Malamulo a zaumoyo amaimira maziko a dongosolo la zaumoyo lililonse logwira ntchito, kusonkhezera zonse kuyambira pa mtengo wa mankhwala kufikira kupezeka kwa mautumiki angozi. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira m'zaumoyo ndi sayansi ya kakhalidwe ka anthu, kumvetsetsa malamulo ameneŵa sikuli kokha maphunziro , kuli kofunika kwa odziŵa bwino ntchito, kuzoloŵera kwaukatswiri, ndi kukhala ndi nzika yosuliza. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda kokwanira kwa malamulo a zaumoyo, madongosolo amene amawapanga, mavuto opitirizabe m’kukwaniritsa kwawo, ndi mikhalidwe imene ikusinthanso moyo wa anthu.

Kuzindikira Ubwino wa Zaumoyo

Pamlingo wake waukulu, lamulo la zaumoyo ndilo chosankha, mapulani, kapena njira ya kachitidwe yolinganizidwira kufikira ziyambukiro za thanzi zachindunji pakati pa anthu. Malamulo ameneŵa amapangidwa pa milingo yambiri ya ulamuliro . malo, boma, ndi dziko lapansi ndi kulongosola mipata yosiyanasiyana yonga ngati kupezeka kwa utumiki, miyezo yabwino, njira za ndalama, ndi kuloŵerera kwa zaumoyo. Bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO) limamasulira malamulo a zaumoyo kukhala “malingaliro, mapulani, ndi zochita zimene zachitidwa kuti akwaniritse zolinga zaumoyo mwa chitaganya. Kumvetsetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malamulo a zaumoyo kumathandizira kumasulira ntchito zawo ndi ziyambukiro zawo zosiyanasiyana.

Atsogoleli Anu

Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo amene amalamulira khalidwe la osamalira zaumoyo, la insurensi, ndi la zipatala. Nthaŵi zambiri amalamulidwa ndi mabungwe a boma kapena mabungwe a akatswiri olemba za matenda. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo zofunika kuti alozedwe kuchipatala, kutsata madokotala ndi manesi, kusamala odwala, ndi chitetezo chachinsinsi monga ngati Inshuwalansi Portability ndi Accountability Act (HIPA) ku United States. Malamulo ameneŵa amatsimikiza kuti atsimikizire kuti madokotala ndi osamala matenda awo ali oyenera.

Ulemu Wodziimira

Malamulo ochirikiza zaumoyo amagawira mmene ndalama zosamalira zaumoyo . "ndi ndalama, munthu, ndi zinthu zina zapansi( zikugawiridwa). Zosankha za kupereka ndalama ku zipatala za kumidzi, kugawidwa kwa akatemera mkati mwa mliri, kapena kuikizidwa kwa zofufuza zamankhwala kumatsika pa gulu limeneli. Malamulo ameneŵa ndi andale zachibadwa, pamene amasonyeza kuti pali ntchito zofunika zaumoyo ndi zamalonda pakati pa zithandizo zosiyanasiyana za thanzi ndi magulu a anthu.

Kusamalira Zaumoyo

Malamulo okakamiza amathandiza anthu ovutika ndi matenda a zachipatala amakhudza njira zimene amalipira. Zimaphatikizapo ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za boma kudzera m'misonkho, mainshuwalansi a zaumoyo, malamulo a inshuwalansi, ndi kuchotsa ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Amedicara la akuluakulu a ku United States ndi Afford Care Act (ACA) ndi malamulo onse aŵiri oyendetsera ndalama zimene zimayendetsera ndalama zosamalira anthu ndi mmene ndalama zimalipirira ndalama.

Ukwati wa Onse wa Thanzi

Malamulo a zaumoyo a boma amakhudza kwambiri kuteteza ndi kuwongolera thanzi la anthu onse m’malo mwa munthu mmodzi. Akhoza kuphatikizapo malamulo a katemera, malamulo a zaukhondo a m’mlengalenga, misonkho ya fodya, zofunikira za chakudya, ndi njira zoyendera matenda opatsirana. Bungwe la Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ndilo bungwe lalikulu la U.S. lomwe limakhazikitsa malamulo a zaumoyo a anthu oteteza matenda ndi kupititsa patsogolo thanzi lawo.

Kufunika kwa Kusamalira Thanzi

Malamulo a zaumoyo olinganizidwa bwino ngofunika kwambiri kuti mukwaniritse zolinga zingapo zolondola zaumoyo. Popanda malamulo ogwirizana, madongosolo a zaumoyo akhoza kusagwira bwino ntchito, kusagwirizana, ndi kugawanika. Nazi zifukwa zazikulu zimene malamulo a zaumoyo amachitira zinthu:

  • Access yosatha: [[FLT :1] Accounting system ikhoza kuchepetsa kusiyana kwa kusamala kozikidwa pa ndalama, malo ake, fuko, kapena malo a inshuwalansi. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo amene amawonjezera Medicaid elligiges kapena malo a zaumoyo a chitaganya amathandiza kubweretsa mautumiki kwa anthu osungidwa.
  • .Imfestment Health Out Out comes: Miyeso ya chiŵerengero cha anthu yonga ngati kuyembekezera moyo, imfa za makanda, ndi kufalikira kwa nthenda zosatha imasonkhezeredwa mwachindunji ndi malamulo amene amachirikiza chisamaliro chotetezera, kutulukira mwamsanga, ndi malamulo ogwira mtima a kachiritso.
  • Control : [[FLT :1] Ntengo zaumoyo zakwera mofulumira kuposa kukwera kwa mitengo ya zinthu, kulemetsa anthu ndi maboma. Chikhalidwe chimene chimalimbikitsa mapikica operekedwa ndi mtengo woŵerengera, kukambirana za mankhwala, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maofesi angathandize kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pamene mukusunga mkhalidwe wabwino.
  • Chitsogozo cha Kusintha: [[FLT :1] Policies imapanga malo osinthira ndi a zachuma kaamba ka kupangidwa kwa mankhwala atsopano, zipangizo, ndi zitsanzo zopereka chisamaliro. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la Ofemwina la Mankhwala la U.S. Amapangitsa kufufuza matenda osoŵa, pamene kuli kwakuti njira yofulumira ya FDA imathetsa njira zopezera mankhwala zotsimikizirika.
  • Semmelweis Resilience: Panthaŵi ya ngozi zaumoyo wa anthu monga miliri, masoka achilengedwe, kapena zochitika zauchigaŵenga, malamulo amphamvu amatheketsa kugwirizana kwa mwamsanga, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi, ndi kulankhulana ndi mabungwe a zaumoyo.

Mbali Zazikulu za Kusamalira Thanzi Kogwira Mtima

Malamulo othandiza kwambiri pankhani ya zaumoyo ali ndi makhalidwe amene amathandiza kuti anthu apeze zotsatira zabwino.

Kupanga Zosankha Zogwirizana ndi Umboni

Malamulo ogwirizana ndi kufufuza kokhwima ndiponso kufufuza zinthu ndi ofufuza kwambiri, amathandiza kwambiri. Opanga makompyuta amadalira kwambiri njira zofufuzira zaumoyo, kupenda zinthu mwadongosolo, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zimene apeza kuti adziwe zimene asankha. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la U.K. la National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) limagwiritsa ntchito maumboni otsimikizira kuti ndi njira ziti zimene zingathandize pa ntchito ya zaumoyo ya National Health Service. Popanda umboni, malamulo angachititse kuti aperekedwe ndi nzeru kapena zitsenderezo za ndale.

Wotenga Chibwenzi

Malamulo ogwira mtima amaphatikizapo kutenga nawo mbali kwa awo amene adzayambukiridwa ndi iwo . Odwala, opereka ndalama, ndi atsogoleri a chitaganya. Kuloŵa m'pangano kungatenge nyengo za ndemanga zapoyera, makomiti aulaliki, misonkhano ya m'holo za tauni, kapena zomangira zogwirizana. Kuloŵetsamo zinthu kumathandizira kuzindikira zopinga zothandiza, kuyembekezera zotsatira zosayembekezereka, ndi kukulitsa chidaliro m'kachitidwe ka ka kachitidwe ka zinthu.

Zolinga ndi Zotsatirapo Zoyenera

Kuganizira zolinga zosadziwika bwino n’kovuta kuziganizira.

Kusinthasintha

Malo a zaumoyo amasintha mofulumira . Matenda atsopano amabuka, luso la zopangapanga limasintha, ndi kusintha kwa mikhalidwe ya zachuma. Akuti maluso amene ali ovuta kwambiri angachokere kapena kulephera. Njira zomangidwa kuti apendedwe nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, kulowa kwa dzuŵa, kapena kusintha kwa dongosolo la zinthu zimalola kusintha madongosolo a malamulo a kusintha pamene chidziŵitso chatsopano kapena mikhalidwe ibuka.

Mavuto Opezerapo Ntchito Zaumoyo

Ngakhale malamulo amene anthu ambiri amayendera angalephere kuwamvetsa pamene akuwagwiritsa ntchito.

Kutsutsa Ndale Zadziko

Kusintha kwa zaumoyo kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhudza makhalidwe osungidwa kwambiri ndi zikondwerero zachuma. Magulu achisangalalo onga makampani opanga mankhwala, makampani a inshuwalansi, ndi mabungwe azachipatala angasonkhezere kapena kutsutsa malamulo ozikidwa pa mlingo wawo wa zachuma. Kugaŵana kwandale kungaletse malamulo kapena kuchititsa kulolera molakwa zinthu zimene zimawononga mphamvu. Kuyesayesa kobwerezabwereza kuchepetsa kapena kulowa m’malo ACA mu U.S.

Kupereka Zopereka

Kusamala zaumoyo kuli kokwera mtengo, ndipo malamulo ambiri amafuna kusungitsa ndalama zambiri ngakhale zitapanga ndalama zanthaŵi yaitali. Maboma oyang'anizana ndi kupereŵera kwa bajeti angakhale osafuna kugaŵira ndalama kaamba ka maprogramu atsopano, kapena angazinyoze, kuchititsa kusoŵa kwa mautumiki. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo aumoyo m'maiko ambiri akhala osungitsidwa mosakwanira chifukwa cha ndalama za makampani osakwanira.

Kuzindikira Anthu ndi Kuthandiza

Upo umene umafunikira kachitidwe ka munthu payekha , monga ngati kupatsidwa katemera, kugwiritsira ntchito mautumiki otetezera, kapena kutsatira zitsogozo za chithandizo chamankhwala . Nzodalira pa kuzindikira kwa anthu ndi kufunitsitsa. Misformation, zikhulupiriro za chikhalidwe, kapena kusazindikira kosavuta kungaletse kugonjera. Kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo kumafuna kuphatikizapo ndawala za maphunziro a anthu onse, kufalikira kwa chitaganya, ndi amithenga odalirika kuti atseke mpata pakati pa cholinga cha malamulo ndi makhalidwe a anthu.

Kuvuta kwa Ntchito

Madongosolo a zaumoyo ngocholoŵana kwambiri, ndi olipira ndalama zambiri, operekera chithandizo, oyendetsa, ndi madongosolo a IT. Kugwiritsira ntchito njira yatsopano kungafunikire masinthidwe kuti apereke malamulo, aulule nkhani, ntchito zachipatala, kapena mapulani a inshuwalansi. Mtolo wa boma ungagonjetse operekera ndalama zochepa kapena kuyambitsa zolakwa zimene zimavulaza odwala. Malamulo oyendera malamulo ndi kutsatsa malonda a umisiri wogwirizana ndizo mavuto osatha.

Kutengeka ndi Zochita Zamakono Zowononga Lamulo la Zaumoyo

Masiku ano, pali njira zambiri zothandizira anthu odwala matenda, zimene zachititsa kuti anthu asinthesintha, ndiponso kuti ayambe kusamala kwambiri za ufulu wa anthu.

Kukula kwa Teleheyale

Mliri wa Covid-19 unawonjezera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mautumiki a telehealth monga maboma akuchepetsa ziletso za kudera lakutali. Maboma ambiri achititsa kuti zinthu zimenezi zikhale zosatha, kuchititsa kuti kukambirana kwa odwala kukhale kokhalitsa, kuyang'anira kwakutali, ndi mankhwala a makompyuta. Madokotala a zachipatala tsopano akulimbana ndi nkhani za kubwezeredwa ndalama, kutha kwa nsabwe kudutsa mizera ya boma, ndi kutsimikizira kuti odwala popanda kulowa m'manja kapena kulemba mawu.

Chisamaliro Chozikidwa pa Maziko

Malamulo operekera ndalama zothandizira kulipira mawonekedwe a chisamaliro, kaŵirikaŵiri kutsogolera ku mayeso ndi njira zosafunikira. Mafanizo opereka chisamaliro chamtengo wapatali, monga ngati mabungwe oŵerengera za chisamaliro (ACOS) ndi ndalama zoikika, kuthandizira wodwala ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu. Ziwiya za Politimenti zimaphatikizapo Medicare’s Reductions Program ndi Medicare Avene Parative Savings Program . Kusinthako sikunathe, koma kumaimira kuchuluka kwabwino wa chipatala m’malo mwa kuchuluka.

Kugwirizana pa Zaumoyo

Kuzindikira kusiyana kopitirizabe kwa ziyambukiro za thanzi chifukwa cha mtundu, fuko, ndalama, ndi malo. Opanga malamulo akutsatira njira zoyendera bwino: kusonkhanitsa ndi kupereka lipoti la nkhani za kusiyana kwa zinthu, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zaumoyo zothandizira anthu, kuthandizira kuletsa zaumoyo (Ufuko, chakudya, zoyendera), ndi kuphatikiza kupenda malamulo atsopano. Kaiser Family Foundation imapereka kupenda kwakukulu pa mmene malamulo a za kakhalidwe ka anthu amakhudzira magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu.

Kusokonezeka Maganizo kwa Machipatala a Maganizo

Umoyo wamaganizo wakhala wodetsedwa ndi wopatulidwa ndi chisamaliro chakuthupi. Ziyeso zamakono zikufuna kugwirizanitsa mautumiki a zaumoyo ndi chisamaliro chachikulu, kukhazikitsa malamulo a zaumoyo wamaganizo posamalira inshuwalansi, kufutukula mautumiki a zamaganizo ozikidwa pa sukulu, ndi kusamalira vuto la opioid kupyolera m'kuwonjezereka kwa mankhwala ndi kuchepa kwa mavuto. Ku U.S., Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration (SA) imapatsa ndi kuyendetsa maprogramu a zaumoyo.

Kudziŵa Zinthu Zachinsinsi Ndiponso Luso Lopanga

Pamene chisamaliro cha zaumoyo chikhala cholinganizidwa, malamulo olamulira zachinsinsi za chidziŵitso ndi kugwiritsira ntchito luntha lopanga akusintha. The European Union’s General Data Protection Reggation (GDPR) ndi Consumer Activity Act ya California (CPA) imakhazikitsa miyezo ya kutetezera zaumoyo. Malamulo atsopano akupangidwa kutsimikizira ma ALA a algorith a kupima, mapulani a kuchiritsa, ndi kugaŵira katundu n’koonekera bwino, kopanda kuikidwa, ndi kochirikizidwa. Bungwe la WHO lapereka malangizo pa malamulo a za chikhalidwe ndi ulamuliro wa AIA m'zamoyo.

Mafaelo ndi Mafanizo

Mayiko osiyanasiyana amalinganiza njira zawo zosamalira thanzi mogwirizana ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana.

Chitsanzo cha Beveridge

Wotchulidwa ndi William Beveridge wosintha chikhalidwe cha anthu wa Briteni, chitsanzo chimenechi chimapereka chisamaliro cha zaumoyo ndi kuperekedwa ndi boma kupyolera mwa msonkho wa onse. Chimagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku United Kingdom, Spain, New Zealand, ndi Scandinavia. Odwala salandira kwenikweni mapepala; boma lili ndi malo ake ndi olipirira. Nthaŵi zoyembekezera nzapamwamba, koma nthaŵi zoyembekezera zingakhale zopinga.

Chitsanzo cha Bismarck

Kuchokera ku Germany pansi pa Chancellar Otto von Bismarck, chitsanzochi chimagwiritsira ntchito inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo yochirikizidwa ndi olemba ntchito ndi antchito kupyolera mwa ndalama zosapindulitsa za matenda. Nzofala ku Germany, France, Belgium, Japan, ndi Switzerland. Boma limayang'anira ndalama za inshuwalansi ndi ndalama zoyendetsera inshuwalansi, ndipo chisamaliro chimaperekedwa ndi opereka chithandizo. Ilo limakwaniritsa pafupifupi dziko lonse lapansi ndi chipambano chachikulu.

Chitsanzo cha Inshuwalansi ya Zaumoyo ya Dzikolo

M’chitsanzo chimenechi, boma limasonkhanitsa ndalama kapena misonkho kuti lipereke makonzedwe a inshuwalansi imodzi ya boma, pamene chisamaliro chimaperekedwa ndi opereka ndalama za boma. Canada ndi South Korea ndi zitsanzo zodziŵika bwino. Kuletsa mtengo ndi kwamphamvu, koma mikangano ya ndale zadziko ingabuke imene mautumiki amaikizidwa kapena mmene amaperekera ndalama kwa opereka ndalama.

Chitsanzo cha Kuchoka pa Pocket

M'maiko ambiri olandira ndalama zochepa, mbali yaikulu ya chisamaliro cha zaumoyo imaperekedwa mwachindunji ndi odwala pambali ya ntchito, popanda inshuwalansi. Chifaniziro chimenechi chimasiya osauka ku zowonongedwa zaumoyo zakupha ndi kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa chisamaliro chabwino. Policies amene amayang'anizidwira ku kampani ya zaumoyo padziko lonse amafuna kusintha kuchoka ku dongosolo lino mwa kuyambitsidwa kwa inshuwalansi ya anthu kapena kusamalira kwa msonkho.

Ntchito ya Zipangizo m’Malamulo a Zaumoyo

Luso la zopangapanga lomwe limapanga malamulo ndipo limapangidwa ndi ilo. Zolemba zaumoyo za electronic EHR (EHR) zimatheketsa chidziŵitso cha zinthu zothandizira kuyang'anira zaumoyo wa anthu, komanso zimakulitsa nkhaŵa zachinsinsi ndi zogwirizana. Zikukhudza zinthu monga Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HICH) Act mu U.S. Act yochirikiza kulera ana a EHR mwa kulipira ndalama zosonkhezera. Posachedwapa, malamulo akuthetsa kuwonjezeka kwa zipangizo zaumoyo zotha kuwonongeka, umboni weniweni wa mankhwala, ndi kusagwirizana kwa zaumoyo. Kusintha kwa sayansi ndi njira za zamakono kungakulitsenso zinthu za pa Intaneti.

Kufufuza za Matenda a Zaumoyo

Kupenda njira zenizeni zogwiritsira ntchito dziko kumasonyeza mfundo zosamvetsetseka zimene zafotokozedwa pamwambapa.

Chikalata Chosonyeza Kusamalira Anthu Odwala (ACA) ku United States

, Inachita zimenezi mu 2010. Inachititsanso kuti anthu ayambe kuteteza zinthu monga kugulitsa zinthu zimene zinalipo kale komanso kuthandizira anthu a m'mayiko ena. Ngakhale kuti nkhondo zandale zikupitirirabe, ACA inachepetsa chiŵerengero chosapeweka kuchokera pa 16% mu 2010 kufika pa 8% mu 2016. Mavuto aakulu akupitirizabe, kuphatikizapo malonda ena ndiponso mipata ya malonda ndi mipata ya zaumoyo.

National Health Service (NHS) ku United Kingdom

NHS, yokhazikitsidwa mu 1948, ndi njira yachitsanzo ya Beveridge imene imapereka chisamaliro chokwanira popanda kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Zitokoso zaposachedwapa zimaphatikizapo kukakamiza anthu kupeza ndalama chifukwa cha anthu okalamba, kusoŵa kwa ntchito, ndi kufunika kwa kuchotsa mpambo woyembekezera pambuyo pa madeti. Makonzedwe a malamulo asumika pa njira za chisamaliro zogwirizana (ICS) kugwirizanitsa mautumiki ku zipatala, machitidwe anthaŵi zonse, ndi chisamaliro cha anthu.

Kudziko la Thailand

Chiwembu cha Thailand chinayambitsidwa mu 2002, chimathandiza anthu onse kupeza chithandizo chamankhwala popanda chitetezo cha anthu kapena apolisi. Mwa kulipira msonkho wa anthu onse, anthu pafupifupi 47 miliyoni akupezeka pa Thailand. Lamuloli lakhala likuchepetsa kwambiri ndalama zimene anthu amawononga pa thanzi lawo ndiponso limathandiza kuti apeze thanzi labwino.

Mmene Aphunzitsi ndi Ophunzira Angaloŵerere M’kachitidwe ka Zaumoyo

Kwa awo ophunzitsa kapena kuphunzira zaumoyo, kutomerana kokangalika kumaloŵetsamo magawo a kupenda malamulo, maphunziro, kumvetsera malamulo, ndi maulendo a zaumoyo. Ophunzira angalowetse ntchito ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo akwawo, magulu a anthu osafuna phindu, kapena maofesi a boma. Kuloŵa m'bungwe la onse la mzinda kapena bungwe la zaumoyo kumapereka chidziŵitso chothandiza cha mmene malamulo amakanganirana ndi kuvomerezedwa. Zinthu za mu inteneti zonga Maakaumboni a za za zaumoyo , [FLT:], [FLT:] FOM] F. FulT]

Kumaliza

Malamulo a zaumoyo ndi owonjezera kwambiri kuposa kulembedwa kwa mapepala a zaumoyo; ndi ziŵiya zimene mabungwe akufotokoza makhalidwe awo okhudza thanzi, kuchulukana ndi udindo. Kuchokera ku malamulo a ndalama zimene zimatsimikizira ngati banja lingathe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a insulin ku zifuno za anthu onse, malamulo okhudza mbali iliyonse ya chisamaliro ndi kuletsa. Kumvetsetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malamulo, madongosolo a zaumoyo, madongosolo amene amapanga dongosolo a zaumoyo a dziko, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kopitirizabe kuchititsa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira kupenda zochitika ndi zochirikiza kukonza bwino. Pamene malo a zaumoyo akupitirizabe kukonza zinthu ndi luso la zasayansi, kusintha kwa anthu, ndi kugogomezera kwambiri za kuchuluka kwa odziŵa, otengapo ntchito m’katengo za dongosololo, osafunikira kuchititsa chidwi, ndi kuyang'kanika, ndi kuyang'nkhanitsa ntchito yochititsa chidwi kwambiri ya zochitika za m'dziko. Kuyang'anira, ndi kukonza zinthu zofunika kwambiri kwa maluso a ntchito a zamakono.