Ku United States, kapangidwe kameneka kamakhudza mbali zambiri za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuyambira pa maphunziro, zoyendera, ndi kupitirira. Kumvetsa mmene ulamuliro wa boma umathandizira nzika kuchepetsa mavuto a boma ndi mmene umakhudzira moyo wawo.

Kumvetsetsa Mafunsishoni: Malamulo a Mbiri ndi Malamulo

Bungwe la Federalism ku United States silinatuluke mwadzidzidzi. Chinali chotulukapo cha mkangano waukulu pakati pa Abambo Opezedwa, amene anafuna kulinganiza boma lamphamvu ndi kusungidwa kwa ulamuliro wa boma. Dongosolo lotsatirapo, loikidwa m'Bungwe la Malamulo, limapanga ulamuliro wa mbali ziŵiri kumene boma ndi maboma a boma onsewo akukhala ndi ulamuliro pa anthu amodzimodziwo ndi gawo, koma m’mbali zosiyanasiyana.

Ntchito ya Malamulo

Malamulo a U.S. amakhazikitsa boma la boma kukhala lalikulu m'madera ena oŵerengedwa . monga ngati kusindikiza ndalama, kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko ena, ndi kuyendetsa malamulo akunja . Pamene kuli kwakuti kukhazikitsa maulamuliro ena onse ku maboma pansi pa Tenth Amendment. Magawa si achikhalire; asintha modabwitsa mwa kukonzanso malamulo, zigamulo za Supreme Court, ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu za ndale zadziko. Mwachitsanzo, Commercial Claine (I, Chigawo 8) chatembenuzidwa mokulira kulola boma la boma kukhazikitsa ntchito zimene zimayambukira kwambiri malonda, kufalikira ku malo ochitidwa mwamwambo ndi maboma.

Malamulo aakulu amene amalongosola upanishi amaphatikizapo:

  • mphamvu za manambala za Congress (Article I, Chigawo 8)
  • Supremacy Claus (Article VI), imene imakhazikitsa lamulo la boma limenelo kupambana lamulo lotsutsana
  • Mpambo wa Khumi [, kusungitsa mphamvu zosaperekedwa ku United States ku maboma kapena kwa anthu
  • Mpambo wa 14 , umene umaika malire pa kachitidwe ka boma kupyolera m'dongosolo loyenera ndi chitetezo cholingana

Mitundu ya Federalism: Kuchokera ku Nyungwe Kufikira ku Kugwirizana

Akatswiri kaŵirikaŵiri amalongosola chisinthiko cha American unitionalism m'magawo. Chigwirizano cha Amereka cha Azungu, nthaŵi zina chotchedwa chigwirizano cha boma , chinapereka chithunzi cha kulekana kowonekera pakati pa udindo wa boma ndi boma [1] mofanana ndi keke. Mlingo uliwonse unkagwira ntchito pawokha. Boma la boma linasumika maganizo pa kutetezera dziko, nkhani zachilendo, ndi utumiki wa paposi, pamene maboma anali kuchita maphunziro, malamulo a boma, ndi malamulo a m'malo ake.

Pambuyo pa New Deal Nyengo ya Dziko ndi makamaka pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, chigwirizano cha boma chinasinthira ku chitsanzo cha ntchito chowonjezereka . Grants-in-aid programu, ndi kugwirizana kwa boma kunachititsa mizere pakati pa miyalo, kupanga keke ya mabwele pamene mathayo akuloŵa. Lerolino, pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya malamulo yaikulu imaloŵetsamo kachitidwe kogwirizana: boma limakhazikitsa miyezo yotakata ndi kupereka ndalama, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma apereke maprogramu ndi kuwagwirizanitsa ndi mikhalidwe ya kumaloko.

Kuloŵa mozama kwambiri m'mazike anthano, nkhani ya ya chiwindi ya chiunipenti ya chigwirizano imapereka kufupika kokwanira kwa madongosolo osiyanasiyana a boma padziko lonse.

Mmene Makhalidwe Aufuko Amasinthira Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Si kuti boma limangokhudza mbali iliyonse ya zochita zanu, misewu imene mumayendera, sukulu zimene ana anu amapitako, madzi amene mumamwa, ndiponso chithandizo cha mankhwala chimene mumalandira, zonsezo zimadalira pa zosankha zimene boma limachita.

Maphunziro: Kumene Boma ndi Polikiti Zimafika Pansi

Maphunziro ku United States kwakukulukulu ndi thayo la boma ndi la kumaloko. Boma lililonse limakhazikitsa miyezo yakeyake ya maphunziro, zifuno za mphunzitsi, ndi njira zoperekera ndalama. Komabe, boma limachita mbali yofunika kwambiri kupyolera m'maprogramu onga Title I [ (kuthandiza ndi ndalama ku masukulu okhala ndi maperesenti otsika a ophunzira okhoza kupezeka) ndi ADWIDIO ndi Act yopimira ndi maphunziro (IA) , imene imalamula kuti ophunzira adzithandize ndi kupunduka.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa maboma n’koopsa. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2023, New York inawononga pafupifupi $27,000 pa mwana wasukulu pachaka, pamene Utah inawonongedwa pafupifupi $9,000, malinga ndi U.S. data ya Censureal Bureaual [1]. Kusiyana kumeneku kaŵirikaŵiri kumaphatikiza ndi kusiyana kwa misonkho ya katundu ndi milingo ya ndalama za boma. Maprogramu a boma amafunitsitsa kuwonjezera malo oseŵera, koma boma limalamulira mfundozo monga programu ya sukulu ya Florida kapena miyezo yapamwamba ya maphunziro a Massachusetts amatumikira monga malabolabutalikitala a zinthu ndi milingo ya boma.

Maphunziro Apamwamba ndi Kugwirizana

Federalism imayambukiranso maphunziro apamwamba. Mayunivesite a boma amalamulidwa ndi mabungwe a boma ndi kuthandizidwa ndi boma, koma boma limapereka chichirikizo chachikulu kupyolera mwa Pell Grants, ngongole za ophunzira, ndi zopereka za kufufuza. Kuphatikiza malamulo a boma ndi chithandizo cha boma kumayambukira kuthekera ndi kupezeka kwa koleji.

Kusamalira Zaumoyo: Ntchito Yolimbana ya Magawo a Boma ndi Audindo

Malamulo a zaumoyo ku United States ndi chitsanzo chachikulu cha ntchito ya boma. Ndalama za boma ndi maprogramu aakulu onga Medicare ndi Affordal Care Act (ACA) ASCIA, pamene maboma akugwiritsira ntchito [[FLT: 0] Madicaid [1] pansi pa zitsogozo za boma. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amapanga kusiyana kwakukulu:

  • Pofika 2024, maboma 40 kuphatikizapo D.C. afutukuka ndi Medicaid pansi pa ACA, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma 10 sanatero, akumasiya mamiliyoni a anthu achikulire osalandira ndalama zambiri popanda kukambitsirana.
  • Maboma amasankha ukulu wa mautumiki ochitidwa ndi makonzedwe a inshuwalansi yoyendetsedwa ndi boma, ndipo amayang’anira ntchito yosamalira madokotala ndi manesi.
  • Boma la boma, kupyolera m’FDA, limavomereza mankhwala ndi zipangizo zamankhwala, kutsimikizira chisungiko ndi kugwira ntchito m’dziko lonselo.

Mkati mwa mliri wa Chovid-19, boma linayesedwa pamene maboma anagwiritsira ntchito malamulo osiyanasiyana otetezera, malamulo a kubisa, ndi makonzedwe a kugaŵira katemera. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) inapereka chitsogozo cha boma, koma maboma anali ndi ulamuliro wa kuika malamulo awoawo, kuchititsa kugaŵikana kumene kunasonyeza zinthu za ndale zadziko za kumaloko ndi zofunika za umoyo.

Zoyendera: Kumanga ndi Kusungabe Zinthu Zofunika

Pamene kuli kwakuti msonkho wa boma wa petulo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito ndalamazo kuthandizira kumanga msewu kupyolera mwa Suwey Trust Fund [FLT: 1], imalamulira ndi kusungitsa misewu yambiri ndi milatho. Madipatimenti a boma a ntchito za zoyendera aika maprojekiti apamwamba, kuika malire a liŵiro, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a pamsewu. Maboma akugwira makwalala omalizira, m'misewu, ndi njira zoyendera anthu onse.

Magaŵano ameneŵa amayambitsa kusagwirizana: msewu wa m’boma limodzi ungakhale ndi liŵiro lapamwamba, misewu yabwinopo, ndi zikwangwani zosiyana kuposa m’boma lapafupi. Miyezo ya mafreedl yokhudza chitetezo, kutulutsa mpweya, ndi galimoto yosonyeza kuti galimoto yayenda bwino tsiku ndi tsiku imathandiza kuyendetsa galimoto, koma kwakukulukulu kuyendetsa galimoto tsiku ndi tsiku kuli chotulukapo cha zosankha za boma ndi za kumaloko.

Kusintha Kwabwino M’malo: Miyezo ya Maboma, Kutsatira Boma

Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act imapereka malamulo a dziko kaamba ka kuipitsa, koma maboma ali ndi thayo la kuyambitsa makonzedwe a kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa zilolezo. Mayiko ena, mofanana ndi California, alandira oletsa kukhazikitsa miyezo yokhwima ya kutulutsa galimoto kuposa zifuno za boma. Makonzedwe ameneŵa a boma amalola kuti anthu amve za m'deralo . Maboma m'matepe oipitsidwa kwambiri angakhazikitse malamulo okhwima kwambiri.

Chilungamo cha Anthu Onse ndi Chiwawa

Kusungidwa kwa malamulo kulinso malo ena kumene kuli nkhani za boma. Apolisi a m'dzikolo akutsatitsa boma ndi malamulo a kumaloko, pamene FBI ndi mabungwe ena a boma amasamalira milandu imene imadutsana ndi mizera ya boma kapena kuphatikizapo malamulo a boma. Malamulo a upandu a boma amayenderana ndi malamulo a boma, kutanthauza kachitidwe kamodzi konga kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro cha mbali ziŵiri chimalola ngakhale maupandu a boma ndi maboma a boma kaamba ka khalidwe limodzimodzilo, monga momwe chikuwonedwa m'milandu yaikulu ya apolisi kapena zidakwa.

Msonkho: Dongosolo la Ndalama Zogulitsidwa

Aamereka amakhoma msonkho ku mlingo wambiri wa boma: msonkho wa malipiro a boma, msonkho wa ndalama za boma (m'mayiko ambiri), msonkho wa malonda, msonkho wa katundu, ndi misonkho ina. Boma limasonkhanitsa gawo lalikulu koposa, ndiyeno limagulitsa ndalama ku boma mwa zopereka. Boma ndi boma limadalira kwambiri pa katundu ndi misonkho ya malonda, zimene zingayambitse zotsatirapo ndi kubwezera ndalama zotsala. Kumvetsa msonkho umenewu n’kofunika kwambiri kuti munthu apeze ndalama, makamaka ngati akuganizira za ndalama zimene boma ndi za boma (SALT) pa mabungwe a boma a boma.

Mavuto a Mafuko: Kusalingana, Kukangana, ndi Kucholoŵana kwa Zinthu

Ngakhale kuti boma limalolera, limayambitsanso mavuto osatha.

Kusiyana Zinthu m’Maboma Onse

Kugaŵa bwino chuma kumasiyanitsa kwambiri mautumiki a boma. Madziko okhala ndi chuma champhamvu ndi chuma chapamwamba angapereke ndalama zambiri m'maphunziro, zomangira, ndi kusamala zaumoyo. Maboma osauka kaŵirikaŵiri amalimbana ndi kusonkhetsa ndalama zofunikira, ngakhale ndi chithandizo cha boma. Mwachitsanzo, ndalama [[FLT: 0] zothandizira anthu ovutika za ndalama za kuchipatala zothandizira anthu ovutika kwambiri.

Kusiyana kumeneku sikumangochitika chifukwa cha chuma chokha. Maboma a m’madera akumidzi amavutika kwambiri pa misewu ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, pamene mayiko a m’mizinda akulimbana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndiponso kuchuluka kwa nyumba. Ogwirizana akupereka chithandizo kuti achepetse kusiyana kumeneku, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amabwera ndi zifukwa zimene sizingagwirizane ndi mikhalidwe ya kumaloko.

Kulimbana ndi Malamulo Ndiponso Kuthawa Mwalamulo

Pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma akutsutsana, anthu ndi mabizinesi angadzipeze ali m’vuto la lamulo. Zitsanzo zodziŵika zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kuvomerezedwa mwalamulo : Pa 2024, 24 maboma aloledwa ndi boma kusanguluka chamba, koma idakali Sedyuli I ndikulamulira zinthu pansi pa lamulo la boma. Zimenezi zimayambitsa maupandu alamulo kwa banki, eni nyumba, ndi antchito m' indasitale ya cannabis.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusungitsa kugawa kwa anthu : Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kuti apolisi a m'deralo aumirize oyendetsa anthu oloŵa m'dziko, pamene ena ali ndi malamulo opatulika oletsa kugwirizana. Ntchito yotulukapo imasokoneza osamukira ndi osungitsa malamulo mofanana.
  • Kuletsa kwa zachikhalidwe : Maboma onga California kaŵirikaŵiri amazenga boma la boma pa madera ozungulira mphepo ndi madzi otetezera, kuchititsa nkhondo za m'mabwalo amilandu ndi kukayikira.

Lamulo la kumasula [1] (2016) kumene lamulo la boma limachotsa lamulo la boma [1] ndi loperekedwa mobwerezabwereza. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Arizona v. United States [1] (202) adakantha mbali zina za lamulo la kusamuka kwa Arizona monga ngati kutha, pamene nkhani zina zachirikiza ulamuliro wa boma m'madera onga ngati zaumoyo ndi malamulo a malo okhala. [[FLT: 4.] zomangira pa Oyez [1] [FLT] [FLT] [F:5] imapereka tsatanetsatane wa kuyang'ana pa zigometso.

Kusokonezeka kwa Ntchito ndi M’dziko

Kupanga makampani ambiri kungakhale kodabwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, mwini wa bizinesi wamng'ono ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma (makampani, owonjezera nthaŵi, chisungiko), malamulo a boma (kupereka, inshuwalansi ya ulova), ndi malamulo a kumaloko (malo, zilolezo za thanzi). Mlingo uliwonse uli ndi mapangidwe ake, malamulo akeake, malamulo, ndi njira zosungitsira. Anthu amavutika kugamula kuti adziŵe bungwe la boma limene lingakumane ndi mavuto onga a kudandaula kwa anthu, kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, kapena mavuto a kusanthula.

Kucholoŵana kumeneku kungapangitse kuchepetsa pangano la ndale zadziko, pamene nzika zidzimva kukhala zopanda mphamvu kapena zosokonezeka.

Mapindu a Kulamulira: Kulamulira Koyendetsedwa ndi Kukonzanso

Mosasamala kanthu za mavuto ake, ulamuliro wa boma uli ndi mapindu angapo ofunika amene amathandiza kusungitsa demokrase yogwira ntchito m’dziko lalikulu, losiyana.

Kuvomereza ndi Kulinganiza kwa Malowo

Boma ndi boma la kumaloko nloyandikana kwambiri ndi anthu ndipo lingapange malamulo osonyeza mapindu a chigawo, zosoŵa, ndi zokonda. Boma lokhala ndi mbali yaikulu ya ulimi lingaike patsogolo zoyenera za madzi ndi malamulo a mankhwala ophera tizilombo mosiyana ndi boma lolamulidwa ndi makampani a tekinoloji. Sukulu ingagogomezere nkhani za mbiri yakumaloko ndi za anthu. Kusintha kumeneku kumalimbikitsa lingaliro la kukhala mwini ndipo kumalola kuyesa popanda kulinganiza njira imodzi yothetsera vuto la Washington.

Mabungwe Ogwiritsa Ntchito Kayendetsedwe ka Ntchito ndi Kukonzanso Zinthu

Jasitisi Louis Brandeis motchuka akutchedwa "mabungwe a demokrase . Ntchito imeneyi yoyesa iri imodzi ya mphamvu zazikulu koposa za boma. Pamene boma litenga lamulo latsopano . Monga lapadziko lonse lapasadakhale, kaboni kapupu ndi trade, kapena kulembetsa kwa kampani , maboma ena angawone zotulukapo ndi kutenga mbali zachipambano. Boma la boma lingaphunzirenso pa kuyesa kwa boma lisanapange maprogramu a dzikolo.

Mwachitsanzo, boma linasintha zinthu zina ndipo izi zinathandiza kuti:

  • Massachusetts', yomwe inathandiza kwambiri pa ntchito yosamalira anthu odwala
  • Malamulo a boma a zachuma a magetsi a galimoto a California, amene atengedwa ndi maboma ena oposa khumi ndi aŵiri ndipo asonkhezera malamulo a boma a zachuma
  • Kusintha kwa Wisconsin ubwino m'ma 1990, kumene kunayala maziko a boma la chithandizo cha Kanthaŵi kamodzi cha Mabanja (TANF)

Chitetezo pa Chidani Chapakati

Mwa kuchotsa mphamvu m'maboma ambiri, unistism imapanga dongosolo la zopinga ndi malinganizidwe zimene zimathandiza kuletsa mlingo uliwonse kukhala wamphamvu kwambiri. Ngati boma la boma lipitirira malire ake, maboma angabwezere kumbuyo ku milandu, ntchito za lamulo, kapena ngakhale zoyesayesa zothetsa (ngakhale kuti chomaliziracho sichili chachipambano). Chitetezo chimenechi ndicho mbali yaikulu ya pulani ya U.S.

Kuvomereza kwa Kazembe wa M’zigawo

Mavuto ena ndi a m’chigawo chimodzi. Kuyendetsa madzi ku madera ouma a Kumadzulo, mphepo yamkuntho yokonzekera ku Gulf Coast, ndi ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu ku Northern East Corridor zonsezo zimafuna njira zimene boma lakutali silingamvetse bwino komanso likhoza kumvetsetsa akuluakulu a boma ndi a boma. Federalism imalola madera ameneŵa kupanga njira zapadera pamene akupindulabe ndi thandizo la boma ndi mgwirizano.

Chilengedwe Chosintha cha Federalism: Chikhalidwe cha Pambuyo Pake

M’zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, mikhalidwe ingapo yasintha kulinganizika kwa ulamuliro pakati pa maboma a boma ndi maboma.

Kudya: Mphamvu ya Chuma

Boma la boma limagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zoikidwiratu kusonkhezera lamulo la boma. Mwakugwirizanitsa mikhalidwe ya ndalama . Mwakutumiza maboma kuti afutukule zaka za kumwa mwalamulo kuti alandire ndalama za misewu yaing'ono . Boma la boma lingafikire zolinga za dziko popanda lamulo lachindunji. Zimenezi zachititsa nkhaŵa za "bungwe lolamulira," kumene maboma akukakamizika kukhazikitsa zinthu zofunika kwambiri za boma kuti apeŵe kutaya ndalama. Kutsutsana kwaposachedwapa pa ntchito ya Medicaid ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za m'mafakitale kumachitira fanizo vutoli.

Nkhondo Zoyesa M’khoti Lalikulu

Khoti Lapamwamba lapereka zigamulo zosiyana pa boma. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (20:2), Bwalo lamilandu linachirikiza lamulo la ACAA monga msonkho koma linachepetsa mphamvu ya boma yoletsa Medicaid kuchirikiza ndalama kuchokera ku maboma amene anakana kufutukuka. Mu Mu NCAP , Bwalo linagamula lamulo la boma limene linaletsa kuvomereza kutchova kutchova juga, likutsimikiziranso ulamuliro wa boma pansi pa Amegement 10.

Milandu imeneyi imasonyeza kuti unistism idakali funso lalamulo lamoyo, ndi Khoti nthaŵi zina limapatsa mphamvu maulamuliro ndipo nthaŵi zina limachirikiza ulamuliro wa boma. ku Murphy . NCA[FLT :2] ilipo pa webusaiti ya Khoti Lapamwamba la okondwerera m'malamulo.

Kutsutsa Boma ndi Kusagwirizana kwa Chigawo

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, maboma ena atsutsa mwamphamvu malamulo a boma mwa kutsutsa, kusagwirizana, ndi lamulo. Maboma a blue atsutsa Trump-era ndi malamulo a malo ndi kusamukira ku dziko; maboma ofiira apereka chilolezo kuletsa Biden-era kulamula ndi kukhululukira kwa ophunzira. Zimenezi zawonjezera kugaŵanika ndi kudzutsa mafunso ponena za kuthekera kwa mgwirizano wa boma.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mapangano a pakati pa mayiko a interstate .akula monga chiŵiya chothetsera mavuto monga laisensi ya dalaivala, kutulutsa carbon (m’chitsanzo, Deparence Greenhouse Gas Initive), ndi kuyankha tsoka. Mabungwe ameneŵa amasonyeza kuti upani ndi boma ungagwirizane ndi mavuto atsopano popanda kudikira kuti boma lichitepo kanthu.

Kumaliza: Kuyamikira Malamulo a Ulamuliro

Kusintha kwa malamulo a boma sikuli kwabwino kapena koipa kwambiri, ndi mbali imene imasonyeza kuvuta kwa kulamulira dziko lalikulu, losiyana. Chiyambukiro chake pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku nchachikulu, kuyambira pasukulu zimene zimapita ku misonkho imene mumakhoma ndi mpweya umene mumapuma. Kumvetsetsa mmene kusiyanasiyana kwa mayanjano a boma kumakutheketsani kukhala nzika yodziŵa bwino, yokhoza kuchirikiza ndi kuyendetsa dongosololo.

Kaya ndinu kholo lodera nkhaŵa ndi ndalama zimene sukulu yakumaloko imapereka, mwini wa bizinesi wamng'ono woyesa kutsatira malamulo, kapena wovota wofufuza, akuzindikira mfundo zazikulu za boma zikukupatsani mphamvu ya kuona chithunzi chachikulu. Dongosololo likuchokera nthaŵi zonse ku zigamulo za khoti, nkhondo za malamulo, ndi magulu a udzu. Kupitirizabe kugwirizana ndi magawo onse a boma / / osati kungovomereza kuti mawu anu akumvedwa poyesa demokrase ya ku America.