Chiyambi

Chisinthiko cha makampani ovota chimatanthauza chimodzi cha mbali zofunika kwambiri koma zonyalanyazidwa kaŵirikaŵiri m'kulamulira kwa demokrase. Kuyambira pamisonkhano yakale kumene nzika zinagwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro zakuthupi poyesa mapulatifomu amakono ozikidwa pa intaneti, nyengo iliyonse yalimbana ndi mavuto aakulu ofanana: mmene angapange mavoti onse aŵiri ndi otetezereka. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza kusinthako kuchokera ku mapepala opanga makompyuta ku kuvota, kufufuza zaumisiri, zandale, ndi za mayanjano amene asintha mmene anthu amapangira ndi kuvota. Kuzindikira ulendowu kumavuta monga democracyism padziko lonse lapansi amayang'anizana ndi ziwopsezo zatsopano.

Kupenda Mwambo wa Kutulutsa Zotulutsa Zotulutsa Zovala

Nkhani ya kuvota inayamba kalekale mapepala asanayambe. Kufufuza koyambirira kwa democracy kunadalira pa njira zimene zinali zosavuta ndi zooneka. Ku Greece wakale, nzika za Athens zinasankha mwa kukweza manja (cheirotonia) ku ekklesia, kapena mwa kuponya miyala (psephoi) m'mabungwe a ajuli. Madongosolo oyambirirawa amavumbula kachitidwe kosiyanasiyana koyenera: zolembedwa (tabele) kutsendereza chisonkhezero chapamwamba, koma anaperekedwabe poyera m’misonkhano ina. Madongosolo oyambirira ameneŵa amavumbula kachitidwe kobwerezabwerezabwerezanso ka kuchepetsa ndi kuwonjezereka kwa lamulo, komabe ma verabilaiti atsopano nthaŵi zonse.

Mkati mwa Nyengo Zapakati, kuvota kunazimiririka kwakukulukulu m’moyo wa ndale mu Ulaya, kuloŵedwa mmalo ndi ulamuliro wa choloŵa ndi kuikidwa kwa tchalitchi. Magna Carta (1215) anabzala mbewu za ulamuliro woimira, koma kuvota kofala sikunabwererenso kufikira pamene madongosolo a nyumba za malamulo ku England ndi Dutch Republic. Pofika zaka za zana la 17, masankhoti anachitidwa mwa kuvota kapena kuonetsedwa manja m’misonkhano ya onse, kupangitsa chiphuphu kukhala chosavuta ndi chobisika.

Michitidwe Yakale Yolengeza

Njira zovota zachigiriki zakale zinali zosiyanasiyana kwambiri. Ostracia . Kuthamangitsidwa kwa kanthaŵi kwa nzika ya Roma . "inagwiritsa ntchito mahatchi a zoumba (ostraka) kulembedwa maina. Ku Athens, boule (kouncil) inasankhidwa ndi mavoti, osati ndi chisankho chenicheni, kugogomezera kusinthana pa chosankha chotchuka. Comitia tributa yogwiritsa ntchito kuvota, ndi mayunithi a gulu limodzi (mibadwo kapena zaka mazana) atakambirana. Machitidwe ameneŵa anasonyeza kuti anthu a m’madera kumene kuŵerenga kunali kotsika ndi kukula kwa chitaganya. Iwonso akugogomezera phunziro lofunika: kapangidwe kayendetsedwe ka ka ka ka ka voti ka ka ka ka ka ka voti ka ka ka ka ka kagalamu ka amene amapanga nawo ndi kamvedwe kake.

Ku America, kutsungula kwa Apulotesitanti asanakhaleko monga Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy) anagwiritsira ntchito chigamulo chozikidwa pa kugwirizana ndi oimira a mafuko. Ngakhale kuti miyambo imeneyi si yofanana ndi yamakono, inayamba kukhudza maganizo a demokrase pambuyo pake. Mfungulo ya kuchotsapo zizoloŵezi zakale njakuti kuvota nthaŵi zonse kunali luso la zogwirira ntchito zamakono . "A seti ya zida ndi malamulo ndi [1] osati chabe cholinga cha .

Kuyamba kwa Maballot a Mapepala

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba kwa mapepala olembedwa kunachitika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19, ngakhale kuti panali zinthu zogwirizana ndi zimenezi. Ku United States, Konsichushoni inasiya masankho ku mayiko, kuchititsa kuti pakhale zipolowe zosiyanasiyana. Makampani angabweretse mabuku awo osindikizidwa kuchokera ku zipani zandale (mapepala a mapepala ozungulira , amene anachotsa chinsinsi ndi kulola kugula zinthu. Kusintha kwa ma 1850, kotsogozedwa ndi ma Australian, kunasintha zonse. "Australian bolot" , yunifomu ya boma yosindikizidwa, yolembedwa mseri mkati mwa Victoria mu 1856 ndi kufalikira ku Britain, U.S, ndipo m’zaka makumi angapo kupitirira.

Mapepala opanga mapepala anali osinthasintha. Iwo anapereka zinthu zachinsinsi, zosankha zoyenerera, ndi kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha mabwana a chipani. Komabe, iwo anayambitsanso mavuto atsopano: mapulani ojambula anakhoza kuchititsa kukondera (kutsutsana kwa "peally bolot" mkangano wa chisankho cha pulezidenti wa 2000 U.S. ndi chivomerezo chamakono), ndipo kuŵerenga kwa m'mabuku kunali kochedwa ndi kolakwika. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, kutsendereza kuŵerengera kwamakono kunatsogolera ku ntchito zamakono.

Kuchuluka kwa Mabale Achinsinsi

Chisankho chachinsinsi sichinali chopeka koma chinali chimake cha zaka mazana ambiri cha kulimbana ndi kuwopseza. Kusanakwaniritsidwe, ovota m'malo ambiri anafunikira kulengeza poyera zosankha zawo, kuitanira ziphuphu ndi kubwezera. Wolemba chinsinsi anachita zambiri kuposa kutetezera anthu ndi kuteteza anthu, kusintha mphamvu kuchokera kwa anthu amphamvu akumaloko mpaka ku kulephera kupezeka kwa malo opatulira. Komabe, kusinthako kunali kwa mkangano. Ku U.S., mayiko a kummwera kwa dziko anagwiritsira ntchito mayeso a kulemba ndi kufunsira kulemba ndi kutsa misonkhoti kuti atsutse cholinga chake, kusonyeza kuti luso la zovotera silinga kugonjetsa malamulo a kuphwanya lamulo la milandu.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Ballot ya ku Australia

Dongosolo la ku Australia la kampani ya opaleshoni linali ndi mbali zinayi: (1) Mapepala osindikizidwa pa ndalama za anthu onse, (2) oitanidwa onse olembedwa pa pepala limodzi, (3) kutsekera m'nyumba yachinsinsi, ndi (4) maboloti anaikidwa m'bokosi lotsekedwa. Mabululu ameneŵa anagwiritsidwa ntchito mofulumira ku Ulaya ndi ku America. Pofika mu 1910, maboma ambiri a ku United States anali ndi mtundu wina wa kusanthula. Chiyambukiro pa wovota chinali chosanganizidwa ndi [1] Kusintha kwenikweni chinatha m'malo ena chifukwa chakuti dongosolo la kakhalidwe limene linatseke anthu kusanthula anthu. Komabe, kuwona mtima kunali kosatsutsika: kusankhidwa kwachinyengo m'malamulo amene anatsatira malamulo atsopano.

Zinali zovuta. Osankha osafuna ntchito anafunikira chithandizo, kutsegula zitseko kuti atsegule. Kachitidwe ka kusindikiza pepala kangakhale kovuta kwa anthu opunduka.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Umisiri

Pamene mabungwe a maindasitale anakula kukhala ocholoŵana, zothetsera zolonjeza liŵiro ndi kulondola. Chipambano choyamba chachikulu chinali makina ovotera, opangidwa ndi Jacob H. Myers mu 1889. Voters analoŵa m'nyumba ya chipinda, anakoka thumba, ndiyeno anadumpha kuti asankhe opita ku makampani. Makina otsekedwa pambuyo pa kuvotawo anaikidwa, kuletsa otsekereza ndi kupereka chiŵerengero cha makina. Pofika 1960, makina a ziwiya za m'mawindo anali oyenerera m'madera ambiri a U.S.

Madongosolo a makhadi a pulezidenti anatsatiridwa m'ma 1960, kugwiritsira ntchito khadi ndi chilembo ku mabowo amene adzaŵerengedwa pambuyo pake ndi makina oulutsa. "kugwedeza chad" mkangano wa chisankho cha 2000 cha pulezidenti unavumbula kusoŵa kwa makhadi a nkhonya, kusonkhezera kukakamiza kwa dziko kaamba ka madongosolo amagetsi. Nyengo imeneyi imasonyeza nsonga yofunika kwambiri: kukonza kulikonse kunathetsa mavuto koma kuyambitsa njira zatsopano zolephera.

Makina Opanga Makina

Makina onse anali otchipa kwambiri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Makinawa anathandiza kuti makompyuta alembe bwino. Makompyuta ayambe kukwera mtengo, maboma anayamba kusintha makompyuta. "Big Lie" a chitetezo. Makinawo sanawonongeke . . Makinawa anawonongeka m'ma 2000 chifukwa cha maphunziro a maphunziro ovumbula kuti zinthu zokhala ndi moyo. Komabe, kwa zaka makumi ambiri, makina opanga anathandiza anthu mamiliyoni ambiri kuti malonda asiye kutchuka ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino n’kuthamangitsa.

Kusintha kwa Magetsi a Pakompyuta

Makina opanga makompyuta ojambula mwachindunji (DRE) anafala m'ma 1990. Mavoter anakhudza kanema kapena mabatani otsenderezedwa kuti asankhe zinthu, ndipo mavoti anasungidwa. Ochirikiza anagogomezera zotsatirapo zofulumira, zochepetsetsa mtengo pa nyengo yaitali, ndi zinthu zokhala ndi mawu monga ziganizo za ovota osawona. Otsutsa analoza kusoŵeka kwa kachipangizo kapepala: popanda zolemba zenizeni, kujambula ngati pulogalamu ya pulogalamuyo inawonongeka kapena inavutidwa. Help America Vote Act ya 2002 (HA) mu U.S. anapopera anthu mamiliyoni ambiri kuti alowetsepo chikalata chojambula ndi makina a DRES, koma makampani ambiri pambuyo pake ataswa njira zachitetezo zachitetezo zinasonyezedwa pa msonkhano ngati DEF.

Madongosolo a kupima a optical anapereka malo apakati: ovota amalemba mapepala ndi peni kapena chiŵiya chapadera, ndipo scanner amaŵerenga zizindikiro. Pepaloti imakhala cholembedwa chalamulo, ndipo scanner imapereka mayeso achidule. Kufikira kumeneku kuli njira yogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri ku United States, yovomerezedwa ndi magulu onga Kusintha Kokhala ndi mlingo wapamwamba koposa wa chisungiko ndi chipambano. Mayiko ambiri, monga ngati Brazil ndi India adaimirira mokulira mu DRES koma adayang'anizana ndi mikangano yawo yokhudza kuwonekera kwa pulogalamu ya pa kompyuta.

Njira Zopangira Zinthu Zamakono

Lerolino, palibe njira imodzi yolamulira. Mitundu imasankha njira zozikidwa pa mbiri, miyambo yalamulo, bajeti, ndi ziwopsezo zowonedwa. Ku Ulaya, mapepala oŵerengedwa ndi manja kapena ndi makina oonera akugwiritsidwabe ntchito [1] Germany akugwiritsira ntchito mapepala olembedwa ndi manja, pamene Netherlands imagwiritsira ntchito msanganizo wophatikizapo kusanthula kwa makompyuta ndi kutsimikizira kwa mapepala. Ku United States, maboma ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito mapepala oonera, koma ma a ma state DVD akugwiritsira ntchito DRES ndi ma tractives (VPAT) kapena popanda kuvota kokhala ndi pepala lovomerezeka. Kuvota kwakutali kwakhala kotsatira kwamphamvu, makamaka pambuyo pa kufalikira kwa COVID-19 kachitidwe ka kulera m'malo ambiri.

  • Paper Source Balots (lolembedwa ndi manja) : Igwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankho ambiri a dziko lonse.
  • [[FLT: 0] Scan Paper Ballots [1]: Mavoter amalemba mapepala, makina olemba. Mapepala amapereka cholembera choŵerengera. Zochuluka ku U.S. ndi Canada.
  • Drectting Electronic (DRE) popanda VVPAT [1]: Palibe cholembera chapepala. Mwamsanga koma anatsutsa chifukwa cha kulephera kutsimikizirika. Adakagwiritsiridwabe ntchito m’maiko ena monga Louisiana ndi Nevada.
  • IMENE imakhala ndi VVPAT [1] : Kutsimikizira pepala losindikizidwa, limene limasungidwa kaamba ka kujambula. Imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'mabwalo ochepa a U.S. ndi m'maiko onga Philippines.
  • Kutulutsa kwa Electronic (Internet) : Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa osankha a kumaiko akunja mu Estonia (kuchokera 2005) ndi m'maboma ena a United States kaamba ka asilikali ndi osankha ochoka. Kumakweza kusowa kwa intaneti.

Njira iliyonse ili ndi otetezera ndi otsutsa. Vuto la masankho amakono siliri kungosankha kuti "abwino" koma kusinthira ku mikhalidwe ya kumaloko pamene kuli kwakuti anthu amadalirana ndi dala lomwe lingawonongeke ndi kujambula kwaluso limodzi kapena kuphwanya kwachipambano.

Mavuto ndi Kuvuta

M’malo mwake, zavumbula kusagwirizana kopitirizabe pakati pa kusangalatsana, mtengo, chisungiko, ndi kusakondera. Palibe dongosolo la zinthu limene lili langwiro, ndipo mikangano ya zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo imapereka maphunziro ovuta a mtsogolo.

Kuda Nkhaŵa ya Chisungiko

Makina ovota amagetsi akuwopsezedwa ndi kusokoneza zinthu, ma ma ma malewire, ndi kuukira kwa makampani. Mu 2007, California Top-toto - Tock Review inapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa makompyuta a DRE, kuphatikizapo kukhoza kusintha mavoti popanda kupezeka. Posachedwapa, ofufuza ku DEF CON’S Voing Village (2017-presenter) agubudula makina pamalopo, nthaŵi zina m'mphindi. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuukira kochuluka kufunikira kulowa m’thupi, kuwonjezereka kwa zigwirizano za masankho zopanga masankho kukuwonjezera kuukira. Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security tsopano imasonyeza madongosolo a chisankho cha chisankho, chilolezo chimene chinabweretsanso zinthu za boma .

Mapepala satetezeredwa ku chinyengo , kusokoneza ndi mabokosi otsekedwa, ndi mabotolo a tcheni ali ndi zitsanzo za m'mbiri. Koma amapereka cholembera chanthaŵi yaitali chimene chingaperekedwe mwa kulembedwa mwaluso kapena moŵerengera. Mapikica a ngozi, kumene ziŵerengero za ma ballet zimaŵerengedwa ndi manja kutsimikizira ziwonkhetso za makina, ndizo muyezo wa golidi wochirikizidwa ndi mabungwe onga . Ndi mayeso ochepa okha a malamulo ofunsira, ngakhale kuli tero, ndi kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Magazini Oti Mupeze Chidziŵitso

Kulankhula kuyenera kukhala kofikirika mofanana kwa nzika zonse zoyenerera, komabe madongosolo ambiri amapanga malire. Osankho akhungu ndi a pawailesi yakanema kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna mawu omvetsera kapena ogwirizana ndi magetsi, amene ali ofala kwambiri pa DRES kuposa pa mapepala ojambula. Makampani olephera kujambula malo amodzi angapeze malo ovuta kupezeka. Zinenero zochepa zimafunikira maseŵero ndi chithandizo m'zinenero zawo. Madongosolo amagetsi angapereke njira zimenezi mwa njira zoyenerera, komanso amayambitsanso kuvuta: mapulogalamu amene amalephera kulengeza molondola kapena kupanga mabaibulo otembenuzirapo angathetse magulu otsika. Anthu a ku America okhala ndi Actalgame (AA) ndi malamulo ofanana ndi ena oikidwa m'mayiko ena, koma malamulo ogwirizana. Dongo lamakono likhoza kugwirizanitsa ndi kuyang'ana ndi kujambula kwa mzera.

Kudalira Anthu ndi Kufalitsa Nkhani Zolakwika

Mwinamwake chitokoso chachikulu kwambiri ndicho kukhulupirira anthu. Zinenezo zopanda maziko za chinyengo chofalikira, zosonyezedwa ndi asocial media ndi andale, zafooketsa chidaliro m'masankho ngakhale m'madongosolo otetezereka kwambiri. Pamene ovota amakhulupirira kuti makina angaperekedwe "kukhomerezedwa," palibe zothetsera. Kuyang'anira pulogalamu ya kanema , kuyesa kwapoyera, kuŵerengera kokhalako, chithandizo cholembedwa, koma amapikisana ndi kuchuluka kwa zopeka. Motero, madongosolo ovotera amalankhula ndi kuyendetsa zinthu monga unjiniya.

Mtsogolo mwa Madongosolo Otulutsa Zovala Zochuluka

Kuyang’ana kutsogolo, maluso angapo a zaumisiri amene akubuka akulonjeza kuvotanso [1] Koma chimodzi ndi chimodzi chimakhala ndi ntchito zimene ziyenera kupendedwa mosamalitsa. Cholinga chake si kulimba kwa luso la zopangapanga koma demokalase: madongosolo amene angapirire kuukira kwa pa Intaneti ndi kusadalirana kwa anthu.

Luso Loletsa Kugwira Ntchito

Blockchain wozikidwa pa kuvota watchulidwa kukhala chopereka cha chitetezo cha chisankho, koma chenicheni nchovuta kwambiri. Blockchain ndi wotsogolera amene amalemba malonda (ogwirizana) m’njira imene imalingaliridwa kukhala yosabisa ndi yotsimikizira poyera. Mapangano onga Voatz (ogwiritsiridwa ntchito mu U.S. councilation) ndi njira ya Estonia yoyendera ndege yayesera ndi njira zopimira zopimira (otchedwa kuti zijasiti. Komabe, akatswiri apeza zolakwika zowopsa. [[FLT:] MET] Chikoswecro cha Nkhazi pa kusoŵa kwa anthu, ngati kulephera kuvumbula kwachiwonjezetsa, kukhoza kutsimikizira kwa chiwonjezeko, ngati kusanthula kwachi kwachi kwachi kwachiwonjeze chachiwonere, kukhoza kutsimikizira kwa chivomezo chonsecho. Ngati kutsimikizira kutsimikizira chivomerezo chachikale, kutsimikizira kuti kutsimikizira chivomezo chake chowonekera kwa anthu ena.

Kusiyanitsa Kapangidwe ka Zinthu

Oŵerenga zachikuto, maso oonera, ndi maso ayamba kale kugwiritsidwa ntchito polembetsa pepala la voti m'malo monga India (Aadhaar system) ndi kutsimikizira kwa maboma ena a ku United States. Maselo angachepetse kuyerekezera ndi kufulumizitsa kuyang'ana. Koma amakweza nkhaŵa zachinsinsi , zimene zinabedwa, sizingasinthidwe ngati mawu ozilemba. Madongosolo ayenera kupangidwa kuti azisunga masinthidwe akumeneko kapena kuwabisa, osapereka mapuloteni obiritsira zinthu pa migwirizano. Ndiponso, maluso a zinthu za m’thupi angalephere kuchititsa anthu kukhala ndi mikhalidwe ina yakuthupi (m., kusoŵa mizere ya mawu kuchokera ku ntchito yamanja) ndi kukweza nkhani zosayenera ngati sanapangiridwe padziko lonse. Madongosolo a m’tsogolo amakhudzana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana a zinthu za m’thupi.

Software Yotseguka ndi Yosasonkhanitsidwa

Atsogoleri owonjezereka a gulu lopanga malamulo otsegulira m'madongosolo ovota . Amalola akatswiri odziimira okha kuyendera mapulogalamu a ma pulogalamu a zinsinsi ndi malo akumbuyo. Kuyamba ndi ntchito monga Ecomment Ecomment Technology (kuchokera ku Microsoft) kumapereka ziwiya zaulere, zotsegulira ziwiya za chisankho. Pamene kuli kwakuti kutsegulira kumene kulibe njira yotetezereka, kumatheketsa kupenda ndi kuchepetsa ogulitsa malo otsekera. Chopimira chachikulu ndicho kudalira pa pulogalamu ya chitaganya ndi yokhala ndi anthu. Mitundu onga Norway ndi Switzerland yagwiritsira ntchito ziŵiro zotsegulira m'chosankha. Chikhoterero ncho chimalonjeza, koma chimafuna kuyendetsa ndi kuyendetsa malonda ndi kuchepetsa kwa akuluakulu a mavoti.

Kumaliza

Chisinthiko kuyambira pa mapepala opanga mapepala mpaka kuvota si nkhani ya kupita patsogolo kwa magetsi . Ili malonda otsatizana pakati pa makhalidwe opikisana: liŵiro, chinsinsi, kupezeka, kudalira. Kupirira. Pepa, ngakhale kuti n’lofewa kwambiri, limakhalabe ngati kuti n’losatheka. Komabe silingatumikire pa chilichonse, makamaka osankha ndi zolemala kapena amene amakhala kutali ndi malo ofufuzira. Makompyuta amapereka mphamvu koma amafuna kuti ayang'anire kwambiri. Monga momwe ziwopsezo zimakhalira, kumangidwa kwa democracy.

Madongosolo a m’tsogolo a kachilombo ka zilembo za nyukiliya amene amaphatikiza mapepala ndi liŵiro la kutumiza kwa manambala . Zonga ngati makina osindikizira mapepala olemba, limodzi ndi makina oonera ndi mapikica oika moyo pachiswe. Kukhulupirira kumadalira osati pa luso lokha koma pa njira: kuyesa kooneka bwino, kuyang'anira anthu, ndi kudzipereka limodzi pa malamulo. Chisinthiko china chachikulu sichingakhale makina amodzi koma njira yotetezera yopangira mfundo imene imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhani zambiri.