Kuphatikiza pakati pa chisungiko cha dziko ndi ufulu walamulo kumasonyeza umodzi wa mavuto okhalitsa ndi otsutsana kwambiri m'kulamulira kwa demokrase. Kuyambira pamene United States anakhazikitsidwa mpaka pa nyengo ya makono, maboma ayang'anizana mobwerezabwereza ndi vuto la kutetezera nzika ku ziwopsezo zakunja ndi za mkati mwawo pamene akusunga ufulu wofunika kwambiri wosungidwa m’malamulo awo. Kulimbana kumeneku sikuli kokha kutsutsana kwa maphunziro a zamaphunziro; kuonekera m'malamulo, malamulo a khoti, ndi moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuumba unansi pakati pa boma ndi munthu. Funso lalikulu likukhalabe: kodi mtundu ungatsimikizire motani kuti uteteze popanda kutetezera ufulu weniweniwo? Nkhaniyi ikupenda nthaŵi za m'mbiri kumene kachitidwe ka ka kapenyengedwe, kupenda malamulo ndi nkhani za milandu, kupenda ziganitsa kuyenera kwa ufulu wa anthu ndi kulinganiza kulinganiza kwa ufulu wa anthu.

Mbiri Yakale

Kuzindikira kulinganiza pakati pa chisungiko cha dziko ndi ufulu wa lamulo kumafuna kuyang'ana kumbuyo pa zochitika zazikulu za m'mbiri zimene zasintha kwambiri mkhalidwe wa lamulo ndi wa kakhalidwe ka anthu. Nthaŵi zimenezi zimasonyeza mmene masoka kaŵirikaŵiri amasonkhezera machitidwe a mwamsanga a boma amene, ngakhale kuti ali olinganizidwira kutetezera dzikolo, angaswenso ufulu wa anthu. Nthaŵi zitatu zofunika kwambiri zikuwonekera: Nkhondo ya Dziko ya I, Nkhondo Yadziko II, ndi nyengo yapambuyo pa 9 / 11.

Nkhondo Yadziko I ndi Lamulo la Espigage la 1917

Mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Dziko I, boma la United States linakhazikitsa Act ya 1917 , imene inasokoneza ntchito zankhondo ndi kufalitsa chidziŵitso choonedwa kukhala chovulaza dziko. Lamulo limeneli linagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsutsa otsutsa nkhondo ndi kutsendereza kusagwirizana. Mchitidwewu unadzutsa mafunso aakulu onena za malire a kulankhula kwa ufulu pansi pa First Amendment, makamaka pamene chitetezo cha dziko chinaperekedwa. Khoti Lapamwamba linayankha mafunso ameneŵa m'nkhani ngati [[FLT:] scheck v. United States [19])) pakati pa chitetezero cha lamulolo, kumene Zoweruzazo zinayambitsa [FLD:] ndi kuyambitsa ngozi. [FFFFFFFFF] [FFFF:]

Kuloŵererapo kwa ku Japan kwa ku America pa Nkhondo Yadziko II

Mwinamwake chitsanzo choipitsitsa cha ufulu wa dziko lonse wotchuka ndi ufulu wa lamulo ndi chigwirizano cha Ajapani a ndi kuloŵerera kwa Aamereka a ku Japan pambuyo pa kuukira Pearl Harbor . Mu 1942, Bungwe Lolamulira 9066 linavomereza kukakamiza ndi kumanganso anthu oposa 120,000 a fuko la Japan, ambiri a iwo anali nzika za U.S. chigamulo chimene chinatsutsa kusoŵa kwa nkhondo ndi kuopa utsamunda, koma palibe umboni wa kusakhulupirika kofalikira konse kunatulutsidwa. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza kutetezeredwa kwa malamulo a kachitidwe kameneka mu [FT.Krima v. United States .[FLT.3] [194] [4]), chigamu chimene chaletsedwa kuyambira kale monga chisalungamo cha imfa. Chigamu chimenechi chimachenjezabe za kuopsa kwa lamulo la lamulo lachikulu lachitetezo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la anthu aunyi.

Zimene USA Inachita Pambuyo pa 9 / 11

Zigaŵenga zinaukira boma pa September 11, 2001, ndipo zinayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa maulamuliro a boma kuyambira pa Nkhondo ya Mawu. PARITIOT AK, adadutsa milungu ingapo chabe pambuyo pa kuukirako, kukulitsa ulamuliro wa kusungitsa malamulo ndi mabungwe a luntha kuti ayang'anire kulankhulana, kutumiza zolemba zaumwini, ndi kuletsa zinthu zosachitika. Makonzedwe onga ngati chigawo 215 chinalola kusonkhanitsa kwa metalogma, pamene kuli kwakuti kuyendayenda kwa mafoni ndi makalata a chitetezo a dzikolo kuchirikiza kuyang'anira kochepa. Njira zimenezi zinali zoyenerera kuletsa kuukira kwa mtsogolo, koma zochirikiza ufulu wa anthu anatsutsa lamulo la Olamulira lachinayi pa kufunafuna ndi kudwala. Ntchitoyi yakonzedwanso ndi kukhazikitsanso nthaŵi zambiri, ngakhale ndi kukhazikitsa chipwirikiti chapakati.

Malamulo Aakulu ndi Milandu ya Bwalo Lamilandu

Malamulo amenewa akusonyeza kuti anthu akulimbikira kugwirizanitsa ntchito ya boma yoteteza ufulu wa munthu ndi udindo wake wolemekeza ufulu wa munthu payekha.

Machitidwe a Aluen ndi Otengera Kubadwa kwa Anthu a mu 1798

Imodzi ya njira zoyambirira ndi za mkangano kwambiri za ulamuliro wa dziko lonse inali Alien ndi Chifuniro Machitidwe [1], osainidwa m'lamulo ndi Prezidenti John Adams pakati pa mantha a nkhondo ndi France. Zochita zimenezi zinapanga kukhala mlandu kufalitsa “bodza, zonyansa, ndi kulemba mwanjiru" molimbana ndi boma, ndipo iwo anapatsanso pulezidenti ulamuliro wa kuchotsa osakhala a pa chigwirizano chowopsa. Ntchitozo zinatsutsidwa mwaukali ndi Democracy Republics yonga Thomas Jefferson ndi James Maconson, amene anatsutsa kuti anaswa malamulo oyambirira. Ngakhale kuti ntchitozo zinatha kapena zinachitidwa pofika 1802, iwo anakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha kuyang'anira boma panthaŵi yodziŵika ndi yoyambirira ya ulamuliro pakati pa ulamuliro wa anthu.

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Monga momwe zatchulidwira m'mbiri, Scheck v. United States ndi mlandu wozikidwa pa kuwonjezera kwa First Amendment jurisprade. Charles Schenc , wa socialism, adagaŵira mapepala olimbikitsa kukana kuloŵa m’nkhondo pankhondo ya Dziko lonse. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza chikhulupiriro chake pansi pa malamulo a Espionage Act, ndi Jaji Holmes yolemba kuti Kusintha Koyamba sikumatetezera kulankhula kumene kumayambitsa “ngozi ndi kumene kulipo” ya kubweretsa misonkhano imene ili ndi ufulu woletsa. Kuyesaku pambuyo pake kunawongokonzedwa ndi kuloŵetsedwa ndi kuikidwa m’kachitidwe wa“ kusayeruzika kwa lamulo kwa lamulo. [FLD:] Branburgn. [197]

Korematsu ndi United States (1944)

Mu Korematsu v. United States . Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza kulimba kwa lamulo kwa dziko la Japan. Ambiri a iwo, olembedwa ndi Javice Hugo Black, anatsutsa kuti kufunika kwa kutetezera ku gulu limodzi la fuko ndi kuwononga kunaposa ufulu wa gulu limodzi. M'kangano wotchuka, Woweruza Robert H. Jackson anachenjeza kuti “chigamulocho chili ngati chida cholemera chokonzeka kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu yoyenerera ya kusoŵa kofulumira. Nkhaniyo sinagwedezedwepo, ngakhale kuti malingaliro ake anakanidwa kwambiri. Mu 2018, Khoti Yapamwamba mu [FL:] . Hawaii: Fromma yokha inaimbidwa kuti: [3]

Hamdi . Rumsfeld (2004)

Pambuyo pa ziukiro 9 / 11 za ku United States, Rumsfeld , wolingaliridwa kukhala mdani, kuphatikizapo nzika Yaser Handi ya United States, m'malo ankhondo popanda kuwazenga kapena kuwapatsa iwo kulowa m'khoti la lamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Hamdi ndi . Rumsteld analamula kuti ogwidwawo amene ali U.S. ayenera kukhala ndi mpata wokayikitsa mlandu wawo asanakhazikitsedwe mlandu waunjikitse. Woweruza Sandra Day O’Connor anagogomezera kuti “dziko la nkhondo sili lachikale pamene pulezidenti abwera ku ufulu wa anthu a dzikolo. Nkhaniyo imasonyeza kuti ufuluwo ulipo pansi pa chiwongo cha chisanu, ngakhale pankhondo.

Jones (202) ndi United States

M'nyengo ya manambala, nkhani ya boma yoyang’anira popanda chilolezo inatsogolera ku United States v. Jones . Mlanduwu unaphatikizapo chipangizo chojambula cha GPS choikidwa pa galimoto yokayikiridwa popanda chilolezo chotsimikizirika. Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti chipangizo cha boma cholumikizana ndi galimoto ndi kuyang'anira kwake kotsatira kunali “kufufuza". Pansi pa Komeji yachinayi. Komabe, zoweruzazo zinagawidwa pa lija, ndi Jasi Alito’s Reconvective kuti kuyang'anira kwanthaŵi yaitali kumasemphana ndi chiyembekezo chachinsinsi. Nkhani imeneyi inatsegula khomo kuti aonere mapulogalamu ofufuzanso zinthu, kuphatikizapo kusonkhanitsa makompyuta a pakompyuta ndi Intaneti.

Chiyambukiro pa Kumasulidwa kwa Chiŵeniŵeni

Zinthu zimene anthu amachita pofuna kuteteza dziko lawo, nthawi zambiri zimawononga ufulu wawo kwa kanthawi kochepa koma ena amautsatirabe, n’kuusintha kuti ukhalenso wogwirizana ndi boma.

Maprogramu a Maphunziro ndi Zodetsa Nkhaŵa za Mseri

Maprogramu ambiri oyang’anira, monga aja ovumbulidwa ndi oimba foni, akulitsa kwambiri luso la boma la kuyang'anira kulankhulana kwachinsinsi. Kusonkhanitsa metadata ambiri a telefoni pansi pa PRISIOT Act, programu ya PRISM yoyang'anira za pa Intaneti, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kwa National Security Letts popanda kuyang'anira komiti yachiweruzo, zonse zikudzutsa nkhaŵa zazikulu. Ochirikiza achinsinsi atsutsa kuti maprogramu ameneŵa amanjenjemera ndi kuyanjana, monga momwe anthu amadziwo angadziŵire okha. Kutha kwachinsinsi kumayambukiranso atolankhani, ochirikiza, ndi anthu ochepa. Mapangano a za . [FLT:]

Kunyada ndi Tsankho

Malamulo a chisungiko adziko akhala oyang'aniridwa ndi mafuko, chipembedzo, ndi mafuko, kuchititsa tsankhu lofalikira. Kugwirizana kwa Ajapani kuli chitsanzo choipitsitsa, koma pambuyo pa 9 / 11 malamulo a pambuyo pa Asilamu, Aluya, ndi South Asia. Programu zonga [[FL:0] National Security Sunte - Exbitation System (ANUST) [AFLT]) [AFLT:1] adafuna kuti anthu osadalirana ndi maiko ena alembetsedwe ndi kuchitidwa zinsinsi, kupanga mkhalidwe wa mantha. Pamene kuli kwakuti maprogramu a maprogramumboni ameneŵa achotsedwa, a fuko m'dziko, mayeso, ndi kufufuza kotsutsana ndi kuteteza kwa maiko akupitirizabe. Kutetezerako sikumawononga chitetezo kwa Classian koma kumawononganso kusungidwa kwa lamulo kwachimodzi pakati pa anthu, osagwirizana.

Ziletso pa Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Msonkhano

M’nthaŵi za mavuto, maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amasintha kuti athetse kusemphana maganizo. Act ya Espione ndi Sedition Act ya 1918 inagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuweruza otsutsa nkhondo. Mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Vietnam, boma linayesa kuletsa kufalitsidwa kwa Pentagon Papers, ngakhale kuti Bwalo Lapamwamba linalamulira mu [[FLT: 0] New York Times Co. v United States [10] [10] [10] [1] kuti poyambapo kuletsa kunali kuletsa kwa kuweruza. Posachedwapa, kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo achuma kuti anthu aikire mlandu kapena kuti adziperekere mlandu wa zigawenga za zigawenga zachi. [FLT:] USUS, Active Controcial, koma kuyesa kuchepetsa chitetezo cha dziko, koma kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zaumoyo pakati pa nkhani ya zachigawa, makamaka pa Intaneti ndi kulongosola zachiganiza.

Nkhani Zapatsogolo

Pankhani ya kuteteza dziko ndi ufulu wa malamulo, anthu akupitirizabe kuyendera njira zatsopano zamakono, kuyambitsa mavuto, ndiponso kusintha kwa maganizo a anthu.

Kudziŵa Zinthu ndi Kudziŵa Zinthu

Kudziteteza kwakhala magwero a chisungiko cha dziko, pamene kuukira kwa boma kochitidwa ndi boma, mawomboledwa, ndi kuswa chidziŵitso kumawopseza zinsinsi zowopsa ndi kukhazikika kwa chuma. Maboma padziko lonse akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna makampani kugawanako chidziŵitso cha chiwopsezo, lipoti, ndipo ngakhale kupereka “malonjezero a kulankhulirana kobisika. Zimenezi zikutsutsana ndi ufulu wa munthu ndi chisungiko cha chidziŵitso chake. Mwachitsanzo, [FLT: 0] Chitetezo cha Chidziŵitso cha Unikirani Chikalata cha Uning'ono (CISA) [FL:] [FL:] mu U.S. zimalimbikitsa kuti agaŵane ziopsezo zachinsinsi ndi boma, koma otsutsa kuti zingagwirizanitsiridwe kupyola cholinga chake. Chitetezo cha . Chitetezo cha Chitetezo cha Chipulumu cha Yuropu cha . [GUNIT] [FF] [F]

Kulimbana ndi Uchigaŵenga ndi Ufulu Woyenera Kusunga Dziko

Post9/11 Kulimbana ndi uchigaŵenga kukupitiriza kusinthika. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mindandanda yosaŵerengeka, kutsekera kosalekeza ku Guantanamo Bay, ndi kupha kochitidwa kupyolera mwa drones kunadzutsa mafunso aakulu a lamulo. Kuvomereza kwa Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa Nkhondo ya Nkhondo (AMF) kwachitidwa mu 2001 kulungamitsa nkhondo ndi magulu ambiri oloŵetsedwa mwachindunji ndi magulu ankhondo kuposa aja ophatikizidwa mu 9 / 11. Otsutsa kuti zimenezi ndi kupenda mphamvu zaudindo. Panthaŵiyi, m’banja polimbana ndi zigamu zachiwawa (CVE) zakhala zotsutsa ziŵembu zachiweruzi ndi kutetezera kwa chipembedzo choyamba. Chiagenicbian Libuon Union Union (FLF: [12] [FFFF] ndi zigalamu za zigalamu zina zachi.

Ntchito ya Manyuzipepala ndi Mafilimu Ofalitsa Nkhani za Chitetezo cha Dziko

Magulu a zaumoyo akhala lupanga lotetezera dziko. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufunsira ndi kuchititsa zigaŵenga, komanso kuyang’anira boma ndi kuchotsa makampani. Nkhani ya chigawo 230 pa Komiti ya Kulankhulana, imene imateteza mapulatifomu kuti asaike mlandu wa zimene zili ndi anthu, kugwirizana ndi mavuto a dziko. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo akupitirizabe kufunafuna chidziŵitso cha malo oopseza, komanso ochirikiza zachinsinsi akutsutsa kuti zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri sizikuyang'anira bwino. [[FLT: 0] Magulu ankhondo a kutumiza mauthenga a pa Intaneti amatsutsa kwambiri. [FLT]

Maganizo a Anthu Onse ndi Chinyengo

Malingaliro a anthu amathandiza kwambiri kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amalamulira ufulu wa dziko ndi ufulu walamulo.

Magulu Okhala ndi Malamulo Omasula Anthu

M'mbiri yonse ya Amereka, magulu audzu abwerera m’mbuyo motsutsana ndi boma. Mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Dziko I, magulu ankhondo ndi ochirikiza socialism olinganizidwa molimbana ndi Espionage Act . Mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Vietnam, otsutsa nkhondo anatsutsa malamulo ankhondo ndi kuyang'anira. Posachedwapa, # lekani OnlineSchipying [[FLD:1] mkupiti ndi kukhazikitsa mpikisano Wachinayi wokonzeka ndi kuyankha ku NSA vumbulutso. Nthaŵi zambiri magulu ameneŵa amapanga magulu amene mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu, makampani a zamakono, ndi nzika wamba. Iwo amatsutsa mapangano, ndi kulengeza mlandu, ndi kulengeza kwa anthu onse. Chipambano cha USALD Chikalata cha US Act Act kusonkhanitsa cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya kuchirikiza ufulu wa anthu. Komabe, makamaka chiwonjezo cha chinenero cha chinenero cha chinene cha chinenero cha chinene cha chinenero, pamene chi

Kudalira Boma ndi Chisungiko kwa Anthu Onse

Kudalira boma ndi chinthu chachikulu chimene chimasinthasintha pa nkhani ya chitetezo m'dziko. Kufufuza kukusonyeza kuti pambuyo pa 9 / 11, anthu ambiri a ku America anali ofunitsitsa kutaya ufulu wawo kuti atetezedwe. Koma pamene kuvumbula nkhanza kunayamba, kutha. Mwachitsanzo, 2022 Research Center inapeza kuti 71% ya anthu a ku America amakhulupirira kuti boma liyenera kuyang'anira zolankhula za zigaŵenga, koma 38% yokha imathandiza anthu wamba. Mpata umenewu umatsimikizira kuti anthu opanga malamulowo afunika kupita patsogolo.

Ntchito ya Maphunziro Pothandiza Anthu Kusamala

Maphunziro ndi chida chothandiza kwambiri kulimbikitsa anthu odziŵa bwino kulinganiza makhalidwe opikisana. Maphunziro a malamulo, a boma, ndi mbiri yakale omwe amaphatikizapo kukambirana za mavuto a zachitetezo a m'dziko amathandiza ophunzira kumvetsa malonda oloŵetsedwamo. Mabungwe onga Zikole za ufulu wa anthu zokhala ndi ufulu wodzisankhira ndi [FLT] Constitution Center [[[FLT:]] Constitution Center [ kuthandizira aphunzitsi ndi anthu onse. Mapulogalamu a Media athandizanso anthu kupenda bwino zimene boma likunena ponena za kuopseza zachitetezo. Anthu ophunzira ali okonzeka bwino kuchitapo kanthu kuti adziikire mlandu chifukwa cha kulakwa. Popanda kudziŵa zinthu zoterozo, malingaliro a anthu angatengedwe mosavuta ndi mantha, kuti aperekere ufulu wa kanthaŵi m’dzina la chitetezo.

Kumaliza

Kulinganiza kwa kulinganiza pakati pa chisungiko cha dziko ndi zoyenera za lamulo kumakhalabe imodzi ya nkhani zazikulu kwambiri m'machitaganya a democracy amakono. Monga momwe mbiri ikusonyeza mobwerezabwereza, nthaŵi za mavuto zimayesa maboma kufutukula mphamvu zawo pa kusoŵa ufulu. Komabe cholinga chenicheni cha malamulo ndicho kuika malire pa ulamuliro umenewo [_kuti ngakhale pamene pali upandu waukulu, malamulo a ufulu, ndi kulingana sikumalekedwa. Malamulo aakulu ndi milandu yofotokozedwa m’nkhani ino (“kuchokera ku Alien ndi Sigtions, ndi Actus of [FLT] United States] v. [FLT]]]] [2]]] [mapanga mapangano alamulo alamulo amene amatetezera ndi kutsendereza ntchito ya boma. Ziyeso, kuphatikizapo kusungidwa kwa makompyuta, ndi malamulo a anthu, sizidzasonyeza kuti anthu asiye kuukira, m’tsogolo, m’malo mwake, kudalira pa kuukira kwa anthu onse, kutsimikizira kwake kwa kudalira pa kutsimikizira kwake kwa chiwonero chakale. Koma, sikukutsimikizira kuti kuchirikiza kutsimikizira kwake kwa anthu.