Table of Contents
Ufulu Wosalingana: Maziko a Chilungamo ndi Chilungamo
Kuyenera kwa kulingana si zolinga wamba; izo ndizo zitseko zotsimikizirika zimene zimatsimikizira munthu aliyense kukhala ndi ulemu, kukhala ndi phande kotheratu m’chitaganya, ndi kukhala womasuka ku kuchitiridwa kosalungama. Zoyenera zimenezi zimatetezera anthu ku tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, msinkhu, kupunduka, chipembedzo, kukhumba kugonana, ndi mikhalidwe ina yaumwini. Kwa nzika, kuzindikira zoyenera zimenezi kuli sitepe loyamba la kumanga mudzi kumene mwaŵi sunalinganizidwiratu ndi chizindikiritso. Chotsogoza chimenechi chimapereka kusanthula mosamalitsa za ukulu wa kulingana, malamulo amene amawachirikiza iwo, mmene tsankho lapatuka limagwirira ntchito, ndi njira zina zapadera zimene mungachirikizira kaamba ka dziko lolungama.
Kodi Ufulu Wolingana ndi Anthu N’chiyani Kwenikweni?
Pamaziko awo, ufulu wolingana umatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene amachitiridwa mochepera chifukwa cha amene ali. Amayendera mfundo yakuti anthu onse ali ndi mtengo wofanana ndipo ali ndi ufulu wotetezereka mofanana pansi pa lamulo. Ufulu umenewu umaikidwa m'mapangano a mtundu, malamulo, ndi ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse. Amasunga kufanana [[FLD:] kwa munthu] (kuthandiza aliyense kukhala wofanana) ndi ] kugonjetsa kulingana kwa dziko lonse, (kuvomereza kuti magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu angafunikire kuchitiridwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, malo oyenerera kwa munthu wopundukapo). Ufulu wa anthu amafunikiranso maboma ndi kukana ntchito zina, monga kuyang'anira ntchito, maphunziro, ndi kupezeka kwa anthu ambiri.
Ngakhale kuti ufulu wa anthu umaphatikizapo ufulu wachibadwidwe, wa zandale, wa zachuma, wa chikhalidwe, ndi wa chikhalidwe, ufulu wolingana umangonena za kuletsedwa kwa tsankho ndi kulimbikitsa mwayi wofanana.
Kufunika Kokulira kwa Ufulu Wosalingana
Kulingana kwa ufulu chifukwa chakuti ndiko maziko a demokrase yogwira ntchito ndi chitaganya chogwirizana. Popanda izo, tsankho ladongosolo lingakhudze umphaŵi, chiwawa, ndi kusiyanitsa anthu. Nazi zifukwa zazikulu zimene kuyenera kumeneku kuli kofunika:
- Kukhazikika ndi Mtendere: Mabungwe amene amatetezera ufulu wa anthu samalimbana kwambiri ndi kudalirana pakati pa nzika. Pamene anthu alingalira kuti dongosololo nlolungama, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kutengamo mbali m’moyo wa anthu ndi kugwirizana ndi malamulo.
- Kumasula munthu wothekera: kutaya zinyalala. Mwa kuchotsa zopinga, ufulu wolingana umalola anthu kuthandizira maluso awo ndi malingaliro, zimene zimasonkhezera kukonza ndi kukula kwa chuma.
- Kutetezera kwa Magulu Opatulidwa: Ufulu wa kusalingana umatumikira monga chitetezero kwa anthu ang'onoang'ono, akazi, anthu opunduka, anthu a m'dzikolo, ndi ena amene adayang'anizana ndi chitsenderezo. Imapereka chithandizo cha lamulo pamene tsankho lichitika.
- Emorferance and Agency: Kudziŵa zoyenera zanu kumakupatsani mphamvu yotsutsa chisalungamo. Kumasintha munthu wosankhidwa kukhala wonyamula ufulu wogwira ntchito amene angafune kuti adziŵerengera mlandu.
Ntchito Zopanga Zomwe Zimateteza Ufulu Wolingana
Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi kungakuthandizeni kudziwa kumene mungapeze chitetezo ndiponso mmene mungapatsire mlandu mabungwe a mayiko.
Zilango za Padziko Lonse Zokhudza Ufulu wa Anthu
Zida zazikulu zotsatirazi zimakakamiza mayiko olimbikitsa tsankho ndi kulimbikitsa kuti anthu azilingana:
- Chilengezo cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): Olandiridwa mu 1948, Mfundo 2 ikunena kuti aliyense ali ndi ufulu “wopanda kusiyana kulikonse, monga fuko, mtundu, chilankhulo, chipembedzo, malingaliro, ndale kapena zina, chiyambi cha dziko, chuma, kubadwa kapena malo ena. [Onani malemba onse pa webusaiti ya Mitundu yonse [[[FLT:]]
- Pangano la International International on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR): Mfundo 26 imaposa ufulu m'pangano lenilenilo, ikutsimikizira chitetezo chofanana pamaso pa lamulo ndi kuletsa tsankho pa maziko alionse.
- Kuchotsa Mafomu Onse a Tsankho la Ufuko (ICERD): Kufuna kuti tsankho la fuko lithetsedwe m’mitundu yonse ndi kuchirikiza kumvetsetsana pakati pa mafuko.
- Chothetsera Selo la Malamulo Onse a Tsankho kwa Akazi (CEDAW): kaŵirikaŵiri imatchedwa chikalata cha padziko lonse cha ufulu wa akazi, imapereka lingaliro la tsankho m'zandale, zachuma, chikhalidwe, ndi chikhalidwe.
- Kuvomereza Ufulu wa Anthu Opunduka (CRPD): Kukhazikitsa kuti kupunduka kuli mbali ya kusiyanasiyana kwa anthu ndi kuti boma liyenera kutsimikizira kuti kupezeka, kuphatikizidwa, ndi kukhala kwabwino.
Mapangano ameneŵa amapanga malamulo ovomerezeka a mayiko amene amawalanda malamulowo, komanso amachititsa kuti anthu asakhale omvera: nzika zingagwiritse ntchito njira zochitira mapangano kuti maboma awo adziimbe mlandu.
Malamulo a Dzikolo ndi Malamulo Otetezera
Ngakhale kuti malamulo a m’dziko lililonse ndi apadera, pano pali zitsanzo zazikulu za malamulo a m’dziko amene amateteza kulingana:
- United States – The Civil Rights Act ya 1964: [[FLT: 1] Mutu VII umaletsa tsankho la ntchito lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, ndi dziko. Pambuyo pake kukonzedwa ndi zigamulo za khoti zinakula monga kutetezera mimba, kulumala (Magazini ndi Kulemala), ndi msinkhu (Agecountion in Brough Act). Commission Act (EOC) [FLT] Commissions Ofect Yogwira Ntchito (EOC)]
- United Kingdom – The Eality Act 2010: Lamulo limodzi lokwanira limene limagwirizanitsa mbali zazikulu zisanu ndi zinayi za malamulo. Imatetezera anthu ku tsankho lozikidwa pa mikhalidwe isanu ndi inayi yotetezeredwa: msinkhu, kupunduka, kugawidwa kwa mwamuna, ukwati ndi kugwirizana kwachiŵeniŵeni, mimba ndi kubereka, fuko, chipembedzo kapena chikhulupiriro, kugonana, ndi mkhalidwe wa kugonana. Kuyang'anira kuyenera ndi ufulu wa anthu [[FLT]
- - Canada - The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (19982) ndi Canadian Rights Rights Act: Chigawo 15 cha Tchatachi chimatsimikizira kulingana kusanachitike ndi pansi pa lamulo, pamene Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe chikukwaniritsa ntchito zoyendetsedwa ndi boma. Malamulo a ufulu wa anthu a m’Pweruzire amapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka.
- Eupan Union – Exafect Directives: EU yatengera malamulo oletsa tsankho pantchito ndi kupeza zinthu ndi mautumiki ozikidwa pa fuko, chiyambi cha fuko, chipembedzo, chikhulupiriro, kupunduka, msinkhu, ndi kutengeka maganizo ndi zakugonana.
- Kummwera kwa Africa – Constitution (1996): Malamulo a pambuyo pa kuphata ali ndi chiganizo champhamvu cholingana (Kulinganiza 9) chimene chimaphatikizapo zonse ziŵiri kuyenera kwa onse ku kufanana ndi chiletso cha tsankho losalungama, kuphatikizapo makonzedwe a kuvomereza.
Kumvetsa Tsankho: Makhalidwe ndi Zitsanzo
Kuzindikira mitundu yake yosiyanasiyana ya tsankho n’kofunika kwambiri pozindikira kuti anthu akuphwanya malamulo ndi kuchitapo kanthu.
Tsankho Lachindunji
Zimenezi zimachitika pamene wina sachitiridwa bwino chifukwa cha mkhalidwe wotetezeredwa. Chitsanzo: Bwana akana kulemba ntchito mkazi woyeneretsedwa chifukwa cha kukhala ndi pakati, kapena mwininyumba akana kubwereka kwa wogulitsa chifukwa cha fuko lawo. Tsankho lachindunji kaŵirikaŵiri limamveka, ngakhale kuti lingakhale lachinyengo.
Tsankho Lachindunji
Ichi chimachitika pamene lamulo lowoneka kukhala losaloŵerera kapena kuchita zinthu mopambanitsa lipangitsa gulu lokhala ndi mkhalidwe wotetezereka, ndipo lamulolo siliri njira yolinganizika yokwaniritsira cholinga choyenerera. Chitsanzo]: Chiyeneretso chantchito chakuti antchito onse agwire ntchito pa Loŵeruka mwa njira yosadziŵika bwino mokondera kwa antchito achiyuda kapena a Adventist amene amasunga Sabata. Chitsanzo china chapadera ndicho chofunika cha ntchito zina zimene zimachotsa akazi ndi magulu ena a mafuko popanda kufunika kwa ntchito.
Kuvutitsidwa
Kuvutitsidwa kuli khalidwe losafunidwa logwirizana ndi mkhalidwe wotetezeredwa umene uli ndi chifuno kapena chiyambukiro cha kuswa ulemu wa munthu kapena kuyambitsa chiwopsezo, udani, malo oluluzika, kunyozedwa, kapena kuipidwa. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kutukwana, majesichala, kusonyeza zinthu zonyansa, kapena chiwopsezo chakuthupi. Njila: mobwerezabwereza kunyoza mawu a mnzake kapena kunena mawu onyoza ponena za kachitidwe kawo kagonana.
Kuwavutitsa
Kuchitiridwa nkhanza kumachitika pamene wina wachitiridwa moipa chifukwa chakuti adadandaula za tsankho kapena adachirikiza kudandaula kwa wina. Chitsanzo: Wolembedwa ntchito amene akusimba kuvutitsidwa kwa ufuko amapititsidwa pambuyo pake chifukwa cha kukwezedwa kapena kupatsidwa masinthidwe osaloleka. Kuchitiridwa nkhanza kuli kosaloleka m'malamulo chifukwa kumafooketsa dongosolo lonse la osungitsa lamulo.
Tsankho la Malo Okhala
Izi zimatanthauza njira za makhalidwe, malamulo, kapena machitachita amene ali mbali ya mapangidwe a gulu kapena chitaganya, kupanga ndi kupitirizabe kusoŵa kwa magulu ena. Kaŵirikaŵiri imachitidwa mwangozi koma imasungidwa kwambiri. Njira: [ Madongosolo a maphunziro amene amatsata ophunzira ochepa kwambiri m'makalasi apamwamba, kapena makampani amene amadalira pa mawu a mawu-moundi ndipo motero amachotsa anthu ku magulu oimira. Kusankhana kwa dongosolo kumafuna masinthidwe a malamulo, njira, ndi chikhalidwe, osati khalidwe la munthu aliyense.
Mmene Nzika Zingachirikizire Ufulu Wolingana
Munthu aliyense akhoza kuthandiza kuti anthu afanane, ndipo panopo pali njira zimene mungatsatire, kuyambira pa zochita za munthu payekha mpaka pa pangano la ukwati.
Dziphunzitseni Nokha Ndiponso Ndiwo Ena
Chidziŵitso ndicho maziko a kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchito. Ŵerengani malamulo oyenerera m'dziko lanu ndi malamulo a ufulu wa anthu. Chidziŵitsani mbiri ya tsankho monga kulimbana kwa ufuko, kulinganiza kwa akazi, kapena ufulu wopunduka. Ambanani zimene mumaphunzira ndi mabwenzi, banja, ndi anzanu. Ganizirani kutengera maphunziro a pa Intaneti kuchokera ku zinthu zodalirika monga Courtera’s Rights Rights Rights of Human Rights [FLT: 1] kapena [[FLT:]]
Mabungwe a Udindo Ochirikiza
Mabungwe ambiri osakhala a boma amagwira ntchito mwakhama kuchirikiza kufanana ndi kutsutsa tsankho. Ganizirani kupereka, kudzipereka, kapena kuwonjezera ndawala zawo. Mabungwe okhoza kuulutsidwa akuphatikizapo American Civil Libersions Union (ACLU), Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, NAACP Legin Defense Fund, ndi magulu a ufulu wachibadwidwe a UK, mabungwe onga ngati bungwe la Intecial and Human Rights Commission and the Runnymedite Trust ali mfungulo.
Kuthandizana pa Zochitika za M’deralo ndi Kufunsa
Ufulu wa anthu onse umapangidwa ndi nkhani zapoyera. Mukapezeke m’maholo a tauni, m'mabungwe a sukulu, ndi m’mabwalo a msonkhano wa m'mizinda kumene nkhani za kuyenerana zikukambidwa. Maboma akafuna kupereka malamulo atsopano kapena malamulo, nthaŵi zambiri anthu amavomereza kuti apereke chivomerezo.
Yanjanani ndi Oimira Anu Ophunzitsidwa
Malamulo ndi kutsata zimadalira pa chifuno chandale. Lembani, itanani, kapena intaneti kuti muwalimbikitse:
- . Kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kugawana [ [[FLT:]] kuchirikiza ndalama za makhonti a ufulu wa anthu [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] Mapangano a mitundu yonse amene sanavomerezedwebe m'dziko lanu [[FLT]] Kutsutsa malamulo ogwirizana ndi malamulo ogwirizana ndi anthu ochepa [FT:] [FLT8] [F:9] [FLT]]
- United Nations Human Rights Rights Office (OHCHR): Malo aakulu a mapangano a ufulu wa anthu, kusimba zitsogozo, ndi chidziŵitso chachindunji cha dziko. Kuchezera malo ofera. org
- [[FLT :0] Chiweruzo cholungama kutha (EJI):[FLT ] ntchito kumaliza kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri ndi chisalungamo chaufuko ku United States. Malipoti awo ndi zothandizira maphunziro ali abwino kwambiri. Kuchezera ji. org
- Ufulu wa Anthu Watch :[[FLT :1] A bungwe lapadziko lonse lotchuka la NGO limene limafufuza ndi kusimba za kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse. Kuchezera pa nthawi yake. org
- Amnesty International :[[FLT :1] yodziŵika ndi ndawala zake, malipoti, ndi mizu ya udzu. Imapereka chuma pa kulingana kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi, chilungamo cha fuko, ndi LGBTQ + zoyenera. [[FLT:] Creasurent. org
- Khomu Yanu ya Ufulu Wachibadwidwe: Maiko ambiri ali ndi bungwe la ufulu wachibadwidwe (NHRI) limene limapereka chitsogozo chaulere, njira zodandaulira, ndi zinthu zophunzirira. Fufuzani kaamba ka “Ntchito Yanu + zoyenera zaumunthu.
- Mabuku: “Am Jim Crow [1] olembedwa ndi Michelle Alexander (mzere ndi kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri),“ Half Flower ya thambo” yolembedwa ndi Nicholas WuDunn (Ufulu ndi mphamvu za akazi), “Disability project” yolembedwa ndi Alice Wong.
Mukamaona Tsankho, Mudzanene
Ngati mukumana ndi tsankho kapena kuwona, lembani chochitika (tsiku, nthaŵi, mboni, zimene zinachitika) ndi kusindikiza chidandaulo ndi thupi loyenera [1] monga EEOC mu US, EHRC mu UK, kapena boma / lonena za ufulu wachibadwidwe. Kusimba sikuli kokha kwa mlandu wanu; kumapanga chidziŵitso chimene chingavumbule njira za dongosolo ndi kutsogolera ku kusintha kwakukulu.
Kulimbikitsa Makhalidwe Osafunika Kuwachita Kuntchito Kwanu ndi M’dera Lanu
Kuphunzitsa kumachitikanso tsiku ndi tsiku. Muzilankhula momasuka mukamvetsera nthabwala kapena ndemanga zolakwika. Muzilimbikitsa abwana anu kuti aphunzire zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito za kampani yathangata n’zooneka bwino.
Zopeza Zowonjezera pa Kuphunzira ndi Kuchitapo Kanthu
Pansipa pali zinthu zambiri zapamwamba zimene zimapereka chidziŵitso cha ulamuliro, malangizo alamulo, ndi mipata ya pangano.
Kumaliza: Ufulu Wosalingana Ndi Wofunika Kwathu
Kuyenera kwa kulingana sikumasintha; kuli zitetezero zofunikira kukhala maso ndi kukhala ndi phande lachangu kwa nzika. Kuyambira pa dongosolo lapadziko lonse la malamulo a dziko lonse kufikira pa kachitidwe kaumwini ka kutsutsa ndemanga yatsankho, nkhondo ya kulingana imamenyedwa pambali zambiri. Mwakumvetsetsa ziŵiya zalamulo zimene zilipo, kuzindikira mbali zambiri za tsankho, ndi kuchitapo kanthu mwadala kuchirikiza kusintha, mungasinthe kukhala wosunga ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi wogwira ntchito kuyang'anira chilungamo. Lonjezo la kulingana ndilo lakuti munthu aliyense, mosasamala kanthu za chiyambi chake, akhoza kukhala ndi moyo waulemu ndi mwaŵi. Kuchirikiza lonjezolo kuli thayo .