Maziko a Ubwino wa Boma

Lingaliro la kulinganiza ulamuliro sili kokha kupangidwa kwa mawu; ndilo maziko opangidwa ovuta a mmene boma la United States limagwirira ntchito. Malamulo ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi yokha yamphamvu, yoyang'anira, kapena yoweruza [1] imene ingakhale ndi ulamuliro wosatsekerezeka, mwakutero kuteteza ufulu wa nzika ndi ulamuliro wankhanza. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kuzindikira dongosolo locholoŵanali nkofunika kumvetsetsa mmene ulamuliro wa demokrase ukukhalirabe pakati pa mikangano yowopsa ya ndale zadziko. Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu kumalinganizidwira kukhazikitsa bata, kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa, ndi kulimbikitsa ntchito yosatha kuyang'anizana ndi zinthu. Mizu yake imakhala mu ufilo wa ku Chipenyeke, makamaka zolemba za Montesquie, amene anatsutsa kuti ntchito za boma zikuletsa mphamvu. U. . . . . . . . . . .

Pamene kuli kwakuti malemba oyambirira akupereka mawu otsegulira, kufufuza kwakukulu kumavumbula njira zobisika zimene zimapanga dongosololo kugwira ntchito . Lerolino, kulinganiza kwa mphamvu kuyang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zamakono, kuyambira kukwera kwa malamulo a akuluakulu kufikira kukhazikitsa mayeso achiweruzo. Komabe lamulo lake lalikulu silinasinthe: mphamvu iyenera kugawidwa ndi kupendedwa kuti isungidwe ufulu. Nkhaniyi imakulitsa nthambi iliyonse, dongosolo la machekesi ndi kulinganizika, zochitika za m'mbiri, ndi mavuto amakono, kupereka chopezera chidziŵitso chofala cha kukambitsirana ndi kuphunzira kwapasukulu.

Zipilala Zitatu za Boma

Boma la United States lagaŵidwa m’nthambi zitatu zolingana, iliyonse yokhala ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana koma otsatizana. Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro kumeneku kumalepheretsa aliyense kulamulira ena ndi kutsimikizira kuti malamulo apangidwa, kusungidwa, ndi kufotokozedwa mosamalitsa. Tiyeni tipende nthambi iliyonse mwatsatanetsatane.

Nthambi Yolamulira: Opanga Malamulo

Congress, nthambi ya malamulo, imakhala ndi mphamvu yokha yopanga malamulo a boma. Ndiyo badaral, yogawidwa kukhala Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, nyumba imene imasonyeza kulolerana Kwakukulu kwa 1787. Nyumba, yokhala ndi mamembala 435 ogawidwa ndi anthu, imaimira anthu mwachindunji, pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo, yokhala ndi mamembala 100 (boma limodzi). Malamulo aŵiri ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti malingaliro otchuka ndi boma amalingaliridwa m'kachitidwe ka malamulo. Lamulolo liyenera kukhala malamulo, liyenera kudutsa m'maudindo onse aŵiri ofanana ndipo kenaka limapereka kwa Pulezidenti yekha. Chofunika chimenechi chokhacho chimachepetsa malamulo ndi mphamvu za boma. Kuwonjezerapo, bungwe la ofufuza ndi kufufuza kwa bungwe lachikulu. [FV.FL. [FF.1] [I.G.G.

Nthambi Yotsogolera: Okakamiza

Wotsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti, nthambi yoyang'anira ili ndi thayo la kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo opangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Pulezidenti amatumikira monga mutu wa onse a boma ndi mkulu wa asilikali, akumagwira ntchito zapadera. Komabe, mphamvuyo imatsenderezedwa ndi macheso a nthambi zina. Prezidenti angaperekenso [FL:0] ku malamulo , kubwezera lamulo ku Boma ndi kutsutsa. Nyumba ingaposetseretsere ndi unyinji wa magawo aŵiri m'nyumba, ngakhale kuti mabwalowo ali osapezeka. Maulamulirowo ali osoŵa. [Maboma:] Audindo apamwamba a boma, makamaka operekedwa ndi operekedwa ndi boma. Maulamuliro apamwamba, a boma, makamaka, ndipo amathandizanso oweruza a boma.

Nthambi ya Chiweruzo: Opereka Chifuno

Nthambi yachiweruzo, yotsogozedwa ndi Supreme Court, imamasulira lamulo ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo la ntchito za malamulo ndi zaudindo. Mphamvu imeneyi, yodziŵika monga [[FLT: 0]] kupenda , inakhazikitsidwa m'nkhani yachiweruzo ya Marbury v. Madison. Khoti Lapamwamba likhoza kuswa lamulo lililonse kapena zochita zapamwamba zimene zimaswa malamulo, kupangitsa kupenda kofunikira kwambiri pa nthambi zina. Oweruza, kuphatikizapo Supreme Court, amaikidwa kaamba ka moyo (wogonjera ku khalidwe labwino) ku chitsenderezo chandale. Zigamu za Khoti lapanga ufulu wa anthu a ku America . Zigamu zake zasintha kwambiri. Zolakwa za boma ndi zolamulira zake zopanda mphamvu.

Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika pa Ntchito

Mayeso ndi kulinganiza ndiko njira zothandiza zimene zimakakamiza kulekana kwa maulamuliro. Amatsimikizira kugwirizana ndi kuŵerengerana pakati pa nthambi zitatu. Nkhani yoyamba inandandalika zitsanzo zingapo, koma dongosololo liri locholoŵana kwambiri.

  • Kufufuza kwa lamulo pa Uyang'aniro: Nyumba za akulu zingachotse maveto a pulezidenti, kuvomereza kapena kukana mapangano, kuchotsa Pulezidenti kapena akuluakulu ena, kuyang'anira, ndi kuchirikiza ndalama. Mphamvu ya kusamvera njamphamvu kwambiri . Mapresidenti aŵiri (Andrew Johnson ndi Bill Clinton) adatsutsidwa ndi Nyumba, ngakhale kuti sanaikidwe mlandu ndi Bungwe Lamilandu.
  • Kufufuza kwa lamulo pa Juji: Congress imasankha ukulu ndi kapangidwe ka jaji ya boma (kusiyapo ukulu woyamba wa Khoti Lalikulu lokhazikitsidwa ndi Konsichushoni), kutsimikizira atsamunda, kungaletse oweruza chifukwa cha kusamvera, ndipo kungapereke malamulo a lamulo kuwongolera kubwezera zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba.
  • Kufufuza kwa Malamulo: Pulezidenti angapereke ndalama (Kulimbana ndi Kulamulira), kuitanira Nyumba ya Malamulo ku chigawo chapadera (ngakhale kuti zimenezi sizinagwiritsiridwe ntchito m'nthaŵi zamakono), ndi kusonkhezera malamulo kupyolera mwa aprikitizimu ndi atsogoleri a gulu. Pulezidenti amaperekanso Boma la Union kuika malamulo ofunika.
  • Kufufuza kochitidwa pa Chiweruziro: Prezidenti amatsutsa oweruza a boma, kuphatikizapo oweruza a Khoti Lapamwamba, mwakutero kukhazikitsa chitsogozo cha ajuli. Pulezidenti alinso ndi mphamvu ya kukhululukira milandu ya boma, imene ingazembetse chigamulo kapena chilango chosakondweretsa.
  • Kufufuza kwa Chilamulo: Mwa kupenda kwachiweruzo, makhoti angalengeze malamulo osakhala alamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi imafikira ku lamulo la boma lililonse kapena la boma lotoledwa mlandu. Khoti Lapamwamba lasakaza mazana ambiri a malamulo m’zaka zambiri.
  • Kufufuza kwa Chipani cha Judicial pa Oyang’anira: Makhoti angachotse malamulo a akuluakulu, malamulo, ndi zochita zimene zimaposa ulamuliro walamulo kapena kuswa malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lapamwamba linathetsa kugwidwa kwa Pulezidenti Truman kwa zitsulo zachitsulo mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Korea (Youngstown Comment=part & Tube Co. v Sawyer, 1952).

Kugwirizana kumeneku kumachititsa kulimba. Palibe nthambi imene ingachite zinthu popanda kutsutsidwa ndi ena. Dongosololi limalimbikitsa kulolera ndi kulingalira zinthu zina ndi kuchititsanso kugawikana pamene magaŵano atsankhu ali owopsa.

Kusintha kwa Mbiri kwa Kulinganizika kwa Mphamvu

Nkhani yoyamba yafotokoza nkhani za mbiri yakale, koma tingafufuze zinthu zikuluzikulu zimene ophunzira ayenera kudziwa.

Nyengo Yoyamba ndi Mayeso Oyambirira

Okonza malamulo a Malamulo anali odera nkhaŵa kwambiri za nkhanza, atangolimbana ndi chipanduko pa Mfumu George III. Iwo anatsutsana za ukulu wa ulamuliro ndi ntchito ya judiary . Nyumba yoyamba inakhazikitsa dongosolo la khoti la boma kupyolera mwa Chikalata cha Judiary cha mu 1789. Pulezidenti George Washington anakhazikitsa zitsanzo zofunika, zonga ngati kupanga bungwe loyang'anira nkhondo ndi kupeŵa kutsenderezedwa m'nkhondo za ku Ulaya. Kuyesa koyambirira kwakukulu kunachokera ku Alien ndi Sedition Machitidwe (1798), kumene kunatsutsa lamulo la boma. Virginia ndi Kentucky Resotions, kutsutsa kuti chiphunzitso chikatetezera nzikazo pambuyo pake chinanyoza kutsutsa ulamuliro wa boma.

Marbury ndi Madison and Judicial Review

M’masiku akutha a Prezidenti John Adams, iye anakhazikitsa “oweruza apanthaŵi yausiku” kuchokera ku chipani chake cha Federalist. Pamene Thomas Jefferson anakhala ndi udindo, Mlembi wake wa Boma James Madison anakana kupereka ntchito imodzi kwa William Marbury. Marbury sud, akumafunsa Bwalo Lapamwamba kulamula Madison kuti apereke. Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall anayang'anizana ndi: kukhazikitsa lamulo lopanda lamulo ndi Jefferson, koma kulamulira kwa ulamuliro kukafooketsa ulamuliro wa Khotilo. Marshall anapetsa chigamulo chanzeru mu [[FL:] Magry v. Magnobry v. [FFL:] [F.1] [18])) linatsimikizira kuti Bwalo lamilandulo linali ndi mphamvu zolengeza lamulo loletsa lamulo lokhudza ufulu (T.9, chigawo cha 13999]

Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ndi Mphamvu Yaukulu

Pulezidenti Abraham Lincoln anafutukula ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a boma pa nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, kuimitsa habeas corpus, kutulutsa Emanciption Proclation, ndi kumanga gulu lankhondo popanda chilolezo cha gulu. Analungamitsa machitidwe ameneŵa kukhala ofunika kusungitsa Union. Pambuyo pa nkhondoyo, Bwalo Lapamwamba mu Ex epulgigan [ [1866] analamulira kuti anthu wamba sakazengedwe ndi mabwalo ankhondo pamene bwalo lamilandu la boma linatsegulidwa. Nthaŵiyi inaonanso Nyumba ya malamulo ikulimbitsa uyang'aniro wake, makamaka kupyolera ku Servity of Servity of War ndi Active Reformation.

Kusamalira Kwatsopano ndi Kupereka Makhoti

Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt ya New Deal inayang'anizana ndi maprogramu obwerezabwereza kuchokera ku Khoti Lapamwamba lomwe linagonjetsa lamulo lalikulu (m., [FLT: 0] Schechtry Poult Corp. v. United States, 1935). Poyankha, FDR anapanga “kulinganiza kwa lamulo" mu 1937 kuwonjezera zigamulo zatsopano zisanu ndi chimodzi zachiweruzo pa zaka 70 zilizonse zimene sizinalefuke. Pulani linayambitsa chitsutso champhamvu, ngakhale kwa gulu lake, ndipo potsirizira pake linalephera. Komabe, chitsenderezocho chinathandizira ku“ matsengawo m’nthaŵi imene inapulumutsa [1] Chomwecho. Chomwecho, Chomwecho chikuchititsa kuti apezere lamulo la lamulo, ndi kuvomereza makhoti a New Court (Ault). Chilungamolmony proso chikusonyeza mphamvu zandale ndi mphamvu zandale.

Uyang’aniro wa Madzi ndi Nyumba za Mabungwe

Chilakolako chamwambo cha Watergate (7.1974) chinasonyeza kufunika kwa uyang'aniro wa bungwe ndi ntchito ya ajulijala kuti adziikire mlandu. Pulezidenti Richard Nixon anatsogolera kuswa likulu la Democratic National Committee ndi kubisa . Bungwe la Camper Latergate linafufuza, ndipo Bwalo Lapamwamba linalamula Nixon kuti litulutse nyimbo ([FL: 0] United States v. Nixon, 1974.). Kuyang'ana ndi Nyumba, Nixom , Nixon . Zimenezi zinatsimikizira kuti palibe aliyense, ngakhale Pulezidenti, amene anakhazikitsa lamulolo lokhudza malamulo ndi mphamvu zankhondo. Pambuyo pake bungwe linapereka malamulo ndi mphamvu zankhondo zankhondo kuti aperekeze ufulu wa boma.

Kuchepetsa Udindo

Nkhani yoyambayo inanena kuti kugawanikana kwa ndale ndi ulamuliro wa akuluakulu kunachitika posachedwapa.

Kusintha Malamulo a Zandale ndi Malamulo

M’zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, kugaŵikana kwa chigawo chadziko kwawonjezereka, makamaka m'Congress. Chiŵerengero cha apamwamba chachepa, ndipo kuvota kwa gulu kwawonjezereka. Kutsegulira kumeneku kwapangitsa kukhala kovuta kukhazikitsa malamulo, kutsimikizira akuluakulu ndi oweruza (kusiyapo pamene chipani chimodzi chikulamulira machipinda onse aŵiri ndi kutsogolera), ndi kuyang'anira. Momwemo, Pulezidenti amadalira kwambiri malamulo a akuluakulu, kachitidwe ka zinthu, kamsika, ndi malamulo a kukwaniritsa zolinga popanda malamulo a boma. Zimenezi zachititsa maulamuliro a “udindo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Back Obama adapereka ntchito za kusamuka (Dferen Active forromasssss, DCA) ndi kusintha mkhalidwe (Proneage). Dooldengen of joust , Rein . Zimagovern, zikhoza kugwiritsa ntchito zopereka chikhululukiro cha ophunzirawo. Pamene kuli kopetsa kukhululukira kwa chiwopsezo, Aunyizo chachikulu chakumbuyo kwa anthu otsutsa kumbuyo kwa chiwo.

Mapangano a Chiweruzo ndi Nkhondo Zachiŵeniŵeni

Chitsimikiziro cha oweruza a boma, makamaka oweruza a Supreme Court, chakhala chopeputsa kwambiri. Chiwopsezo cha 2016 cha Merrick Garland cha kugamula kwa Dokotala (pambuyo pa Jasitisiti Antonin Scalia) ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, , kutsatiridwa ndi chitsimikizo chothamanga cha Justice Amy Coney Barrett mu 2020, chinasonyeza kutsutsana kumeneku. Khoti limene kaŵirikaŵiri limasankha 6-3 pa mizera ya maganizo. Ufulu wa Khoti wafunsidwa pamene zosankha zake za kuima kwanthaŵi yaitali (e.g., [[FLT:]]] Dobs. . Malamulo a Akazi a Health Organization [FOL:1] [20]) [2] [2] Magazine a Lights . Whade) atsutsa kuti mphamvu ya nthambi ina ya chigamu chimodzi ya chigamu cha chigamu cha chiwongo cha chiwongo cha chiwongo cha chiwongo cha chiwongo. Chigamu. Chomwe chakusinthanso cha Chikalata chotchedwa chika. Komabe, Chikalata cho

Nkhondo ya Nkhondo ya Pangano

M'nyengo yamakono, nthambi yapamwamba yakhalanso ndi mphamvu mwa kuyang'anira masamu ndi zipangizo za boma. Nyumba za boma zimavutika kuchita bwino ntchito yoyang'anira anthu akafuna kupatsidwa udindo kapena kubisa. Komiti youlutsa foni yalimbikitsidwa (m’chitsanzo, Intelligence Community Whistlecupper Protection Act , koma kubwezera kudakali nkhaŵa. Kuwonjezera apo, kuwonjezeka kwa makampani oulutsira nkhani za anthu ndi makampani otsutsa kulephera kuchititsa anthu kukhala ndi mlandu. Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu sikudalira pa dongosolo la boma lokha komanso pa pulogalamu yapamwamba. Maphunziro a CBICico ali ofunika kwambiri kuthandiza ophunzira kuzindikira mfundo za mabodza kuchokera ku mabodza.

Ntchito ya Boma Lolamulira

Bungwe la boma lalikulu . limakhazikitsa (kudula), ndi kukhazikitsa monga EPA, FDA, ndi SEC , mphamvu zambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri kuphatikiza malamulo, maulamuliro, ndi ntchito zachiweruzo. Iwo amakhazikitsa malamulo (otsutsa), ndi kukhazikitsa mikangano (zoipa). “nthambi yachinayi” imadzutsa mafunso onena za kuŵerengera mlandu ndi kulinganiza. Khoti Lapamwamba limapereka chigamulo mu West Virginia v. EPA[FLT:] 222]) imachepetsa mphamvu ya EPA yolamulira mpweya pansi pa“ ziphunzitso zachipembedzo, zikumanzere, zikumanzere za kufunitsitsa kukhazikitsa mphamvu. Kukambitsirana kwa ulamuliro, ndi kuchirikiza kuyang'anirana kwa maulamuliro kwamakono.

Kusunga Ukatikati: Mbali ya Nzika

Mapeto oyambirira anagogomezera kuphunzira ndi kukambirana. Kuwonjezera unzika, kugogomezera unzika waudindo. Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu sikudziphetsa; kumafuna kugawana kwa anthu . Nzika zingagawana nawo mwa kuvota (maboma, boma, ndi malo akwawo), kukumana ndi oimira awo, kupezeka m’maholo a tauni, kutumikira pa juageni (zimene zimayang'anizira mphamvu zachiweruzo), ndi kuchirikiza mabungwe a boma amene amayang'anira boma. Kumvetsetsa Malamulo ndi kukonza kwake, makamaka Bill of Rights, kukonzekeretsa anthu kuzindikira kulakwa. Aphunzitsi angagwiritsire ntchito maprogramumboni monga mayeso a mabungwe opeka a makhoti a milandu a chigawo kuti abweretse moyo. Sukulu ziyenera kugogomezera kuŵerengera ophunzira kulemba za malamulo a za bungwe la ofufuza za boma kapena zochita zachiweruzo.

Ndiponso, kukhala wodziŵitsidwa za zochitika zamakono . monga ngati zigamulo zaposachedwapa za Khoti Lalikulu, malamulo a akuluakulu, kapena kufufuza kwa bungwe kuti adziikire mlandu atsogoleri. Kulinganizika kwa ulamuliro ndiko dongosolo lamoyo limene limasintha mikhalidwe, koma kusungidwa kwake kumadalira pa anthu ogwirizana. Monga momwe Thomas Jefferson analembera, “Unziya wa maphunziro ndiwo chofunika kwambiri kuti tikhale ndi moyo monga anthu aufulu.” Chiphunzitso cha anthu a m’dziko, kuphatikizapo kulinganiza mphamvu, n’chofunika kwambiri pa thanzi la dziko la Republic.

Kumaliza: Kudzidalira Kochititsa Chidwi

Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu sikuli chitsimikizo chosasintha koma njira yopitirizabe ya kukambitsirana ndi kuletsa. Oyambitsawo anapanga njira imene ingakakamize kugonjetsa chikhumbo, monga momwe James Madison analembera motchuka kwa Federalist No. zaka mazana ambiri, kuti dongosolo lakhala likulimbana ndi nkhondo yapachiŵeniŵeni, mavuto a zachuma, ndi nkhondo zachipani. Lerolino, imayang'anizana ndi ziyeso zatsopano za kusokonezeka kwa dziko, kukula kwa maulamuliro, ndi kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga. Komabe kukhalabe ndi cholinga: nthambi iliyonse ingapitikitsa kuloŵererapo, ndipo Malamulo akupereka njira zowongolera. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, nkhani imeneyi imapereka mipata yosatha ya kulingalira motsutsana. Mwa kuzindikira mmene nthambi zimayendera, mmene zimayendera bodza, ndi kumene nzika zimachitira ntchito, nzika zikhoza kukhala okangalika m’gulu la osunga ulamuliro wa democracy. Kulamulira kwa ufulu sikuli phunziro la mbiri yakale ndi kutha kuvomereza kwa mbiri ya mbiri.