Pamene chiphunzitso cha lamulo chitsutsana ndi foni, drone, kapena algorith, kusagwirizanako kumakhalapo mwamsanga ndi kwakukulu. Chiphunzitso cha kuyambika kwa Chingelezi — chiphunzitso chakuti Konsichushoni iyenera kutembenuzidwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo limene inali nalo pamene inavomereza — kukhazikika, kuvomerezedwa ndi demokrase, ndi kukhulupirika ku chifuno cha ulamuliro cha mbadwo wokhazikitsidwa. Komabe, nzeru yopanga, imathetsa kulembedwa kwa mawu olembedwa molakwika, ndipo imathetsa kulembedwanso kwa chinthu chilichonse cha moyo, osuliza ndi ochirikiza ena amatsutsa ngati njira yoima chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 200018 ingathe kuyankha mafunso 21st. Vutolo sili kwenikweni kuti mafame a pa intaneti a pa Intaneti; ndi mmene chinenero chawo chenicheni, chopangidwa ndi ntchito ya dziko la zitsutso ndi zoyenda, tsopano ayenera kulamulira, ndi kuyang'anira masamu, ndi kuyang'ana zamakono.

Malamulo Oyambirira a Chiphunzitso cha Mulungu

Kumasulira Baibulo si chiphunzitso chimodzi, chaching'ono. Mantha aŵiri aakulu amalamulira mkangano: cholinga choyambirira ndi kutanthauza kwa anthu kwachiyambi. Cholinga choyambirira chiyang'ana zimene Aframerswo mwamtseri amakhulupirira mawu a m'Malamulo. Matanthauzo a anthu, posiyanitsa, anafunsa kuti munthu wololera pa nthaŵi ya kutchuka atha kumvetsa mawuwo. Mawu otchulidwa poyambirira, ochirikizidwa ndi Woweruza Antonin Sccalia ndi akatswiri ambiri amakono, akhala otchuka chifukwa chakuti apeŵa zolinga za anthu ochepa ndi zolinga za kutanthauza zinenero zambiri.

Olemba mbiri yakale amanena kuti kalingaliridwe kameneka kamalemekeza mawu alamulo monga lamulo. Ngati oweruza angakonzetse Malamulo kuti agwirizane ndi malingaliro awo a zinthu zanzeru kapena zolungama, chikalatacho chimakhala chotengera cha kukhazikitsa malamulo achiweruzo mmalo mwa kukhazikitsa mfundo zogwirizana. Monga momwe Scalia analembera, "Constitution si chinthu chamoyo, ndi chikalata chalamulo, ndipo mofanana ndi zolembedwa zonse zalamulo, chimanena kanthu kena — kapena sichimatero. Chikalata chimenechi cha tanthauzo lotsimikizirika chimalingaliridwa kukhala chopititsa patsogolo kukwaniritsidwa, kutsendereza oweruza, ndi kutetezera democracycy .

Komabe ngakhale m'Chiphunzitso choyambirira, pali mpata wa kusagwirizana pamlingo wa kuchuluka kwa malamulo a maFramers. Mwachitsanzo, Eighth Amendment imaletsa "kubwezera ndi chilango chachilendo". Woyambirira anganene kuti mawu ameneŵa akutchulidwa mwachindunji za chilango cholingaliridwa kukhala chankhanza mu 1791, monga ngati kujambula ndi kujambula, kapena angaloze ku lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino lakuti chilango sichiyenera kukhala chosayenerera kapena choluluzika — lamulo limene lingagwiritsiridwebe ntchito ku zinthu zamakono monga kutsendedwa kapena jekeseni yakupha. Kumasulira kumeneku kumakhala kosuliza pamene sayansi ipereka mikhalidwe ya maFrames siima.

"Unasilikani sindiwo chiitano cha kulola akufa a ulamuliro wakale kukhala amakono. Ndi pempho la kulola tanthauzo la lembalo — monga momwe linamvedwa pamene linatengedwa — kupitiriza kulamulira, pokhapokha ndipo kufikira anthu atalithetsa. — Randy Barnett, Georgetown University Law Center

Kudziŵa za Mafulemu

Kuti amvetse kusiyana pakati pa kukambitsirana kwa akatswiri a chiyambi ndi luso lamakono, munthu choyamba ayenera kupenda luso limene linalipo pamene Malamulo adalembedwa ndi kuvomerezedwa. Mu 1787, njira yofulumira kwambiri ya kulankhulana inali yotumiza mahatchi. Makina osindikizira — amene anali akugwira ntchito — anali kufalitsa chidziŵitso chochuluka. Nkhondo inadalira pa problestre muskets zogwira ntchito mwina mamita 100, ndi malamulo a Oletsa "kufufuza kosasamala ndi kugwidwa ndi njiritsi" adaikidwa motsutsana ndi malamulo a boma ndi ma writ a chithandizo chogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi akuluakulu achifumu kufunafuna nyumba ndi mabizinesi kaamba ka chiwomba.

Mafaramenti anamvetsetsa mapepala aumwini otsekedwa pa desiki, zilembo zotsekedwa ndi phula, ndi makambitsirano kuseri. Sanadziŵe za kugwiritsa ntchito metadata, kuyang'anira, kapena kupanga chigamulo cha algorith . Kusintha kwachiŵiri kunateteza kuyenera kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, koma "manja" a tsikulo anali mfuti zokhala ndi zidutswa zokhala ndi zitsulo zokhala ndi zitsulo, osati mfuti zotchedwa frainfikitsa, zonyamula mfuti zokhala ndi magazini apamwamba [1] kapena mfuti zachiphangalasa zosindikizidwa . Commascale anapatsa mphamvu zolamulira za malonda "pakati pa maiko angapo," koma malonda anatanthauza kugulitsa zinthu zakuthupi; panalibe lingaliro la chidziŵitso monga mtambo, mtambo, kapena m'masitolo.

M’mbiri yakale imeneyi siingathetseretu chiphunzitso chakuti chinenero chachibadwidwe chinali dala ndi kuti malamulo ake angagwiritsiridwe ntchito pa luso latsopano popanda kusintha tanthauzo lake. Funso nlakuti kaya kugwiritsira ntchito kwake kuli kokhulupirika kapena ngati kumafuna mlingo wa kuyerekezera umene motsimikizirika umalola oweruza kuloŵetsa mapindu amakono ku chitseko chakumbuyo.

Malamulo Otchuka a Claus Ali Ovuta

Kukonzanso Kwachinayi ndi Kusunga Makompyuta

Palibe malo amene akusonyeza bwino vutoli kuposa Lamulo Lachinayi. Mawuwa amateteza "kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala otetezeka kwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi zotsatira zake, kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda. M’zaka za m'ma 1700, kufufuza kokhudza kuloŵa m'nyumba kapena kulanda zinthu zooneka. Masiku ano, lamulo lingapeze chidziŵitso chochuluka popanda kukhudza katundu wokayikiridwa: seloji ya malo oonetsera kumene munthu wakhala kwa milungu ingapo, maimelo osungidwa pa oimba a ku maofesi akutali, mametaim osonyeza amene anaitana ndi kuonetsa kuti abwera, ndipo ngakhale kukhala ndi moyo pa vidiyo yodyetsera zinthu zoyendera.

Chigamulo cha Chigawo cha 2018 cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Carpeenter v. United States [FLT :1] akusonyeza chitsutsochi. Boma linalandira miyezi ya maselo a mbiri yakale kuchokera kwa oimbidwa mlandu wa stem , popanda chilolezo, kudalira pa "Chiphunzitso cha [1] — lingaliro lakuti chidziŵitso mwadala chinagawana ndi gulu lachitatu (monga kampani ya telefoni) sichingatetezedwe ndi Demendement. Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts, analemba mafaelo 5. Oyambirira 5.64, anakhulupirira kuti njira ya chidziŵitso cha malo inali yosiyana ndi mbiri yofanana ndi yolembedwa ndi yolembedwa pa kalembedwe kalembedwe kamodzi, yosadalira pa nkhani za chiphunzitso, chifukwa chakuti inawonjezedwa ndi chikalata chachiyambitsiri cha chidziŵitso chachi, kapena choyambirira cha m’chidziŵitso cha munthu, chingakhalenso cholembedwa ndi "chiyambi cha chidziŵitso chakuthandiza kulongosola chidziŵitso chakuthandiza kwa munthu chaku

Okhulupirira chiphunzitso chachikale akugawanika. Ena amati chotulukapo cholondola cha kuyambika kwa Baibulo ndicho kuchepetsa Kusintha kwa Chinayi ku kulakwa kwakuthupi, monga momwe Scalia ananenera mobwerezabwereza. Ena amatsutsa kuti lamulo lakutetezera "nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro" limafikira ku zifaniziro zamakono za magulu amenewo, ndi kuti mlingo wa kuchuluka kwa kumene mawuwo amalingaliridwa umalola kuŵerengedwa kwakukulu. Kambirano imavumbula mzera wa kulakwa kwakukulu: kodi chiphunzitso choyambirira chingasamalire chinsinsi cha ndandanda yake ya kapangidwe ka zinthu popanda kutaya?

Kukonzanso Koyamba m’Nyengo ya Chiŵerengero cha Anthu

First Amendment ikunena kuti "Koreshi sadzachita lamulo lililonse... loletsa ufulu wa kulankhula, kapena wa wailesi yakanema . Mu 1791, mawu analankhulidwa pamasom', kudzera m'mabuku osindikizidwa, kapena m'manyuzipepala. Manyuzipepala anatanthauza makina osindikizira athupi. Lerolino, nkhani zambiri zapoyera zimachitika pa makompyuta a manambala — zoulutsira za anthu, zopereka ndemanga, mabungwe a mauthenga, ndi ma a meseji obisa mawu. Nkhani ya mmene Malamulo Oyamba akugwira ntchito ku mapulatifomu ameneŵa, ndi zoyesayesa za boma kuwalamulira, imapanga mapulaneti ozama kwambiri.

Ganizirani za kusamala kwa makompyuta. Platforms monga Facebook, X (kale Titter), ndi YouTube ndi makampani achinsinsi amene amalamulira kwambiri mawu amene adakali ooneka. Mkhalidwe Woyamba wa Amereka umaletsa ntchito ya boma yokha, koma pamene boma likakamiza mapulatifomu kuchotsa zokwaniritsira zokwaniritsira zokhalamo — kapena pamene lipereka malamulo owafuna kuti ayambitse mawu ena — kupenda kwa oyambirira kuyenera kutsutsana ndi zimene "kuletsa ufulu wa kulankhula" kutanthauza dziko limene panalibe mamesewera olamulira nkhani zapo. Khoti Lapamwamba la 2017 mu [FL:] Malamulo a Paracking . North Carolina ndi v. Kumpoto kwa anthu onse kukufuna kuti lamulo loletsa chisembwere, ndi kulembedwa kwa Kennedy " pulogalamu lamakonoli ndi gulu la anthu. Koma olemba nkhani za pa pulogalamu la pa pulogalamu la pagulu la anthu onse afune kuti pakhale lamulo la pabwalo la anthu lakuptoptop.

Malo ena otsazikira: madongosolo a algom a algom a pulogalamu . Ngati lam' pulatifomu limagwirizanitsa mawu ena pamene likutsendereza mawu ena, kodi zimenezo zimapanga mtundu wa boma wochita ngati boma lifuna kuti kuonekera kwa zinthu kuonekere? Kutembenuza kumafuna kusanthula mosamalitsa za zinthu monga "pech" yeniyeniyo — ndi wolankhula ndandanda ya ? Opanga maprinsipulo akanakhala atapeza lingaliro lachilendo. Komabe, lamulo lamakhalidwe, kuti bomalo lingalamulire mawuwo, likuwoneka kukhala likugwiritsira ntchito mosasamala kanthu za zolankhulira.

Kusintha Kwachiŵiri ndi Zida za Moto Zamakono

Chisinthiko Chachiŵiri: "Awuyang'aniridwa bwino Militia, pokhala ofunika ku chisungiko cha Boma laufulu, kuyenera kwa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula Zida, sikudzadodometsedwa. Mu Diformation of Columbia v. Heller . (2008), malingaliro a Woweruza Scalia ambiri anagwiritsira ntchito njira zodziŵira zinthu za m'chilengedwe kugamula kuti kuchepetsako kumatetezera munthu kuyenera kwa kudzisungira mfuti kwa iye mwini, osalumikizidwa ku utumiki wa komiti. Lingaliro linadalira kwambiri pa kusanthula kwa mbiri ya "magol" yotanthauzidwa m'nyengo: " zida zimene zinali zogwiritsiridwa ntchito nthaŵi yofala. Koma kukonza kumeneko kumadzutsa nkhani ya kuimbidwa kwamakono ya mmene zidaletso zankhondo.

Kodi AR.N." ndi mfuti zotchedwa "machubu" m'matanthauzo oyambirira? Scalia anavomereza kuti kuyenera sikuli kopanda malire ndi kuti " zida zangozi ndi zachilendo" zingaletsedwe, koma sanapereke mayeso omveka a "kugwiritsira ntchito. Lerolino, mamiliyoni a Aamereka ali ndi mfuti zamakono, zimene zimapanga kuti zikhale zofala. Komabe maFramers sangakhale ndi zida zokhoza kuombera mitunda yambiri pa mphindi iliyonse ndi magazini otha kuchotsedwa. Makhoti ang'onoang'onoang'ono: kuletsa zida zoukira dzikolo kuti zida zoterozo siziri zofala" kaamba ka zifuno zololedwa zonga ngati kuti munthu mwini; zina zimamenya, kuyesa kuyesa kwa mbiri yakale kumene kumawoneka ndi magazini opangika. Khoti lalikulu lamilandu: [22] Chigamu: "52] Chigamu cha chigamu chigamu cha chigamu chigamu cha m'mbiri cha mbiri cha dziko lapansi chikafuna chikane chika cha " "mo chachikulu chakusintha chakusintha chaku

Zamalonda za Claus ndi Intaneti

Constitution imapatsa mphamvu "kuwonjezera malonda ndi Mitundu ina, ndi pakati pa maiko angapo, ndi Aindiya Amitundu ina . Pambiri ya America, mawuwa anatembenuzidwa mochepekera, kukhazikitsa malamulo ambiri a malonda ku maboma. New Develope inakhala ndi kufutukuka, ndi Khoti Lapamwamba likuchirikiza malamulo a boma otsogolera ntchito zimene zinali ndi "chiyambukiro cha malonda a mayiko. Koma akatswiri ayamba kale anatsutsa kuti tanthauzo loyamba la "commerce" likutanthauza malonda, kusinthana zinthu, kapena zoyendera katundu — osati kukonza, ulimi, kapena ntchito zina zachuma. [FLT:] m'dziko la United States v [FLFLF] (195]) ndi United States: [2]

Komabe, intaneti ndi yochokera ku chigawo chimodzi cha dziko lapansi ndi yamalonda amene amatsutsana ndi magulu oyambirira. Kugulitsana kwa wogula ku New York ndi wogulitsa ku California kuli bwino "kuthandizana ndi mayiko" pansi pa chidziŵitso chilichonse cha mbiri yakale. Koma bwanji za ntchito ya makompyuta yokha monga kusungidwa kwa mtambo kapena zamalonda — ikukopa apulogalamu kapena kutumiza uthenga "mmerce"? Nanga bwanji za chidziŵitso? AFramers sanaganize kuti ndi chinthu choyenera kuyendetsedwa. Komabe malamulo amakono kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito zinthu monga chinthu chimene chingagulidwe, kugulitsidwa, ndi kutumizidwa kumizere. Oyambirira ayenera kufunsa ngati matanthauzo oyambirira a Claus a ntchito zimenezi kapena ngati a a a a bungwe latsopano la Amerekani.

Kuyamba Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mabuku a Zamankhwala

Osuliza amatsutsa mwamphamvu kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kuyambika kwa luso lamakono. Choyamba, chisinthiko cha chidziŵitso cholungama . Ngati woweruza ayenera kukonzanso tanthauzo loyambirira la lamulo kuti agwiritsire ntchito mawuwo ku luso lomwe silinakhaleko, nzika wamba siingathe kuneneratu kuti lamulo lidzakhala chiyani. Oyambirira amayankha kuti tanthauzo la mawuwo nlokhazikika ndi lodziŵika, ngakhale ngati kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kukufuna kulingalira kwa anthu. Koma mawuwo angatsutse kwambiri, monga momwe selomenti ya Gene Reformation progametic ́feration ikusonyezera.

Chachiŵiri, chitokoso cha chopanda pake, ndipo magwero osiyanasiyana angapereke matanthauzo osiyana. Ngati mugwiritsira ntchito matanthauzo a anthu a mawu aakulu monga "speech," "machubu," kapena "opanda nzeru" kuvuta kwambiri — makamaka kwa chinenero cha 18centurity. Mbiri yakale njosakwanira, ndipo magwero osiyanasiyana angapereke matanthauzo osiyanasiyana. Ngati igwiritsiridwa ntchito ku mafunso kwa aliyense mu 1791, njira yoyambirira ikhoza kuloŵa m’kufunafuna umboni uliwonse wa mbiri imene imachirikiza chotulukapo chokondeka.

Chachitatu, vuto la traxony . Woweruza Kagan yemwe kale anali wotchuka kwambiri, "Tonse ndife oyambirira. Koma kuvomereza malingaliro oyambirira sikumatsimikizira mayankho ofanana. Olemba zinthu amatsutsa pakati pawo: ena ndi "ayambi oyambirira m'chikhulupiriro chabwino," monga momwe Judge Richard Posner ananenera, pamene ena akufutukula umboni wa mbiri kuti apeze zotsatira zotsatirika. M’zochitika za sayansi, kusagwirizana kwa mkati kumeneku kungakhale kwabwino makamaka chifukwa chakuti magulu a zaka za zana la 18 sapanga mapu bwino pa zochitika zamakono.

Makampani Omasulira Mafulemu Owonjezera

Poona mavuto ameneŵa, akatswiri ena amachirikiza njira yomveka kwambiri kapena ya chisinthiko. Malamulo Okhala ndi Moyo, ogwirizana ndi Woweruza William Brennan ndi ena, amanena kuti tanthauzo la malamulo lingasinthe patapita nthaŵi kuti aone ngati kusintha kwa makhalidwe a anthu ndi mikhalidwe. Pamfundoyi, chitetezo cha Kukonzanso Koyamba cha Ofufuza mosalingalira chiyenera kutengera luso la zofufuza, ngakhale ngati ma furemi akanakhala ataganiza kuti njira inayake yochitira zinthu ingakhale yomveka bwino. Otsutsa akuona kuti njira imeneyi ingathe kusokoneza malamulo a cholinga chilichonse, ndipo oweruza asiye ufulu wofuna kutsatira malamulo awo.

Kampani ya lamulo ya lamulo yachikomyunizimu . Njira imeneyi imalola chisinthiko pamene ikukhazikitsa malamulo ofala mmalo mwa nthanthi zongopeka. Ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito mwa njira yatsopano mwa kuwachititsa kukhala ndi zitsanzo, kuyerekezera, ndi kuwongolera pang’onopang'ono — mofanana ndi mmene makhoti a America ayambira kuyambitsa kapena malamulo a katundu. Njira imeneyi imalola kuti zinthu zisinthe pamene zigamulidwe m’zochitikazo mmalo mwa kuyambitsa nzeru zakuyaluza. Ingathe kukhala ndi luso latsopano mwa kuwachititsa kukhala ndi zitsanzo zomwe zilipo, monga momwe Khoti Lapamwamba la ku America linachitira m' [FLT:] v. California [1] (2014], pamene linayang'ka kufufuza selo la selo kuti litulukire m'ka m'gulu la mapepala a makompyuta ambiri a foni.

Njira yachitatu ndiyo malembo , msuwani wamkulu wa chiphunzitso choyambirira chimene chimasumika pa tanthauzo la textu wofala pa nthaŵi ya kukhazikitsa. Kumasulira kwa malembo kumagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'malongosoledwe, kumene kolunjikitsa malamulo angayambitse mosavuta lamulo. Kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo la malamulo, kumagwirizanitsa ndi tanthauzo lapoyera la kuyambika kwa Chiphunzitso koma nthaŵi zina kumalola malo ambiri kaamba ka mawu apanthaŵi yake ngati mawuwowo eniwo ali ofala.

Kumaliza

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chimapereka maziko okakamiza a kumasulira koyambirira kwa lamulo, kukhazikitsa zigamulo zachiweruzo m’kugwirizana kwa demokrase ndi kuchepetsa luntha la zachiweruzo. Koma kugwiritsa ntchito ilo kumasonyeza kusweka kwakukulu kwa njira yake yozoloŵereka. Masiframenti analemba malamulo amakhalidwe abwino otakata m’chinenero cholinganizidwira kupirira, koma kusiyana pakati pa dziko lawo ndi lathu nkwakukulu kwakuti kupenda kokhulupirika kwa woyambirira kumatulutsa zotulukapo zazikulu. Oyambirira ena amatsutsa kuti njira yowona ndiyo kugwiritsira ntchito mokha tanthauzo lake ndi kulandira zotulukapo zimene zingaoneke ngati zosagwirizana ndi malamulo — mwachitsanzo, kwakuti Kusintha kwa Fourmetic Reconsoledment sikumatetezera malamulo amakono, kapena kuti kuletsa malamulo amakono a mfuti. Ena, mofanana ndi Jastitor Gor, amafuna mfundo zoyambirira zimene zimatulutsa zotulukapo zamakono, monga kujambula zinthu monga kujambula kwa masamu a masamu.

Pamene luso la zopangapanga likuthamanga, mkanganowo udzakula. Kaya kumasulira koyambirira kukhalebe njira yodalirika ya kachitidwe ka zinthu — kapena kaya kadzatulukire ku njira yosinthasintha kwambiri ya kulingalira kwa malamulo — kumadalira pa mmene otsatira ake angatsekerezere mpata pakati pa mapeni a quill ndi quantam computing. Chowonekeratu nchakuti palibe chiphunzitso cha kumasulira chimene chinganyalanyaze kokha zolembedwa, zosokoneza, ndi zopanda lamulo la malamulo a makono. Vuto la kugwiritsira ntchito njira yoyambirira ya luso lamakono si chinthu wamba wamba; ndi imodzi ya nkhani zazikulu m’malamulo a ku America lerolino.

[[FLT: 0] Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka: Onani zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu mu [FLT: 1] Karten v. United States (2017]), Packingham v. North Carolina[[FLT]] [2017] [2017], ndi [FLT:] New State Rifle & Lamp; Pistol Association v. [FLT:] [2022]. [202] [202] [FLT]