Chiyambi: Ntchito ya Matchalitchi Opanda Ogwirizana m’Ndalama za America

Political Action Committes (PACs) yakhala maziko a ndawala ya ndawala ku United States. Pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma PCs, [[FLT: 0] osagwirizana ndi ma PCS ali ndi malo apadera ndi osonkhezera. Mosiyana ndi ma PC, amene ali ogwirizana ndi bungwe la ndawala, mgwirizano wantchito, mayanjano a zamalonda, kapena gulu la ndale zadziko, losakhala logwirizana. Amapangidwa ndi anthu, magulu a zachigwirizano, kapena mabungwe a ndale amene amafuna kukhala ndi chuma ndi kuwononga ndalama pa masankhoti a boma popanda kugwirizana ndi munthu woloŵa ntchito kapena gulu lachikulu. Kumvetsetsa malamulo olamulira mabungwe ameneŵa nkofunika ndi ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana m’malo ovuta amakono.

Ma PC osalumikizidwa amadziŵika ndi kukhoza kwawo kupempha zopereka kuchokera kwa anthu onse . Ndi mwaŵi wosapatsidwa kwa APAC, amene angangopempha ku kalasi yawo yoletsedwa (m’chitsanzo, antchito kapena mamembala). Makobiri aakulu ameneŵa amapatsa kampani yosakhala yolumikizidwa ndi ndalama zambiri. Komabe, kusintha kumeneku kumabwera ndi malamulo okhwima otsatiridwa ndi Federal Ecompution Commission (FEC). Kuyambira kulembetsa ndi kuletsa kwa mgwirizano ndi oyembekezera, malamulo pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya mmene makomiti ameneŵa amagwirira ntchito.

Mafotokozedwe ndi Zizindikiro za Malembo Osagwirizanitsidwa

Komiti ya ndale zadziko yopanda olumikizidwa ndi ilo komiti iriyonse ya projekiti yomwe siinakhazikike, yoperekedwa, kapena yochirikizidwa ndi wobatizidwa, chipani cha ndale zadziko, kapena bungwe logaŵikana la bungwe logwirizana. Mawuwo kaŵirikaŵiri amayenderana ndi “makomiti ogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zokha, . Amadziŵika kwambiri monga Super PACs, ngakhale kuti aŵiriwo sali ofanana. Ma pulogalamu apadera osagwirizana ndi oyenera kupereka ndalama zoperekedwa ndipo angapereke mwachindunji kwa ofunsira, pamene kuli kwakuti Super PACs angapange ndalama zodziimira paokha (koma pamtengo wake wokwanira). Hybrid PACs, , prod , mapepala achitatu, amasunga maakaunti opale opatula a mabanki onse aŵiri ndi odziimira paokha.

Mbali zazikulu za PAC yosakhala yolumikizidwa zimaphatikizapo:

  • Utsogoleri wodziimira: Kulibe woloŵa m'gulu, mkulu wa chipani, kapena bungwe loyang'anira ntchito za komiti.
  • Kupempha kwa Public: kungapeze ndalama kuchokera kwa nzika iliyonse ya United States kapena nzika yachikhalire (kusiyapo maiko akunja ndi makampani omanga a boma).
  • Kulembetsa kwa lamulo: Kuyenera kulembetsa ndi FEC m'masiku 10 akukwera kapena kuthera ndalama zoposa $000 m’chaka cha kalendala.
  • Kuvumbula kobwerezabwereza: Fayile yodetsedwa pachaka (kapena mwezi ndi mwezi) ikusimba mwatsatanetsatane zopereka zonse zolandiridwa ndi zowonongedwa zopangidwa.
  • Malire operekera: Ma PAC amene amapanga zopereka zachindunji kwa oyembekezera kugaŵidwa angapereke $5,000 pa chisankho chilichonse (choyambirira, chachisawawa, kapena chothamanga) pa wobatizidwa, ndi kufikira $15,000 pachaka ku komiti ya chipani cha dziko.

Chigawo cha Malamulo: FECA ndi Malamulo a FEC

Malamulo aakulu olamulira ma PACS osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa ndi Fateral EFUURATSPAIN Act (FACA) [1] , adakhazikitsidwa poyambirira mu 1971 ndipo mokulira anasinthidwa mu 1974 pambuyo pa kuipitsa kwa Watergate . FEC inapangidwa kuti ipereke ndi kukakamiza FORCA. Malamulo akuphatikiza madera asanu ndi limodzi ovuta:

Kulembetsa ndi Kulinganiza

Gulu lililonse limene limayembekezera kulandira zopereka kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoposa madola 1,000 m'chaka liyenera kukonza Chikalata cha Gulu (FEC Forme (1) [[FLT 1:1]] . Izi zimapanga maina a komiti, kutchula ndalama zake, ndi kutchula komiti yake yaikulu ya ndawala (ngati ilipo). Wosunga ndalamayo amasankha mlandu wa mwini wa kugonjera kwa komiti. Osalumikizidwa ndi afunikiranso kukhazikitsa mlandu wa gulu la osankhidwa, wosiyana ndi ndalama zilizonse za bungwe la masankho.

2. Zimene Zimachititsa Kuti Tizigwira Ntchito Iliyonse Ndiponso Zimene Zimayambitsa Mavuto

Ma PAC amwambo osalumidwa angalandire zopereka kuchokera kwa anthu kufika pa $5,000 pakalendala. Iwo angalandirenso zopereka zosamalitsa kuchokera ku ma PAC ena, ngakhale kuti kusamutsidwa koteroko ku PC ku ku PPAC kumatsatiridwabe ndi malire onse a zopereka zochokera ku magwero amodzi. Malamulo a chiletso aunikiritso: palibe zopereka zimene zingalandiridwe kuchokera ku maiko akunja (kuphatikizapo nzika zachikhalire), makampani (opanda ku kampani ya PC), maukwati a ntchito (opanda ku PACI), makampani a boma, kapena mabanki a dziko. Ndalama zopereka zoposa $100 ndi zopereka zilizonse kuchokera ku magwero osadziŵika.

Kudziimira pachabe

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa amaloledwa kupanga ndalama zodziimira zokha zosalekeza . Nzodalira pa kulankhulana kumene kumachirikiza mwachindunji chisankho kapena kugonjetsedwa kwa wosankhidwa wodziŵika bwino wa boma . Kuphatikizapo ndalama zosagwirizana ndi wobatizidwa kapena chipani. FEC imagwiritsira ntchito mayeso a mbali zambiri kuti adziŵe ngati kulankhulana kwachitidwa pa pempho, lingaliro, kapena chitsogozo cha wofunsira, kapena ngati kuphatikizako kwa alangizi a chidziŵitso, kungachitidwe monga chopereka cha mtundu umodzi choperekedwa ku malire.

4. Kupanga Makina ndi Kulemba Malipoti

Ma PAC onse osalumikizidwa ayenera kujambula malipoti anthaŵi zonse ndi FEC. Ndandanda yapadera nja 25 pambali pa komiti pokhapokha ngati komiti isankha kujambula kwa mwezi ndi mwezi. Malipoti ayenera kutumiza zopereka kuchokera kwa munthu aliyense amene amapereka ndalama zoposa $200 m'chaka cha kalendala, ndi zowonongedwa za $200 zopangidwa kwa munthu aliyense. M’zaka za chisankho, malipoti owonjezereka a kusanthula ndi kusanthula ndi mapositi akufunika. FEC imapanga malipoti onse apezeke poyera pa webusaiti yake, kupereka kuwonekera kwa munthu ndi magulu oonerera.

5. Chiletso pa Kugwirizana

Kugwirizana kuli mbali yotchuka kwambiri ya lamulo la kudziimira paokha. Malamulo a FEC amakono amamasulira kugwirizana kwa zinthu kukhala kumachitika pamene kulankhulana kwachitika (a) kupangidwa, kupangidwa, kapena kugawiridwa pambuyo pa kukambitsirana kwakukulu pakati pa wowononga ndi wofunsira, (b) kozikidwa pa chidziŵitso choperekedwa ndi ndawala, kapena (c) kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito kwa wogulitsa wamba amene kalelo adagwira ntchito mkupiti. PACIS wogwirizanitsidwa ndi wofunikira kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a mkati mwa kuletsa kugwirizanitsa, kuphatikizapo mabomba ndi kugaŵana chidziŵitso choletsedwa.

Kusunga ndi Kufufuza

Pa C iriyonse yosagwirizanitsidwa iyenera kusunga zolembedwa zatsatanetsatane za zopereka ndi zowonongedwa kwa zaka zitatu pambuyo pa lipotilo litatha. FEC iri ndi ulamuliro wa kuyang'anira kufufuza ndi kufufuza, ndipo ingapereke chilango chachiŵeniŵeni kaamba ka kuswa lamulo. M'milandu yosagwirizana ndi milandu, kuzenga mlandu kochitidwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo nkotheka.

Ziphunzitso Zazikulu za Malamulo Zoletsa Malamulo Osagwirizana

Malo alamulo a ma PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa asinthidwa kwambiri ndi milandu ya m’khoti yotchuka yambiri ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a FEC.

Buckley v. Valeo (1997)

Pa mlandu wa maziko umenewu, Khoti Lalikulu linakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kupereka ziphuphu kapena kuoneka kwake, koma linaletsa ndalama zowonongedwa (kuphatikizapo zowonongedwa pazokha) kukhala zoletsa kulankhula zandale. Chigamulo chimenechi chinakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti ndalama zowonongedwa pazokha pa ndale zadziko ndizo njira yotetezera kulankhula pansi pa Lamulo Loyamba.

Nzika za United v. FEC (2010)

Mwinamwake chigamulo cha ndawala yotchuka kwambiri ya zachuma, Citamini a United[FLT :1] adakhulupirira kuti makampani ndi maukwati Oyamba ali ndi ufulu wofanana woyambirira wa kuwonjezera monga anthu kuwonongera ndalama zosamalirira pa kulankhulana kwandale. Chigamulocho chikusonyeza chiletso choyambirira pa zowonongedwa za kampani. M'kuyankha mwachindunji, FEC inapereka lamulo lolola kulengedwa kwa [[FLT:] [2] Super PaC [FLT [FF:3]] kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoyendetsera paokha. Monga chotulukapo chosadziimira paokha kuwonjezera pa kugawira zinthu zina za Advissowetsa ku [FL: 4.] Makampani opanga makampani opanga makampani opanga ndalama. . FEC .[FLD:5]

McCutteon v. FEC (2014)

Mu Mccheon, Bwalo Lapamwamba linagonjetsa malire a zonse zopereka za munthu aliyense angapereke kwa onse a boma ndi zipani. Pamene kuli kwakuti malire a maziko a zopereka kwa wobatizidwa aliyense adatsala, kuchotsedwa kwa kachikwama wa opereka chuma kupatsa chiŵerengero chachikulu cha ma PC mwachindunji, kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito ya kusungitsa ndalama.

Malamulo Ena Ovuta Kuwatsatira

Nkhani zonga FEC v. Wisconsin Kuyenera ku Moyo, Inc. (2007) zinamasulira “kutsendereza,” ndi Coloradoan Federal Campaign Komiti ya Magamulo. FORC [1] (1996] (1996) inakhazikitsa kuti zowonongedwa zogwirizana ndi magulu sizikugonjera ku ziletso zofanana ndi zodalira pa zowonongedwa pawekha ndi PCs. Pacts. Onse pamodzi, zosankha zimenezi zimapanga malo alamulo ovomerezeka bwino amene sanagwirizanitsene ndi PCCs ayenera kupita ku malo ena.

Kutsatira ndi Kuthandiza

Pawebusaiti ya FEC imapereka malangizo ambiri, koma makomiti ambiri amakhala ndi maloya a ndawala kapena alangizi ogwirizana ndi gulu. Masitepe ofunika a ntchito

  1. Kuphunzitsa gululo: Komiti, kuika wosunga chuma, mafaelo Malamulo 1 mkati mwa masiku 10 a kupitirira chitseko cha $1,000.
  2. Kuika akaunti ya ku banki yosiyana: zopereka zonse ndi zowonongedwa zonse ziyenera kuchitika ku akhawuntiyi.
  3. Kukwaniritsa chopereka chotsimikizira: otsimikizira operekawo ali oyenerera (anthu a U.S. kapena nzika zachikhalire, osati makampani a boma kapena maiko akunja). Kupeza dzina, keyala, ntchito, ndi bwana wa zopereka zoposa $200.
  4. Kugwirizanitsa magetsi: Pewani kugawana zipangizo kapena ziwiya ndi okonzekera kapena mkupiti wawo. Ophunzitsa ndi antchito odzifunira pa malamulo a mgwirizano.
  5. Malipoti apanthaŵi yake: Gwiritsirani ntchito pulogalamu ya FEC ya FEC (EFS) pa malipoti okhala ndi $500,000 m'ntchito kapena ngati komiti iwononga $500,000 pa denga. Madeti a chaka chimodzi ali okhwima; mapepala apansi amapanga faindi.
  6. Kutumiza zopimira zamkati: Zolembedwa za nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi za zolakwa. FEC ingafufuze komiti panthaŵi iliyonse, ndipo kusagwirizana kungatsogolere ku kusungitsa.

Kuthandiza Anthu Kuti Akhale Odziwa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndale Ndiponso Kampeni

Kwa magulu a antchito, mabungwe a antchito (pamene akukhazikitsa komiti yosalumikizidwa kaamba ka kupempha kwapoyera), ndi mabungwe a malingaliro, dongosolo la PAC losakhala logwirizanitsidwa limapatsa ziwiya zamphamvu kusonkhezera masankho. Zopereka zachindunji zimalola komiti kuchirikiza osankhidwa ku malire alamulo, pamene kuli kwakuti ndalama zowonongedwa pazokha zimalola kugula zosawonongedwa kotheratu pa kusatsa malonda, otumiza makalata, ndi kuvota.

Komabe, kusintha kuli ndi ngozi. Kuswa malamulo a kagwirizanitse kagwirizanitse kangatsogolere ku zilango zazikulu za FEC kapena kutumiza ku Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo. Kufalitsa kolakwika kuchokera ku magwero a ndalama osadziŵika bwino kungawononge cholinga cha komiti. Motero ntchito yogwira bwino ntchito imafunikira njira yalamulo yolimba, kuphatikizapo kutsatsa malonda, chidziŵitso chozingidwa ndi moto, ndi kutsutsa ogulitsa amene angakhale atagwira ntchito mpikisano.

Komanso, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri ma PC kumaphatikiza ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zosiyanasiyana komanso zogwiritsa ntchito paokha. Komiti ikhoza kupereka ndalama zokwana madola 5,000 kuti munthu agwirizane ndi anthu. Ikhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ina ya Super PAC (ngati ikhale yongophatikizana) kuti apereke mauthenga a anthu popanda malire.

Zochitika Zaposachedwapa ndi Mtsogolo mwa Mapale Opanda Anthu Ogwirizana

Malo osinthira adakalipo. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, FEC yatulutsa malingaliro angapo owongolera kugwiritsira ntchito kusatsa kwa makompyuta kaamba ka zowonongedwa zaumwini, kusamaliridwa kwa zopereka zachinsinsi, ndi mbali za mitundu yachilendo mu PCs. Panthaŵi ino, Nyumba za Malamulo zakhala zikukambitsirana za ngongole kuti ziwonjezere kuonekera, monga ngati DHCLOSE Act, zimene zikafuna kuti AppeC ndi ena osakhala ogwirizana a PC kuvumbula opereka opereka opitirira $10,000. Pamene kuli kwakuti chikalatacho sichinapitirire, kusonkhezera kaamba ka kuŵerengera kokulirapo.

Makhoti alingaliranso ngati kuchepetsa malamulo kumayenera. Mwachitsanzo, D.C. chigamulo cha dera mu Crosstrays Grasrouts Policy Strategies . FEC (2017) chinafotokoza mbali ya kuloŵerera kwa mabungwe andale. Ndipo mu 2023, Khoti Lapamwamba linakana kumva chiletso pa zopereka za maiko ena, kutsimikizira chiletsocho ponena za chisonkhezero cha maiko ena mu U.S. masankhoti ochitidwa ndi PPACs adakalibe nkhani yotentha.

Luso la zopangapanga ndi magetsi akusintha mapulogalamu a PC ogwirizana. Mapulatifomu a pa Intaneti ndi zopereka zaing'ono za pa CD zathandiza kuti ma pulogalamu amodzi awonjezere ndalama zambiri popanda kudalira anthu angapo olemera opereka. Zimenezi zikuwonjezera mpikisano ndi kuyang'anitsitsa. FEC ikusintha kwambiri malamulo ake a ndawala ya pa Intaneti, kuphatikizapo kuulutsa manyuzipepala ndi kuvomereza kuti anthu apeze ndalama.

Kumaliza

Ma PAC amene sanagwirizanitsidwe ndi mbali yofunika ndi yogwira ntchito ya dongosolo la ndale zadziko la America. Kudziimira kwawo kwa obatizidwa ndi zipani kumawalola kutumikira monga mawu amphamvu kaamba ka malingaliro ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nkhani, pamene kuli kwakuti akuthandizira mwachindunji m'mikupiti yosankhidwira. Komabe kuti kudziimira kumapangidwa ndi dongosolo lalamulo la FECA ndi FEC oyang'anira. Kujambula, kugawa, zopereka, ndi kuletsa za kugwirizana ndi zinthu sikuli kutsata chabe [1] Iwo ali mathayo oyenera kuikidwa omwe amapanga chosankha chilichonse chimene PC apanga.

Kwa aliyense wophatikizidwa m'zotsatira zandale zadziko . Kaya monga wopereka, wolinganiza, kapena katswiri . Malamulowo ngofunika kwambiri ndipo ngofunika kusintha mwa malamulo, zigamulo za khoti, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a FEC. Kukhala wodziŵa ndi kugwira ntchito ndi akatswiri ogwirizana ndi angathandize kutsimikizira kuti zochita za PAC zosakhala zogwirizana zikhale ponse paŵiri zogwira ntchito ndiponso zololedwa. Pamene Khoti Lapamwamba ndi Congress zikupitirizabe kutsutsana ndi malamulo a ndawala, ntchito ya PaC yosagwirizana idzakhala mbali yaikulu ya mtsogolo ya pangano la democracy ku United States.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, funsani [[FLT: 0] MPENDERERO WA MPUNI MPENE PHUNZIRO KUPANDA PAC, lemba lonse la Chigamulo cha United [, ndi [FLT] MPWENDO zalamulo [[FLT] FEC tsamba kaamba ka malamulo atsopano ndi malingaliro achinyengo.