Chiyambi

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) ndi bungwe lalikulu la boma loyang'anira thanzi la anthu onse, maphunziro a zamankhwala, kuletsa matenda, ndi ubwino wa banja ku India. Ikugwira ntchito pansi pa Boma la India, Ministry imaumba malamulo a zaumoyo a dziko, imagwirizanitsa maprogramu aakulu a zaumoyo, ndi kuika miyezo ya zaumoyo pa chigawo cha zaumoyo. Ndi anthu oposa 1.4 biliyoni, ntchito ya MoHFW imakhudza pafupifupi nzika iliyonse — kuchokera ku katemera wa ana osatha kuyang'anira matenda okalamba. Ntchito ya Minisitale imafalikira kuposa chisamaliro cha mankhwala kuti iteteze thanzi, kupititsa patsogolo thanzi, ndi kulimbitsa thanzi la m'matauni ndi m’madera akumidzi. Zaka zaposachedwapa, ntchito za MoW zasintha kwambiri za anthu ongosintha monga ngati mmene amachitira ntchito yoyendetsa matenda a bungwe la National Regivement Agement, kukonzansotion.

Mbiri Yakale

Bungwe la Boma linakhazikitsa njira yothandiza anthu kuti asamadwale. Mu 1952, unduna wa Unduna wa Zaumoyo unayambika, koma ntchito yamakono inayamba kupangidwa pambuyo pa ufulu mu 1947. Lipoti la Bore Committee Committee linayala maziko a dongosolo la zaumoyo lofala, likulimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo oyamba a zaumoyo ndi kusumikidwa pa kuteteza. Mu 1952, undunawu unayambanso ntchito yosintha mitundu ya Unduna wa Zaumoyo ndi mabanja kuti asonyeze kutchuka kwa dziko lonse kwa anthu. M'zaka makumi ambiri, Minisitala yakhala ikutulukira mwa malamulo a zaumoyo monga National Health Policy ya 1983, 2002, 2002, ndi posachedwapa 2017. Lamulo lililonse lakhala ndi kusintha kwa maluso a matenda — kuchokera ku kufalikira kwa matenda osatha kufalikira kwa matenda (NC) ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito yaumoyo, ndi kuyendetsa kwa boma, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito kwa boma.

Makonzedwe a Gulu

Gulu la MoHFW lalinganizidwa m’madipatimenti angapo ndipo lalumikizidwa m’maofesi kuti liyang’anire mathayo ake operekedwa mokulira:

  • Department of Health and Family Welfare: imakhudza ntchito zaumoyo wa anthu onse, kulinganiza banja, thanzi la amayi ndi ana, ndi njira zothetsera matenda.
  • Department of Health Research: Imalimbikitsa kufufuza kwa zamankhwala ndi kugwirizanitsa Indiya Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
  • Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS): Imapereka malangizo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maprogramu a zaumoyo a dziko.
  • Canter Drug Standard Control Organization (CDSCO): imalamulira mankhwala, zipangizo zamankhwala, ndi ziyeso zachipatala.
  • National Health Systems Resource Centre (NHSRC): Amathandiza kumanga ndi kuthandizira madongosolo a zaumoyo.

Ministry imeneyi imayang’aniranso mabungwe akuluakulu monga All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMINS), ndi masukulu ambiri ofufuza zamankhwala ndi makoleji.

Mathayo Oyambirira

Malamulo a Uminisitalawo ngokulira ndi ogwirizana. mathayo aakulu amaphatikizapo:

  • Fomision: Kusintha malamulo aumoyo wa dziko, njira, ndi dongosolo loyendera limodzi ndi zolinga zaumoyo padziko lonse monga Sustatible Development Zolinga (SDGs).
  • Ubwino wa Zaumoyo: Kulinganiza, kumanga, ndi kusamalira dongosolo la masiteshoni atatu a tinsinsi, malo aakulu athanzi (PHCs), malo a zaumoyo a chitaganya (CHC), ndi zipatala za m'chigawo.
  • [[NTL:0] Kulamulira ndi Kufunda: maprogramu osonyeza TB (NTP), malungo (NVBDCP), HIV/AIDS (NACP), khate, ndi matenda opatsirana.
  • Kusintha kosagwirizana: Kugwiritsira ntchito Programme ya Universal Immunization (UIP) kutetezera ana ku matenda 12 a katemera.
  • [[FLT :0] Materinal ndi Mwana Health: [[FLT :1] Kuchepetsa imfa za amayi ndi makanda kupyolera m'makonzedwe onga Janani Shishu Suraksha Karakram (JSK) ndi Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA).
  • [[NT:0] Kupereka malangizo a Zamankhwala: Kuyang'ana kwambiri zamankhwala, mano, namwino, ndi zopereka za opareshoni kupyolera m'matupi onga National Medical Commission (NMC) ndi INC Council (INC).
  • Access to Ester Medicine :[FLT ] Akusonyeza kuti mankhwala otsika amapezeka kudzera m'chiwembu cha Jan Aushadhi ndi mtengo kudzera mwa National Phrankoutical Pricical Authority (NPPA).

Zoyamba Zazikulu ndi Maprogramu

Ayushman Bharat

Ayushman Bharat anayambitsidwa mu 2018, ndipo Ayushman ndi njira yaikulu kwambiri ya inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo ya boma padziko lonse. Ili ndi mizati iŵiri: Pradhan Mantri Arogya Yahoina (PM-JAY), yomwe imatchula za ma 765 lakh pachaka pa banja la anthu osamalira ana achiŵiri ndi osamalira odwala, ndi Wells Centres (HWC) zimene zimasamalira kwambiri. Monga 2025, oposa 30 crore (300 miliyoni) ma ma ma maleresire, ndipo machipatala mamiliyoni ambiri avomerezedwa, kuchepetsa mokulira kutuluka kwa chipatala cha anthu osauka.

Dziko Loona za Umoyo (NHM)

NHM Malamulo a kufupi ndi onse aŵiri National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) ndi National Urban Health Mission (NUHM). Imapereka ndalama zosinthika kuti boma lilimbitse madongosolo a zaumoyo, kutumiza antchito a zaumoyo (ASHE, AM), ndi kuwongolera zizindikiro za moyo wa amayi ndi ana. NHM imachirikizanso njira za Free Drugs and Free Diagnostics Services m'malo ogwirira ntchito a anthu onse.

Programu ya Kulandira Mafupa ya Dzikolo

Bungwe la Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) ndi limodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu zopereka katemera padziko lonse, zokwana ana 2.7 miliyoni (27 miliyoni) ndi akazi amimba 2.9 miliyoni chaka chilichonse. Mu 2023, India anayambitsa katemera wa Rotavirus ndi katemera wa pneucoccal conjugate (PCV) ku UIP, kuchepetsa imfa kuchokera ku diarrhoea ndi chibayo.

Bungwe Lolamulira Edzi la National Edzi (NACP)

Pansi pa lamulo la National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), NACP yachepetsa 66% ya matenda atsopano a HIV kuyambira 2010. Programuyi ikusumika maganizo pa njira zopitira ku magulu a anthu a chibalo chachikulu, machiritso aulere a kuletsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV (ART) ku malo pafupifupi 1,800, ndi kuletsa kufalitsa kwa makolo ndi ana.

Pradhan Mantri Ayeshman Bharat Health Infrapublicare Mission (PM-ABHIM)

Olengezedwa mu 2021 ndi bajeti ya 764,000 crore (chifupifupi $8 biliyoni), PM-ABIM ikufuna kulimbitsa dongosolo la umoyo la India — kumanga malabola atsopano a zaumoyo wa anthu onse, malo osamalira ofufuza matenda, ndi makampani owonjezereka oyang’anira matenda. Imakhazikitsanso National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) monga bungwe lokhala ndi mphamvu yochititsa kubuka kwa nthenda.

Njira Zoyambira Thanzi la pa Intaneti

Bungwe la National Digital Health Mission (NDHM) lomwe kenako linatchedwa kuti Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) limapanga malo a moyo amodzi a magetsi. Limapanga maID apadera a thanzi (ABHA), kutheketsa zolemba za zaumoyo zamagetsi, ndipo limathandizira kukambirana pa pulatifomu ya steole ku ESjeevani, imene inalemba mafunso oposa 100 miliyoni podzafika 2024.

Zochita ndi Zokhudza

MoHFW yapeza chipambano chodziŵika m'zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa. India analengezedwa kukhala wopanda poliyo mu 2014 pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za katemera wochirikizidwa. Chiŵerengero cha imfa za anthu (MMR) chinatsika kuchoka pa 130 pa 100,000 omwe anabadwa mu 2016 kufika pa 97 mu 2020, ndi chiŵerengero cha ana akufa (IMR) chinatsika kuchoka pa 44 mpaka 28 pa 1,000 pa nthaŵi imodzimodziyo. Dzikoli lachepetsanso kubadwa kwa matenda a khataniya ndi ya ya ya Yaws ndipo linachepetsa kwambiri vuto la lymph filariasis. Moyo wobadwa mu 2010 unawonjezeka kuchokera pa zaka 6 7.5 mu 2023.

Mavuto Amene Amakumana Nawo

Ngakhale kuti akupita patsogolo, Utumikiwo ukulimbana ndi mavuto opitirizabe:

  • Kusagwirizana kwa madera a m'matauni: Oposa 70% a anthu a ku India amakhala kumadera akumidzi, kumene kulibe antchito ambiri ndi okonzeka. Ochuluka a akatswiri amakonda kutumiza malo a m’tauni, kusiya zipatala ndi zipatala za CHC zopanda madokotala oyenerera, olera, kapena akatswiri a zaumoyo.
  • Health Workcerforce Shortge : [FLT :1] India ali ndi ziŵerengero za dokotala wa pafupifupi 1.1:1,1, , pansi kwambiri pa WHO yovomerezedwa 1:1,000. Namwino-achipatala amawonjoledwanso, ndipo oposa 80% a madokotala amagwira ntchito m’matauni.
  • Matenda aakulu: Matenda osatha monga TB, malungo, ndi chirhuludzo amaphabe anthu ambiri, pamene kuli kwakuti matenda osayambukira (NCD) — nthenda ya mtima, matenda a shuga, kansa — awonjezeka, kuwonjezera 60% ya imfa. Dongosolo la zaumoyo limalephera kuthana ndi zonse ziŵirizo.
  • Kuchokera ku Focket Expenditure:[FLT ] Mosasamala kanthu za ku Ayushman Bharat, pafupifupi 50% ya kuwonongeredwa kwa thanzi ku India kudakali kwa phee, kusonkhezera mamiliyoni kukhala aumphaŵi chaka chilichonse. Ndalama zaumoyo za boma monga gawo la GDP zili pafupi ndi 2.1%, kutsika kwa avareji ya padziko lonse ya 6%.
  • Kufalikira kwa thanzi: Mliri wa Covid , wovumbula kutha mphamvu ya matenda, oxygen wopereka unyolo, ndi mphamvu ya ngozi. Kubuka kwa mucormycosis ndi Nipah kwayesa njira zochitira.
  • Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala mopambanitsa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa m'zipatala ndi zaulimi zasonkhezera kukwera kwa AMR, zikumawopseza kuchepetsa kuchiritsa kwa matenda ofala. India ali ndi National Action Plan on AMR koma kusungitsa kumakhala kofooka.

Zochitika Zaposachedwapa ndi Kulabadira

Kuyang’anira Chipatala cha Covid-19

MoHFW inagwirizanitsa chivomerezo cha India ku mliriwo kupyolera m'Gulu la National covid-19. Zochita zazikulu zinaphatikizapo kupima mphamvu kuyambira pa zero kufikira pa 2 miliyoni patsiku, kukhazikitsa zipatala zopatulidwa za COVID, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito katemera wamkulu koposa padziko lonse — kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso oposa 2.2 biliyoni poyambirira kwa 20222. Utumiki unayambitsanso pulatifomu ya ndandanda ya CoWin ya katemera wa katemera ndi crective , yomwe inavomerezedwa ndi mayiko angapo. Post-pandemic, Minist yalimbitsa kukonzekera kwa katemera wake kudzera mu Ayman Bharatar Health Infraclactive Mission (P-BHIM).

Kusintha Zinthu

Mu 2020, National Medical Commission (NMC) inaloŵa mmalo mwa bungwe la Medical Council of India, cholinga cha kubweretsa kuonekera ndi kuŵerengera ku maphunziro a zamankhwala. Undunanso unayamba New Drugs and Clinical Trial Trial Trials Mages, 2019, kuvomereza zikalata zogwirizana ndi kutsimikizira kuti kuli bwino. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mitengo ya denga ya mankhwala ofunikira kwathandiza kuchepetsa ndalama. Kuwonjezera apo, CDSCO ikuyendera ku ku kuyang'ana kodalirana ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse.

Kusumika Maganizo pa Thanzi Lamaganizo ndi NCD

Pozindikira vuto lomakulakula la matenda a maganizo, Ministry inakhazikitsa National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) yoyang'anira zaumoyo wa chigawo ndi kusamala kwambiri. National Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) njira zoyendera zapamtunda, matenda a shuga, ndi a m'kamwa, maŵere, ndi kansa ya chibere pansi pa National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardioiovascular Diseases ndi Stroke (NPCDCS). Anthu oposa 150 miliyoni ayesedwa kuti aone kuti aone kuti aone kuti NCD ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira.

Malangizo a M’tsogolo

Makalata aposachedwapa a bungwe la MoHFW ndi bajeti amandandalitsa zinthu zingapo zofunika zaka khumi zikubwera. National Health Policy 2017 inakhazikitsa chiwonjezeko cha kuwonjezereka kwa zowonongedwa zaumoyo wa anthu pa 2.5% ya GDP pa 2025 — ngakhale kuti kuwonongeratu ndalama kukukhalabe 2.1%. Kuwonjezera kwa Ayushman Bharat kuphatikiza chisamaliro chachikulu cha geriatricat, chisamaliro cha maganizo, ndi kuwonjezera thanzi la maganizo a anthu. Makonzedwe a Utumiki akuwonjezeranso ntchito ya Health ndi Wellness Centers kuwonjezera 1. Mwakuwonjezera pa Kayendedwe a Zamoyo (150,000) poma 2028, kupereka chisamaliro chachikulu kuphatikizapo kanema ndi kuyendetsa ndi NCD. Kuwonjezereka kwa thanzi kwa ADM kumafunidwa ndi 50 miliyoni (ma miliyoni 500) ABBAD, pogwira ntchito yowonjezera ntchito ya National Memorimenti ya kuwonjezera ntchito ya kuwonjezera mankhwala a zachuma, ndi kuwonjezera kuwonjezera chithandizo cha mankhwala owonjezera mankhwala owonjezera mphamvu za mankhwala owonjezera (kuthandiza kwambiri).

Pa chigawo cha padziko lonse, India akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yake ya Unduna wa Zaumoyo 2023 mu 2023 kukakamiza kutengera miyezo ya zaumoyo ya makompyuta ndi miliri yokonzekera. Unduna umathandizanso njira zoyendera zapadziko lonse za Umoyo wa Akazi, Ana, ndi Adolescents’s Health ndi Une Health kuletsa matenda a maloocky. Kufufuza ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ma genomic, mankhwala othandizira kuchepetsako mphamvu, ndi nzeru zopeka zothandizira kupima zikulandira ndalama zambiri za boma kupyolera mwa ICMR ndi BIRAC.

Kuthetsa kupereŵera kwa antchito a zaumoyo ndi ntchito yosatha. Utumiki wakhazikitsa njira yatsopano yokhazikitsa makoleji a zamankhwala 75 pofika 2025 - 266, ndipo wapanga ma MBBS owonjezereka oposa 27,000 ndi malo apamwamba okwana 19,000 m'zaka zisanu zapitazi. National Dental Commission ndi National Avsed Health Council ikukhazikitsidwa kuti ayang'anire ndi kukonza magawo a zaumoyo ogwirizana monga pysiotheratherapy, chakudya, ndi luso la zopanga za zachipatala. Molingana ndi izi, zoyesayesa za kulimbitsa thanzi la anthu kudzera m'matenda a Accred Social Health Active Activaties (AS) ndi othandizira osamalira matenda (ANM).

Kumaliza

Bungwe la Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare likupitirizabe kutsogolera ntchito zaumoyo wa dzikolo. Zoyesayesa zake — kuyambira kufutukula chisamaliro chachikulu ku Ayushman Bharat mpaka kukonza mliri wa Chovid-19 ndi kukonzanso mapulaneti amakono — zakhudza mbali iliyonse ya dziko. Pamene mavuto onga ngati ndalama zotsala, kupereŵera kwa ntchito, ndi mtolo wa matenda umene ukupitirizabe, njira zamakono za Utumiki za kulinganiza, ndi kuwonjezera dongosolo la zaumoyo. Pamene India akusintha kukhala ndi thanzi, anthu okalamba, MoHFF idzakhaladi yowopsya kwambiri. Kupeza chithandizo cha thanzi ndi SG mu 2030 kudzafunikira kuwonjezereka, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kuwonjezereka kwa ndalensi kwa maluso onse a Undunaware, ndi kuyendera pamodzi kwa mayanjano apadziko lonse, ndi a Mayanjano apadziko lonse, ndi a Mayanjano apadziko lonse.