plato Republic analingalira chilungamo kukhala chigwirizano pakati pa chitaganya mmene mbali iriyonse imachita mbali yake. Olingalira a Chidziŵitso . John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ndi Immanuel Kant . Nthanthi zoyambitsidwa za pangano la mayanjano ndi ulemu wachibadwa wa munthu zimene zimachirikiza nkhani za ufulu wa anthu. M’zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri, akatswiri onga John Rawls adafotokoza bwino ziphunzitso za chilungamo monga chilungamo, akutsutsa kuti chitaganya chimodzi chimene chimalinganiza kupindula ndi phindu laling'ono. Malingaliro a " a Grickylearly adakali chidale chothandiza kwambiri kupenda kaya kulinganiza kuti makonzedwe a kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kakhale koyenera.

Magulu a zachilungamo a m’nthaŵi yathu ino amasumika maganizo pa zigawo zingapo zogwirizana:

  • Chiweruzo cha zachuma: malipiro a moyo, nyumba zokhoza kugulitsidwa, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo chapadziko lonse, ndi msonkho wosakondera
  • Chiweruzo cha boma: Kutsutsa ufuko wa dongosolo la ntchito m'ntchito yapolisi, nyumba, maphunziro, ndi ntchito
  • Chiweruzo chogwirizana: malipiro olingana, ufulu wosankha kubereka, ndi ufulu ku chiwawa chozikidwa pa kugonana
  • Chiweruzo chakuya: Kulamulira chiyambukiro chosayerekezeka cha kuipitsa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo pa midzi ndi midzi ya mitundu yochepera yopezeka ndi ya mitundu
  • Kusintha kwa chiweruzo chachisawawa: kutha kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri, kuchotsa belo la ndalama, ndi kuchirikiza chilungamo chokonzanso
  • Tsankho losatheka: Kuthandiza kupezeka, malo ogona, ndi kutengamo mbali mokwanira m'chitaganya

Malo ameneŵa samagwira ntchito modzipatula. Mawu ogwirizana ndi malo amodzi opatula. Mawu oyambitsidwa ndi katswiri wa zamalamulo Kimberlé Crenshaw . Amasonyeza mmene kulolerana monga fuko, chisembwere, chigawo, ndi kugonana kumapangira zokumana nazo zapadera zonse ziŵiri za mwaŵi ndi kutsendereza. Mkazi Wakuda woyang'anizana ndi tsankhu kuntchito angaonedwe mosiyana ndi mkazi wachiyera kapena mwamuna wakuda, chifukwa chakuti iye amakhala pa kudutsa kwa magulu ambiri opatukana. Kuweruza kwamakhalidwe a anthu kuyenera kuchititsa madongosolo otsalirapo.

A United Nations akugwira ntchito yoweruza za kakhalidwe ka anthu nkhani zimenezi monga zofunika za padziko lonse, kuzindikira kuti umphaŵi, kusalingana, ndi kunyalanyaza kusokoneza mtendere ndi chitukuko padziko lonse. Zonulirapo za Sustated Development , zotengedwa mu 2015, zimaphatikizapo mikole yochepetsera kusalingana, kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zabwino, ndi kutsimikizira kuti onse apeze chilungamo.

Kumene Ufulu wa Malamulo Umavomerezana ndi Chiweruzo cha Mayanjano

Kuloŵa m'malo kwa ufulu walamulo ndi chilungamo cha anthu ndiko kumene malamulo alamulo ovuta kumvetsetsa anakhalira moyo. Kuyenera kolembedwa papepala sikumatanthauza zambiri ngati zopinga za dongosolo zikuletsa anthu kugwiritsa ntchito. Ufulu wosankha, wotetezedwa ndi malamulo ambiri, watsekedwa ndi malamulo a ovota, kuchotsa mavoti, ndi kutsekedwa kwa malo opatulira m'madera ochepa. Kuyenera kwa kuyesa koyenera kumanyozedwa ndi tsankho la fuko losankha la oweruza, kupereŵera kwa lamulo la oimba mlandu, ndi malamulo oletsa opanga zipamba.

Kusiyana kumeneku pakati pa lonjezo la lamulo ndi zenizeni ndi kusoŵa kwa chilungamo cha anthu. Magulu safuna kulowa mmalo ufulu walamulo; amafuna kupangitsa aliyense kukhala weniweni ndi watanthauzo. Kaŵirikaŵiri kulimbanako kuli kwa kumasulira ndi kusungitsa: kodi chitetezero chofanana chimafunikira chiyani? Kodi ndi liti pamene njira yoyenerera ikufuna zoposa lamulo la kukhazikitsa malamulo? Kodi ndi motani mmene makhoti ayenera kulinganizira ufulu wopikisana pamene aloŵa m’mikangano?

Gulu la Kuyenera kwa Chiŵeniŵeni: Kutseka Mpata wa Kukakamiza

Chivomezi cha Chisungiko cha Ufulu wa Anthu cha m’ma 1950 ndi 1960 chimapereka chitsanzo champhamvu koposa cha mmene kulungamitsa kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu kungasinthire tanthauzo la lamulo. Pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi pambuyo pa Kukonzanso kwa 14 ndi 15 kotsimikizira chitetezero ndi zoyenera zovota, maiko a Kum’mwera anasunga dongosolo lankhanza la kugaŵa ndi kuchotsa zigaŵenga kupyolera mwa Jim Crow. Aafirika sanakhoze kuvota, ku sukulu zachiyera, kugwiritsira ntchito malo ogona a anthu onse, kapena kutumikira pa makhoti. Ufulu wa lamulo unalipo papepala koma unakanidwa mwachiwawa, kuopseza, ndi kuletsa mwalamulo.

Gululo linagwiritsira ntchito njira zambiri kutsekereza mpata uwu: kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama (NaACP Legal Defense Fund's milandu yomaliza Brown v. Gulu la Maphunziro ), kachitidwe kachindunji (makampani, ufulu, ndi masiteshoni), ndi malamulo oletsa ufulu (Chiletso cha Boma cha 1964 ndi Chiletso cha Zoyenerera Zochita za Vong Rights mu 1965). Gululo linakhoza osati kokha kusintha malamulo komanso kugamula za kulingana ndi zimene anthu amafuna. NACPUPFFFUF ) LPA LAGUPS ) LULULU , kupitirizabe ntchitoyikana kwaundano m'maphunziro, Octopto, ndi kayendetsende, ndi kayendetsende ya milandu yauchiganga.

Gulu la Akazi la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Nkhondo Yopitirizabe ya ERA

Gulu la ufulu wa akazi limasonyeza zonse ziŵiri mphamvu ndi malire a kusintha kwa lamulo. Demeterment ya 19te, yovomerezedwa mu 1920, inapatsa akazi ufulu wosankha, koma sinatsimikizire kuti akazi anali ndi ufulu wofanana m'mbali zina za lamulo. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, akazi anayang'anizana ndi tsankho lalamulo pantchito, ku ngongole, ukwati, ndi ufulu wodzisankhira. Aumente Rights Amerekation (ERA), oyamba kuyambitsidwa mu 1923, cholinga cha kugonjetsa zimenezi mwa kuletsa poyera tsankho la kugonana lozikidwa pa Malamulo.

ERA inaperekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo mu 1972 ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi maboma 35, koma inalephera ndi mayiko atatu pa maiko 38 ofunika kulera ana. Kulephera kwa bungwe la ERA kwasiya kulingana kwa amuna ndi akazi popanda maziko omveka bwino, kukakamiza ochirikiza kudalira pa lamulo lotetezera la 144 ndi malamulo a boma monga Theort VII ndi Ditut IX. Nkhondo yosatha ya ERA . Imene posachedwapa yakhala ikuchitikanso ndi kuwonjezereka kwa malamulo a boma popanda maziko alamulo, kukakamiza ochirikiza kudalira pa malamulo otetezera 144 ndi malamulo a boma monga kuti ikhale cholinga ndi chipangizo cha chilungamo.

LGBTQ+ Gulu la Ufulu ndi Kulingana kwa Ukwati

LGBTQ+ kulinganiza kwa zoyenera zinafikira chimodzi cha masinthidwe ofulumira kwambiri m'lamulo la malamulo kupyolera m'kumenyera ulingana kwa ukwati. Mu 1986, Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza malamulo oletsa kuyanjana kwa kugonana mu [FLT] Boowrs v. Hardwick . Kusintha kochititsa chidwiku sikunali chotulukapo cha chisinthiko chokha; kunasonkhezeredwa ndi zaka makumi ambiri za ntchito ya [FLD:2] Obergefell v. Hodges kuti okwatirana asunt projective alamulo la kukwatira. Kusintha kochititsa chidwiku sikunachokera ku chisinthiko chokha; kunasonkhezeredwa ndi ntchito ya kutembenuza anthu, maphunziro apoyera, ndi zomanga zaudzu zomwe zinasintha malamulo ndi mitima yonse.

Njira ya gululo inaphatikiza kupambana kwa lamulo la lamulo lomwe linakhazikitsa milandu ya ukwati yapamwamba , lamulo (kusintha kwa Defense of Marriage Act), ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe (kuwonjezeka kuwonekera kupyolera m'zoulutsira nkhani, kulandiridwa kwa banja, ndi kuphatikizidwa pantchito). Chotulukapo chinali kupambana kwa lamulo lomwe linatembenuza mwachindunji m'zochitika zachikhalidwe za anthu: okwatirana a m'zaka zapakati apeza ufulu wa kuyang'za moyo, choloŵa, zolandira, mapindu a msonkho, ndi kudziŵika kwa anthu. Komabe gululo limavomereza kuti kulingana kwalamulo sikumatsimikizira kukhala ndi moyo wolingana; LGBTQ+ Aamereka akupitirizabe kuyang'anizana ndi tsankho m'zoloŵa, ntchito, ndi kusamala zaumoyo m'maiko ambiri popanda malamulo odzitetezera.

Malo Operekera Ufulu ndi Kutsutsa

Ziŵiri za kuloŵerera kwakukulu kwa ufulu walamulo ndi chilungamo cha anthu lerolino ndi ufulu wovota ndi kuyenera kwa kutsutsa. Chikalata cha Voting Rights Act cha 1965 chinali chimodzi cha malamulo othandiza kwambiri a ufulu wa anthu m'mbiri ya America, koma chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu cha 2013 mu Shelby County v. Hanger adawononga malamulo ofunika kwambiri amene akufunika ndi nkhani za tsankho kuti apeze chilolezo cha boma asanasinthe malamulo ovomerezekasankha. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, akhazikitsa malamulo a voti, a voti, atseke malo ofufuza, ndi kusanthula kopetsa koyambirira, ndi kujambula koperewera kumene kumayambukira kwambiri mitundu ya anthu, okalamba, ophunzira, ndi ophunzira.

Ufulu wa kutsutsa, wotetezeredwa ndi First Amendment, wayang'anizananso ndi mavuto atsopano. Kuyankha kwa apolisi ku zitsutso za George Floyd mu 2020 kunavumbula kusagwirizana kwa mmene zitsutso za anthu osiyanasiyana zimachitidwira. Nthaŵi zina kutsutsa kwachitika ndi chiwawa kapena kusalabadira kwa boma. Oweruza amakhalidwe atsutsa kuti ufulu wa kusonkhana umatanthauza zochepa ngati apolisi angalengeze kuti asonkhanitse msonkhano uliwonse wosakhala wa lamulo kapena ngati makampani angaumirize kupondereza zifuno ndi zifunitso za inshuwalansi.

Zopinga Zoletsa Chilungamo cha Anthu

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo oteteza anthu ndiponso malamulo amene amachititsa kuti anthu azingochita zinthu mwachisawawa, zopinga za dongosolo la zinthu zikupitirizabe kulepheretsa anthu kuti azichita zinthu mwachilungamo.

Kusankhana Mafuko ndi Kusalingana Makonzedwe

Ufuko waufuko wa mtundu umasonyezedwa ndi kusonyezedwa mwa njira zachibadwa za mabungwe, ngakhale popanda cholinga chodziŵira poyera. Malamulo a nyumba, kubwereketsa machitidwe a sukulu, ndi njira zaupandu za kuweruza zonsezo zimatulutsa zotulukapo zosiyana. Redlining, chizoloŵezi cha kukana ngongole m'malo a Black, chinaletsedwa mu 1968 Fair Hollas Act, koma ziyambukiro zake zikupitiriza m'madera opatuka, umphaŵi waukulu, ndi mipatuko ya chuma. Banja lachiyera limakhala ndi chuma cha banja la Black, mwendo umene wangokhalako zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu.

Kusalingana Zachuma ndi Kupeza Chilungamo

Malamulo a ufulu wa kupereka uphungu m'milandu, okhazikitsidwa mu Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), amalemekezedwa kaŵirikaŵiri m'kuswa. Madongosolo otetezera anthu onse m'dziko lonse ndi oletsedwa, ndi maloya onyamula milandu amene amapanga zizindikiro zogwira mtima. Mlandu wa woimbidwa mlandu ungadalire kwambiri pa kukhoza kwawo kulipira loya wachinsinsi kuposa pa mphamvu ya umboni. Pankhani zachiŵeniŵeniŵeni, mikangano ya ana, kulipirana kwa ngongole, pali ndino [1] kuikidwa kwabwino, ndi kulandidwa kwa anthu otsutsa.

Kusalingana kwa zachuma kumapanganso mphamvu zandale. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu United v. FEC (2010) imalola makampani opanda malire ndi mgwirizano wa anthu pa ndawala za ndale zadziko, kuchititsa nkhaŵa kuti anthu wamba amamizidwa ndi zikondwerero zachuma. Voter akusintha kwambiri ndi ndalama ndi maphunziro, kutanthauza kuti wosankhidwayo saimira anthu onse monga gulu. Oweruza amakhalidwe a anthu amakakamiza kuti apange projekiti, ovota, ndi kutsimikizira kuti mkhalidwe wa zachuma sugwirizana ndi mawu andale.

Kusagwirizana kwa Ndale ndi Zopinga Zamphamvu

United States ndi limodzi la maufumu angapo amene amakana ufulu wosankha anthu okhala ndi zigamulo zauchigamulo, kwa zaka zambiri kapena ngakhale moyo wawo wonse atamaliza zilango zawo. Chichitidwe chimenechi chikutha pafupifupi mamiliyoni asanu ndi limodzi a ku America, Black ndi Latino. M'mayiko ambiri, malamulo oletsa kuvota anakhazikitsidwa kuti aletse anthu akuda pamapeto pa nkhondo ya Chiweniweni. Chiyambukiro cha mafuko ameneŵa chikupitirizabe lerolino, ndipo zoyesayesa kubwezeretsa ufulu wosankha ufulu wa kugamula kuyang'anizana ndi chitetezero cha boma limene kaŵirikaŵiri limayang'anizana ndi kuteteza ufulu wandale zimene zimayenderapo pochita monga choletsa kutenga nawo mbali m’boma.

Kupyola kutsutsa kwa mapulani, gerrymanidering . Kujambula kwa magawo a osankhidwa kuti apindule ndi chipani chimodzi kapena gulu limodzi . Kuphatikiza pamodzi ndi maluwa andale ndi Electoral College, mbali zimenezi zimapanga dongosolo limene ovota ambiri akuona kuti kuvota kwawo sikuli kopanda vuto. Mabungwe a chilungamo a anthu akusumika kwambiri maganizo pa kusintha kwa malo: kusanthula kwa malo apadera, mabungwe odziimira, ndi kuchotsedwa kwa Electoral College zonsezo kupangitsa dongosolo landale zadziko kukhala lovomereza ndi loyenerera.

Malamulo Othandiza Kupita Patsogolo Chilungamo cha Anthu Kudzera m’Kuphunzitsa Malamulo

Chilungamo chopita patsogolo cha chitaganya chimafunikira kugwira ntchito ponse paŵiri mkati ndi kunja kwa dongosolo lalamulo. Kutsutsa kwa Malamulo kungakhazikitse zitsanzo zofunika, koma zilakiko za khoti zingakhale zochepera, zofooka, kapena zobwezeredwa ndi makhoti amtsogolo. Malamulo angatulutse zitetezero zokhalitsa, koma malamulo angabwezeretsedwe kapena kuchotsedwa. Malamulo angayambitse mphamvu ndi kusintha malingaliro a anthu, koma amafunikira kuyesayesa kwanthaŵi yaitali kwa zaka zambiri kapena zaka makumi ambiri.

Malamulo ndi Kusokoneza

Impact litigation . mabungwe monga ACLU, NAACCGConfect Defense , Southern Povernment Law Center , ndi Center for Constitution Rights abweretsa milandu imene imatsutsa malamulo a boma, kusamvera malamulo a apolisi, ndi kuswa ufulu walamulo. Nkhani zimenezi zingatulutse malingaliro achiweruzo omwe amamveketsa tanthauzo la chitetezo cha malamulo ndi kupereka machiritso pa kuswa mabungwe.

Komabe, kudalira makhoti kuli ndi malire. Oweruza amaikidwa, osati kusankhidwa, ndipo ajuli a boma akhala osunga mwambo kwambiri m’zaka makumi aposachedwapa. Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu pa ufulu wovota, ndalama za polisi, kuchotsa mimba, ndi kuvomereza zonse zakhala zolondola, kuchepetsa zida zimene zilipo kwa ochirikiza chilungamo cha anthu. Motero njira yalamulo iyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi malamulo ndi zitseko zaudzu zimene zingasinthe m'malo achiweruzo abwino.

Kuphwanya Malamulo ndi Kuphunzitsa Mwalamulo

Lamulo la lamulo limafuna kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amagwirizanitsa malamulo a zachilungamo m'malamulo. Chikalata cha Chisungiko, Chikalata cha Malo Oyenera Kupatsiratu Ufulu, Aamereka Okhala ndi Chiletso cha Kuvutika, ndi Affordal Care Act zonse ndi zitsanzo zonse za mmene malamulo angatembenuzire malamulo alamulo ndi malamulo a chilungamo ku ufulu wosungidwa. Kulamulira kwa boma ndi mlingo wa dziko, kumene ochirikiza kukakamiza miyezo yonga ya apolisi kusintha, kulipira ndalama, ndi kuwonjezera ndalama zochirikiza kuchirikiza ufulu wa anthu.

Dongosolo la malamulo limafunikira kumanga mogwirizana, kusonkhezera, maphunziro a anthu onse, ndi kukakamiza kwa ndale zadziko. Magulu a chilungamo a kakhalidwe ka anthu amagwirizana m'zochitika zonsezi, kaŵirikaŵiri kugwira ntchito pamodzi zogwirizanitsa chilungamo cha fuko, chilungamo cha zachuma, malo okhala, ndi magulu a ufulu wa anthu.

Mizu ya Maluŵa Imapanga ndi Kumanga Mipingo

Magulu olinganiza masinthidwe amene ali ndi ulamuliro ndi mmene amapangira zosankha. Mabungwe amaphunzitsa atsogoleri a chitaganya, kupanga madongosolo, ndi kulimbikitsa anthu kuchitapo kanthu paokha. Magulu opangidwa mwa mawindo a udzu kulinganiza . Civil Rights Movement, gulu la famister, kumenya ufulu wa anthu olumala ndi malamulo okha apangitsa kusintha kumene sikungafikire. Kupanga zigamulo zandale, kusintha maganizo a anthu, ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu osankhidwa kukhala ndi mlandu.

Malo amene amapanga udzu amakono amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zipangizo zamakono. Makampani oulutsira zinthu amalola kuti makampani afalitse mauthenga, kugwirizanitsa zinthu, ndi kupanga madongosolo a dziko ndi dziko. Komiti ya Black Live Matter, # MeToo, ndi gulu lokhazikitsa chilungamo la achinyamata monga Greta Thinberg agwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono kuti awonjezere mawu awo ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu. Komabe, makompyuta ayenera kugwirizana ndi mau ndi mabungwe a dziko lapansi ndi mabungwe kuti asinthe.

Nyumba Yomanga Malo Okhalamo Malo Oyandikana Ndiponso Yogwirizana ndi Malo Oyandikana

Palibe gulu limodzi limene lingafikire chilungamo cha anthu lokha. Kugwirizana kogwirizana kumafuna kumanga mgwirizano m'nkhani ndi m'zifukwa. Mabungwe a chiweruzo cha malo okhala amagwirizana ndi antchito ndi ochirikiza thanzi la anthu. Mabungwe achilungamo a fuko amagwira ntchito ndi magulu a ufulu wa anthu osamukira kwina ndi mabungwe osankhira ufulu wa osankha. Chilungamo chotayirira chimachirikiza magulu omenyera limodzi ndi magulu omenyera ufulu wa zaumoyo ndi dongosolo la chilengedwe chonse. Mabungwe ameneŵa amakhazikitsa mphamvu ndi kutsimikizira kuti maguluwo athetse kusalungama kokwanira.

Chigwirizano cha pakati pa zigwirizano chimatanthauzanso kuti magulu ayenera kupenda mphamvu zawo za mkati. Gulu la chiweruzo la fuko limene limanyalanyaza kugonana kwa mwamuna kapena kupunduka lingafanane ndi lija limene limafuna kuchotsa. Mabungwe a chilungamo amakhalidwe amatsatira mowonjezereka zigwirizano zimene zimaika patsogolo zokumana nazo za otsika koposa, kuzindikira kuti kukweza ovutika koposa kumakweza aliyense.

Mphamvu Yosintha ya Maphunziro ya Chilungamo

Maphunziro ndi cholinga cha chilungamo cha chitaganya ponse paŵiri mu ufulu wake ndi chiŵiya chopezera chilungamo cha mayanjano. Kusiyana kwa maphunziro kwa pulogalamu ya [1] Kusiyana kwakukulu m’zandalama, chuma, ndi zotsatirapo pakati pa madera olemera ndi osauka, pakati pa ophunzira achiyera ndi ochepa, ndilo vuto la chilungamo cha anthu. Koma maphunziro alinso ndi mphamvu yoyambitsa odziŵa, oikizira nzika zofunika kuti ayendetsere bwino ulamuliro wa demokrase ndi chitaganya chachilungamo.

Maphunziro a Mitengo ndi Kuphunzira Kotsatira Lamulo

Kudziwa ufulu wa malamulo sikumafalitsidwa. Anthu ambiri a ku America sangatchule magawo atatu a boma kapena kutchula ufulu umene watetezedwa ndi Lamulo Loyamba Lowonjezera. Kusoŵa kwa malamulo kumachititsa anthu kulephera kuchita nawo ntchito ya demokalase ndipo kumawapangitsa kukhala ovuta kuti adzitetezere ufulu wawo.

Maphunziro a boma opindulitsa amaposa kungokumbukira. Ophunzira amakambirana mafunso a malamulo otsutsa, kufufuza nkhani za mbiri yakale, ndi maprogramu a ntchito za demokrase. Programu zonga Ife People, Street Law, ndi iCbics zimapereka maphunziro amene amathandiza ophunzira kumvetsa mfundo za makhalidwe ndi kuvuta kwa malamulo a boma. Pamene ophunzira aphunzira za kugwiritsira ntchito koikinikiti ya malamulo, LGBTQ + gulu lomenyera ufulu wa ukwati, kapena kutsutsana kopitirizabe pa zoyenera zovota, amazindikira kuti malamulo a m'Chilamulo si chikalata chokhazikika koma maziko a nkhondo yokhalitsa.

Chiweruziro cha Chinyengo ndi Chiweruzo cha Mayanjano

Katswiri wa maphunziro Paulo Freire ananena kuti maphunziro samakhala auchete; kaya a m'banja kapena amamasula. Kulimbana ndi ophunzira monga okangalika m’maphunziro awo, kuwalimbikitsa kukayikira malingaliro a mphamvu, ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa nkhani zimene amasamala. Maphunziro a zachilungamo amakhudza malingaliro amene anaikidwa pa masukulu a mwambo .

Sukulu zimene zimagwirizana ndi maphunziro a chilungamo zimachitanso ndi mikhalidwe ya kuphunzira ikokha. Kupereka ndalama zoyenerera, aphunzitsi osiyanasiyana ndi okonzeka bwino, kukula kwa makalasi, ndi malo ochirikiza sizisiyana ndi maphunziro; ndizo mikhalidwe ya zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuphunzira kukhala kotheka. Chilungamo cha kakhalidwe m’maphunziro chimatanthauza kutsimikizira kuti wophunzira aliyense, mosasamala kanthu za fuko, ndalama, kapena kupunduka, ali ndi mwaŵi wa kupeza chuma chimene akufuna kuti apeze bwino.

Kutenga Mbali m’Maseŵera a Achinyamata ndi Kuloŵa M’gulu la Ochita Zinthu Zoipa

Achichepere sakudikira achikulire kuwagaŵira chilungamo cha chitaganya. Kuyenda kwa ophunzira pa gulu la Miyoyo Yathu, koyambitsidwa ndi kuwombera kwa sukulu kwa 2018 ku Parkland Florida, kunasonkhezera mamiliyoni a achichepere kufuna kuletsa chiwawa. Kuyendayenda kwa Youth Climate Attacks, kosonkhezeredwa ndi Greta Thinberg, kwalinganiza kuyendayenda kwa sukulu ndi kutsutsa pa kontinenti iriyonse. Magulu ameneŵa amasonyeza kuti achichepere angakhale osonkhezera amphamvu a kusintha pamene aphunzira za zoyenera zawo, olinganizidwa kupyolera m'mayanjano ndi maprogramu a sukulu, ndi kupatsidwa mipata ya kutsogolera.

Sukulu zingachirikize kuchita zinthu kwa achichepere mwa kupereka malo a kulinganiza ophunzira, kuphunzitsa maluso a kutembenuza ndi kulankhula poyera, ndi kutetezera kuyenera kwa ophunzira kwa kulongosola malingaliro awo. Pamene ophunzira achitiridwa monga nzika mmalo mwa kukhala olandira maphunziro wamba, iwo amakulitsa zizoloŵezi ndi maluso a demokrase a kutengamo mbali m’zachilungamo zimene zimachirikiza magulu a anthu kwanthaŵi yaitali.

Kufunafuna Chitaganya Cholungama Kwambiri Kukupitirizabe

Kugwirizanitsa zoyenera za lamulo ndi chilungamo cha anthu sikuli malo amodzi koma mbali yaikulu ya kulimbana. Mbadwo uliwonse umaloŵa mndandanda wa chitetezo cha malamulo chopezedwa ndi magulu a kalelo ndipo umayang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano m’kupanga chitetezo chimenecho kukhala chenicheni kwa anthu onse. Mbiri ingakhomereze ku chilungamo, monga momwe Martin Luther King Jr. ananenera, koma siimasintha malinga ndi mbali yakeyake. Imafuna zoyesayesa za anthu amene amamvetsetsa zoyenera zawo, kulinganiza ndi ena, ndi kulamula kuti lamulo likhale mogwirizana ndi zolinga zake zazikulu.

Chilungamo cha kakhalidwe si malo amene anthu amapita koma mwambo. Chimafunikira kukhala maso nthaŵi zonse kuti atetezere phindu lolimba, luso lakuyambitsa njira zatsopano, ndi kugwirizana m'zochitika ndi malo osiyanasiyana. Zoyenera za Malamulo zimapereka maziko ofunikira ndi mawu amphamvu a ntchitoyi, koma si zokwanira. Ufulu wopanda mikhalidwe ya kakhalidwe ndi ya zachuma kuti zikhalebe zopanda nzeru. Lamulo lopanda lamulo ndilo kalata yopanda mphamvu. Chilungamo popanda kugawana ndi anthu okangalika n’chothandiza, si mphamvu.

Funso lalikulu la kumangana kumeneku silikukhudzana ndi ufulu walamulo, koma ndi kutetezeredwa, kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi mtengo wotani. Yankho ku funso limenelo pamene magulu akusintha, pamene makhoti akumasulira ndi kumasuliranso lamulo, ndipo pamene mbadwo uliwonse ukusankha mtundu wa chitaganya chimene ukufuna kumanga. Ntchito ya chilungamo ndi ntchito ya kulonjeza malamulo kukhala enieni kwa munthu aliyense, ndipo siitha.