Malo a ndale zadziko asintha kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwapa, ndipo palibe paliponse pamene pali umboni woposa pa mlingo wa boma. Makomiti ambiri a ndale zadziko akugwirira ntchito popanda kugwirizana kwalamulo ndi wobatizidwa, chipani cha ndale zadziko, kapena gulu lokhazikitsidwa. Awa amadziŵika monga ma PC, ndipo kukwera kwawo kukusintha mmene masankho akumenyedwa, mmene malamulo akuyambukiridwira, ndi mmene nzika zimagwirizanira ndi dongosolo la ndale zadziko. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza kukwera kwa ma PAC mu ndale zadziko zogwirizana ndi zamphamvu, kupenda maziko awo alamulo, mphamvu zosonkhezera kukula kwawo, ndi ziyambukiro za kulamulira kwa demokrase.

Kodi Mabuku Opanda Ogwirizana Nchiyani?

A Political Action Committee (PAC) ndi gulu limene limatulutsa ndalama zochokera ku ziŵalo ndipo limapereka ndalamazo kwa oyembekezera kapena kuzigwiritsira ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito pa zandale. PCs imaloŵa m'magulu aŵiri aakulu: kugwirizanitsa PCs, zimene zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi bungwe, bungwe la antchito, makampani a malonda, kapena gulu la anthu a m'gulu la anthu; ndi ma PAC, amene alibe kugwirizana ndi anthu. Ogwirizana ndi anthu ena amapangidwa ndi magulu a anthu amene ali ndi maganizo ofanana, mfundo, mfundo, kapena kuyang'anira za kuzungulira kwa dziko lapansi, makampani a malonda, kapena gulu la anthu a ziŵalo; ndi ma PCC, omwe alibe kugwirizana ndi ufulu wa mfuti.

Pansi pa lamulo la boma ndi malamulo ambiri a boma, ma PAC osalumikizidwa, ayenera kulembetsa ndi ulamuliro woyenerera wa masankho, kuvumbula zopereka zawo ndi zowonongedwa, ndi kukhala ndi malire a zopereka ndi ndandanda yopereka. Komabe, malamulowo amasiyana kwambiri m'maiko ena. M'mayiko ena, ma PaC, amene sagwirizana angalandire zopereka zosamalitsa kuchokera kwa anthu, makampani, ndi maukwati, pamene kuli kwakuti mwa ena amagonjera ku makhoti ofanana ndi a PCs. Malamulo ameneŵa apanga mipata yapadera yogwirizana ndi malamulo ocheperapo.

Zizindikiro Zofunika za Malemba Osagwirizanitsidwa

  • Iwo sachita ndawala iliyonse, kapena chipani cha ndale, kapena gulu la zamalonda.
  • Iwo amakweza ndalama kuchokera ku maziko a opereka, kaŵirikaŵiri kuphatikizapo osonkhetsera, makampani, ndi ma PAC ena.
  • Amawononga ndalama pa zochita zosiyanasiyana zandale: zopereka zapadera kwa okonzekera, zowonongedwa za oyembekezera kapena oyembekezera, kupereka kusatsa malonda achinyengo, ndi kuyesayesa kwa anthu ongofuna kugula.
  • Ayenera kupanga malipoti a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kwa makampani a chisankho, ngakhale kuti mlingo wa tsatanetsatane wofunikira umasiyanasiyana.

Makamaka, ma PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa ndi ma PACI, amene angakweze ndi kuwonongetsa ndalama zosaŵerengeka pa zowonongedwa zaumwini koma amaletsedwa kupereka mwachindunji kwa ofunsira. Pamene kuli kwakuti ma PPAC ambiri a Super PC ali osakhala ogwirizana, liwulo “osalumikizidwa ndi [1] mwamwambo limaimira magulu amene amagwira ntchito pansi pa malire oyenerera a zopereka (inde, angapereke mwachindunji ku maseŵero a m'makhoti alamulo). Komabe, m’zochitachita, zithunzi zambiri za mtundu wa Spedissss zilipo, makamaka pamlingo wa boma, kumene matanthauzo a zamalamulo amasiyana.

Mkhalidwe wa Malamulo ndi Walamulo

Chigamulo cha PACICs cha m'malamulo a ndawala a boma, kuyambira ndi Federal EForcial Campaign Act (FACA) ya 1971 ndi kukonzanso. Chochitika cha Pamwamba pa 1976 Khoti Buckley v. Valeo [1] adakhazikitsa kuti kugula ndalama kwa ndale zadziko kuli mtundu wa kulankhula kotetezeredwa ndi kuti zowonongedwa zaumwini sizingachepetsedwe. Zimenezi zinatsegulira khomo la PaCs kuti agwiritsire ntchito ndalama pa kusatsa malonda ndi ntchito zina zandale popanda kukambirana ndi ofunsira.

Pamlingo wa boma, ma PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa amaikidwa ndi Federal Ecomfition Commission (FEC). Ayenera kulembetsa mkati mwa masiku 10 a kulandira zopereka kapena kupanga zowonongedwa zoposa $1000, ndipo ayenera kupanga mafaelo anthaŵi zonse a malipoti ondandandalika ndi olandira. Komabe, malamulo a boma ngosiyanasiyana kwambiri. Maboma ena, monga California ndi New York, ali ndi ziyeneretso ndi zopereka zolimba. Ena, onga Texas ndi Florida, ali ndi ziletso zochepa, zolola ma PACC kugwira ntchito ndi mabotolo ochepa.

Zigamulo zazikulu ziŵiri za khoti zinawonjezera kukula kwa PACIC pamlingo wa boma: Citizens United v. FEC (2010) ndi Speech tsopano. . FEC[FLT] [2011]. . [FLT]] Cibicisants United [] amachotsa ziletso za ndalensi zandale zandale pa makampani ndi mabungwe, kuchotsa njira ya Pa CC. [FLT] Tsopano. [FFLT:] AK], chifukwa chakuti zopikiritsira zosawononga, samagwiritsira ntchito dala malamulo a dala kuitikitsa dala kuitsa kampani. Pamene kuli kokhudza kumbuyo, iwo akusonkhezeranso kumbuyo, kuchirikiza zigamu zawo, ndipo akuchirikiza zigamu zawo, pogwiritsira ntchito zigamu.

Monga chotulukapo, ma PAC , osagwirizanitsidwa , makamaka aja osumikidwa pa zowonongedwa zaumwini . M'maiko opanda malire pa zopereka za kampani kapena za munthu aliyense payekha ku ma PAC oterowo, iwo angawonjezere ndi kuwonongera ndalama zambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri kuchepetsa kuwonongedwa kwa makomiti ofunsira.

Zinthu Zimene Zikuchititsa Kuti Boma Lizikula

Zinthu zingapo zogwirizana zathandizira ku kufalikira kwa ma PC osagwirizana m’ndale zadziko m’zaka khumi zapitazo.

Kuona Zinthu Moyenera Ndiponso Nkhani Yosayenera

Zipani zandale zamwambo zafooka, pamene kuli kwakuti magulu a PACI ayamba kukhala ovuta kwambiri. Mapaa C osalumikizidwa alola magulu ameneŵa kuloŵa mwachindunji m'masankho ndi nkhondo za malamulo popanda kutsenderezedwa ndi gulu. Mwachitsanzo, mabungwe osumika maganizo pa kusintha kwa maphunziro, kukonzanso chilungamo cha apandu, kapena malamulo a mphamvu angapange PACIC yosalumikiza maganizo awo omwe ali ndi malingaliro ofanana ndi awo.

Mlandu wa Boma wa Post-[[FLT: 0] Citizens United

Mayiko ambiri analabadira kuletsa boma mwa kuchepetsa malamulo awo a zandalama. Mayiko ena, monga Arizona ndi Colorado, tsopano amalola kuti anthu a ku Georgia ndi a ku PaCs awonongeretu ndalama zawo mosasiyana. Ena, monga Missouri ndi Georgia, ali ndi zofunika zochepa, zimene zimachititsa kuti pa PCs azikhala wosavuta kuonetsa bwinobwino. Kutsika kwa aguralgatoria kwachititsa “kuloŵa pansi [1] m'mayiko ena, kumene ojambula zandale amagwiritsira ntchito ma PC m'zigawo ndi ziletso zochepa kwambiri.

Zopinga Zochepa za Kuloŵa

Kupanga PC yosalumikizidwa kuli kosavuta. M'mayiko ambiri, munthu mmodzi kapena gulu lingalembetse fomu yolembedwa, kukhazikitsa wosunga ndalama, kutsegula auniversitime, ndi kuyamba kukweza ndalama. Kuyerekezera ndi kuyendetsa mkupiti kapena kuyang'anira komiti ya chipani, ntchito ya boma ndi yochepera. Kupezeka kumeneku kwalimbikitsa magulu ambiri a magulu ambiri . Kuchokera ku magulu akwanu kwapafupi kupita ku migwirizano ya dziko lonse ya advocacy .

Kuwonjezereka kwa Kupatulidwa kwa Ndale ndi Kupatulidwa

Pamene osankha ayamba kugaŵana, opereka ndalama ali ofunitsitsa kuthandizira kuchititsa zimene zili zogwirizana ndi zikhulupiriro zawo zozama. Ma PAC osalumikizidwa amatumikira monga galimoto zoperekera mphatso zachangu zimenezi, kulola timagulu tating'ono ta anthu olemera opereka ndalama kapena chiŵerengero chachikulu cha anthu opereka ndalama kusonkhanitsa zinthu ndi kuwonjezera mawu awo. Kukwera kwa ma pulatifomu opereka ndalama pa Intaneti monga Act Blue ndi Win Red kwachepetsanso chopinga cha ma PAC ogwirizana ndi owonjezereka kukweza ndalama kuchokera ku malo ogaŵana.

Kuloŵanso kwa “Ndalama Zopanda Mphamvu” Zovuta

Pamene kuli kwakuti ma PAC sayenera kuvumbula operekawo m'maiko ambiri, ma PAC ena agwiritsira ntchito njira zozembera. Iwo angalandire ndalama kuchokera ku 501(c)(4) mabungwe a zaumoyo wa anthu, omwe safunikira kuvumbula operekawo, mwakutero kutetezera magwero oyambirira a ndalama. Chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba mu Maintas for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta . [201]

Chiyambukiro pa Zosankha ndi Lamulo la Boma

Ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa tsopano amachita mbali yaikulu m'masankho a chigawo cha boma, kuyambira pa maprinsipt mpaka ku mafuko a bwanamkubwa. Malinga ndi chidziŵitso cha National Institute on Money in Politics, kuwonongedwa ndi ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa ndi boma kwaŵirikiza katatu kuposa pa zaka khumi zapitazo, kufikira mamiliyoni mazana a madola chaka ndi chaka. Kuloŵa kwa ndalama kumeneku kuli ndi ziyambukiro zambiri zodziŵika.

Kuwonjezera Mpikisano ndi Mkupiti Woipa

A PAC osalumikizidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amaloŵa m'kulengeza koipidwa kuti ndawala za oyembekezera kubatizidwa zingapeŵedwe chifukwa cha kuwopa kubwezera. Chifukwa chakuti amachita modziimira, PCs angaukire adani pamene akulola wochilikizidwayo kukhala wosalimbana ndi nkhondo. Mphamvu imeneyi yachititsa kuwonjezereka kwa kusatsa malonda oipa ndi kosokeretsa m'mipikisano ya malamulo, makamaka m’zigawo zoyendayenda.

Kusintha Mphamvu M’malamulo a Boma

M'mayiko amene muli malire anthaŵi, ma PAC akhala othandizira kwambiri pa ntchito yolemba ndi kupereka ndalama kwa oyembekezera. Magulu onga American Federation for Children (Opereka Maphunziro) kapena National Rifle Association agwiritsira ntchito ma PAC kuti achirikize kapena kutsutsa opanga malamulo a boma, kusintha kokhala kothandiza. Mwachitsanzo, m'masankho aakulu 20222 a Texas, PC yosalidwa ndi mafuta a West Texas yosagwiridwa ntchito ndi anthu oposa $2 miliyoni kuchotsa ziwiri za boma ku kampani ya boma imene inavotera ku ziŵiya zina zamagetsi.

Kuphunzira Nkhani: Mkupiti wa California

Dongosolo la demokrase la California limapereka fanizo lowonekera bwino. Ma PAC osalumikizidwa amalamulira mpikisano wa mpikisano wa mpikisano. Mu 2020, nkhondo 22 (kusankha kwa wogwira ntchito m'manja a Dimocracy) inawona PACIC yopanda kulumikizidwa ndi Uber, Lyft, ndi makampani ena a gug amawononga $200 miliyoni . mlingo wamtengo wapatali koposa m'mbiri ya boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti PC sinagwirizanitsidwa ndi munthu aliyense, inalamulira bwino kutumiza ndi kutuluka kwa chisankho.

Kuphunzira za Mayeso: Bodi la Sukulu ndi Fuko la Kumaloko

Chikhoterero sichiri cholekezera ku chisankho chapamwamba cha boma. Ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa aukira mowonjezereka bungwe la sukulu ndi mipikisano ya m'mizinda. Magulu adziko onga 1776 Project PAC ndi Amayi a Liberty - afifilflation PaC adathira ndalama m'mipikisano ya kumaloko, kupangitsa masinthidwe apamwamba, osagwirizana kukhala malo a nkhondo. Zimenezi zadzutsa mafunso onena za chisonkhezero cha ndalama za kunja kwa maulamuliro a kumaloko.

Kuda Nkhaŵa ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu

Kuchuluka kwa ma PAC kumadzutsa nkhaŵa zazikulu ponena za kuonekera kwa kuonekera. Pamene kuli kwakuti ma PAC ameneŵa amafunikira kujambula malipoti, kukongola ndi kuyenera kwa kuvumbula zinthu. M'maiko ambiri, malipoti amaikidwa kamodzi kokha, kusiya mipata yaikulu panthaŵi ya ndawala yowopsa. Ndiponso, kutsekereza kumalola ndalama zambiri kudutsa m'miyalo ya zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphimba opereka mphatso oyambirira. Kufufuza 2023 ndi Brennan Center ya Justice kunapeza kuti m'magawo 15, ma PAC angabisire mwalamulo opereka mphatsoyo mwa kugwiritsira ntchito makampani osapanga mayeso.

Kusoŵa kwa kuonekera kwa kulepheretsa ovota kupenda zolinga za mauthenga andale. Zimapangitsanso kuti anthu azikhala ndi ziphuphu, chifukwa operekawo angafune njira zabwino popanda kuyang'aniridwa ndi anthu. Nthaŵi zina, ma PAC osalumikizidwa agwiritsidwa ntchito monga galimoto zothandizira anthu ofunsira kulowa m'magulu oletsedwa, ngakhale kuti malamulo amaletsa. Komabe, nthaŵi zambiri kulola kuyendetsa zinthu kumachitidwa mwachisawawa chifukwa cha mabungwe a boma.

Kuyesetsa Kukonza Zinthu Kuti Zizipezeka Bwino

Maboma angapo ayesa kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima oulula. Mwachitsanzo, Maryland ndi New Jersey akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kuti pa Cs aulule gwero loyamba la zopereka zoperekedwa mwa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopanda phindu. Ndipo mu 2023, California anawonjezera “nthaŵi yeniyeni” yopereka zofunika pa zowonongedwa zazikulu paokha m’masabata omalizira chisankho. Komabe, njira zimenezi zimayang'anizana ndi zitokoso za lamulo kuchokera ku magulu a anthu achinyengo amene amatsutsa ufulu wa kulankhula.

Luso la Zaluso, Zinthu, ndi Uchinyama

Ma PC osakhala olumikizidwa atenga zipangizo zamakono kuti awonjezere chisonkhezero chawo. Kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso cha wovota kuchokera ku magwero onga Voter Stativation Network (VAN) kapena osokoneza a zamalonda, iwo angakhoze kutengera magulu ena a anthu okhala ndi mauthenga osonkhanitsidwa. Izi n’zothandiza kwambiri makamaka m'mafuko apamwamba kumene osankhidwa ndi boma kumene kuli kuchepa ndi kuwonjezereka kwa. Kusumika maganizo pa ufulu wachiŵiri wa Amereka kungatero, mwachitsanzo, kutumiza otumiza makalata ku mabanja m'boma kumene mitengo ya mfuti ili yaikulu, pamene malamulo ena a PC akuchirikiza malamulo a malo okhala ndi mizinda ndi achichepere ogwirizana.

Makina otsatsa malonda monga Facebook ndi Google amalola anthu otere kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochepa pa malonda amene akufunika kwambiri, zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito ndalama zawo zokha pokopa malondawo kuposa kale lonse.

Kuona Zinthu M’tsogolo ndi Kusintha Komwe Kungachitike

Pamene ma PAC osakhala ogwirizana akupitiriza kukhala otchuka m’ndale zadziko, opanga malamulo ndi ochirikiza akuganiza za kusintha kosiyanasiyana kuti alinganize chisonkhezero cha ndale zadziko ndi umphumphu wa demokrase.

Kulimbitsa Zofunika za Kusunga

Kuvumbula zenizeni za zopereka zazikulu ndi ndalama zoyendera pawekha kungapatse osankha chidziŵitso cha panthaŵi yake. Mayiko ena akufufuzanso “opereka ndalama zapamwamba” zolembedwa pa kusatsa malonda a ndawala, mofanana ndi“ ndalama zoperekedwa ndi "” zomangidwa ndi ma dilaismer amene tsopano akuwonekera pa kusatsa malonda kwa boma koma ndi kuwonjezera kwa magwero oyambirira a ma PAC amene amalandira ndalama kuchokera ku magulu a mdima a ndalama.

Malire Omwe Amakhala Opatsa Thandizo

Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lalikulu laletsa kuchepetsa ndalama zowonongedwa paokha, maboma angaperekebe malamulo a zopereka kwa ma PAC amene amathandizira mwachindunji okonzekera. Mayiko ena, monga Connecticut ndi Maine, agwiritsira ntchito njira za boma zopezera ndalama m’malo mwa ndalama zaumwini, kuchepetsa chikoka cha zopereka zazikulu za PAC. Kufutukula maprogramu oterowo kungathandize kuwonjezera malo oseŵera.

Kukakamiza

Mabungwe ambiri oonetsetsa kuti anthu a m’dzikolo akugwira ntchito yosankha masankho, ndi osoŵa, kupereka zinthu zina ndi kupatsa mphamvu zapamwamba ku boma, kungathandize kuti ma PC osagwirizana ndi malamulo amene alipowa ndiponso ogwirizana.

Federal vs. State Action

Nyumba ya boma ikanatha kukhazikitsa lamulo monga la DISCLOSE Act kuti pakhale kuonekera bwino kwambiri powononga ndalama m'masankho a boma, koma kawirikawiri kachitidwe ka boma kamakhala kofulumira ndi koponderezedwa kwambiri. Maboma ena akufufuzanso mapepala a chigawo chimodzi kuti apange malamulo ovomerezeka, kuletsa kuti ma PAC asatengere malamulo olekerera kwambiri.

Kumaliza

Kukula kwa APAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa ndi ndale zadziko m'magawo apamwamba kumasonyeza ziyambukiro zazikulu m'zandalama za chigawo cha Amereka: kuchotsa malamulo, kugaŵikana kwa malingaliro, ndi chisonkhezero chomakulakula cha kugwiritsa ntchito kwa ndale zadziko. Ma PAC ameneŵa amapereka njira yamtengo wapatali yoperekera ku kukambitsirana ndi nzika kunja kwa zipani zamwambo. Komabe, kusoŵa kwawo kuwona ndi kuŵerengera mlandu kumaika maupandu enieni kwa democracy. Zoter, atolankhani, ndi opanga malamulo ayenera kugwirira ntchito kumvetsetsa madongosolo ameneŵa ndi kuchirikiza masinthidwe amene amasungitsa mapindu a zandale pamene akutetezera umphumphu wa masankho. Monga momwe nkhondo ya ndale ya ndale ya ndale zikukulira, mbali ya PC yosakhala yogwirizana ndi yogwirizana ikula bwino kwambiri kuposa ndi kale lonse.