Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu, chomwe chinasainidwa pa 10 April 1998, chili chimodzi cha mapangano a mtendere aakulu kwambiri a kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20. Icho chinatha bwino lomwe zaka makumi atatu za chiwawa cha ndale zadziko chodziŵika monga mavuto ku Northern Ireland. Pakati pa pangano lachilungamo ndi chipambano chake chinali kuyang'anira kwa nthaŵi zonse kwa chigamulo cha Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland pa 22 May 1998. Mavoti aŵiri ameneŵa anachita kuposa kuvomereza chikalata cha ndale zadziko chovuta; iwo anapereka lamulo la demokrase limene linasintha malo alamulo a chisumbu ndi kuwonjezera lamulo la malamulo onse aŵiri. Kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la malongosoledwe ameneŵa kumafuna kupenda nkhani zawo, zotulukapo zawo, ndi zotsatira zawo, ndi ziyambukiro zawo zazitali ndi za ndale zadziko.

Ndinatsatira Upangano Wabwino Lachisanu

Nkhondo ku Northern Ireland inali ndi chiyambi chachikulu, choyambitsidwa ndi kutsutsana kwa dziko, tsankho la ndale zadziko, ndi chiwawa pakati pa magulu ankhondo a republic ndi okhulupirika ndi boma la Britain. Pofika m'ma 1990, kuvomereza zinthu , kuphatikizapo nkhani zachinsinsi zapansipale, kuloŵerera kwa United States, ndi kuzindikira kowonjezereka kwa kufunika kwa malo andale a dzikolo, ndipo kuvomereza kuti lamulo la Northern Ireland likasintha kokha ndi anthu ake.

Chipanganocho chinalinganizidwa dala kukhala chosadziŵika bwino kuti chikwaniritse onse aŵiri ogwirizana ndi autundu. Kwa ogwirizana, chinatsimikiziranso malo a Northern Ireland mkati mwa United Kingdom kufikira pamene ambiri anavota. Kwa autundu, chinapereka njira yowonekera bwino ya kugwirizanitsa anthu a ku Ireland, limodzi ndi kulengedwa kwa mabungwe a Kumpoto ndi Kum’mwera kumene kunapatsa Dublin ntchito yofunsira za mkati mwa Ireland. Komabe, nyumba yonseyo inadalira pa kuvomerezedwa ndi democracy .

Mapazi Aŵiri: Kugaŵana

Malo oimira anthanthi pa 22 May 1998 anali apamwamba kwambiri pa ndale zadziko. Zinachitidwa panthaŵi imodzi koma ndi mafunso osiyanasiyana. Ku Northern Ireland, ovota anafunsidwa ngati avomereza pangano la mbali zambiri lofikiridwa pa nkhani. Ku Republic of Ireland, ovota adafunsidwa ngati anavomereza kukonzedwa kwa malamulo a dziko la Ireland (Pranso ya 190) imene ikanalola boma kukhala ndi phande m’mabungwe atsopano ndipo, makamaka, ikasintha Mfundo 2 ndi 3 za malamulo a ku Ireland kuti avomereze mfundo ya chivomerezo ndi kutaya lamulo lalamulo kwa dziko lonse la Ireland. Kachitidwe kameneka kanapereka chikalata chalamulo chakuti palibe chigamulo cha ndale zadziko chokwanira.

Dera la Northern Ireland

Chilolezo cha bungwelo chinapereka chivoti chomveka cha “Inde” pa 71.1%, ndi wovota yemwe anatuluka pa 81%. Zimenezi zinaoneka kuti pali magaŵano aakulu pakati pa anthu. Chotulukapo chinasonyeza kuti ambiri . kuphatikizapo maukwati ambiri ndi ma repabulican . Mkupiti unali woopsa, ndi “Inde” yotsogozedwa ndi magulu a pro - Agreement (Democratic and Labour Party PalP, Sin Féin, Alliance Party, ndi Ulster Union Pauctic Vation yogwirizana kwambiri. Ndipo unyiriti wa Britain ndi wa Irish anachirikiza ndi boma la Ireland. “No. Mkupingowo unatsogozedwa ndi gulu la Democratic Union Deult Union pansi paup ndi gulu lina la Argan, kutsutsa chigamulo china chogwirizana kwambiri ndi chigawa cha dziko la Ireland.

Ziŵerengero 71% zimatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri, koma zimaphimba kusiyana kwakukulu kwa madera. Akatolika a m'madera a m'madera achikatolika anavomereza mokulira, kaŵirikaŵiri opitirira 95%, pamene madera a Chiprotesitanti ndi ogwirizana anali ogaŵanika kwambiri, ndi malo ena okhalira pamodzi akubwezera momvekera bwino kuti “Ayi. Komabe, ambiri anali okwanira kupereka ulamuliro wa demokrase woonekera bwino. Pambuyo pake, boma la Britain linadzipereka kukhazikitsa Chikalatacho.

Republic of Ireland Referendendum

Ku Republic of Ireland, voti inathandiza kwambiri. Demetrimenti ya 19te ku Malamulo inavomerezedwa ndi 94.4% ya ovota, ndipo inasintha 56%. Kufupi ndi Consenus adasonyeza chikhumbo chofala ku Southern for the Northern Ireland ndi njira yothandiza kufunsa. Kusinthako kunali kovuta: kunachotsa malo akale a Northern Ireland (Aticles 2 ndi 3) ndipo kunaloŵa m’malo mwa chinenero chotsimikizira umodzi wa Ireland mwa njira zamtendere, kokha ndi chivomerezo cha anthu a ku Northern Ireland. I adapanganso maziko alamulo kaamba ka boma la Northern Ireland ndi Southernor Council ndi British Iish Council.

Chiŵerengero cha chivomerezo chachikulu chinasonyezanso kuti osankha a ku Republic anali ofunitsitsa kusonyeza chikhulupiriro chabwino kwa anthu ogwirizana, kumveketsa bwino kuti umodzi wa ku Ireland sunafunikire kuikidwa koma chonulirapo choyenera kutsatiridwa ndi demokalase.

Kampeni Imene Inachititsa Kuti Anthu Azigwira Ntchito Mogometsa

Mkupiti wa maulamuliro onse aŵiri unachitidwa ndi mphamvu zapadera zandale. Ku Northern Ireland, “Inde” ndawala yogwirizana ya anthu monga John Hume wa SDLP, David Trimble wa UP, ndi Gerry Adams of Sinnn Féin . Anasinthasintha chigawocho, kuchititsa misonkhano ndi mikangano. Maboma a Britain ndi Ireland anagwirizanitsa zoyesayesa zazikulu za chidziŵitso, kugaŵira makope a Active ku nyumba iliyonse. Chichirikizo cha mitundu yonse kuchokera ku United States, European Union, ndi zina zowonjezera kulemera kwake. Ku Republic, zipani zazikulu zonse zandale ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika zinachirikiza kutsutsa kuchotsa dziko, kusiya kokha chinthu chochepera kuchotsa dzikolo. Chipamba chake sichinakayikire konse ku kugaŵidwa kwa chivoti chachikulu.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo ndi Mfundo Yovomereza

Chiyambukiro chachikulu cha zotulukapo za mendulo chinali lamulo ndi malamulo okonzanso zimene zinatheketsedwa. Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu chilozetsa poyera lamulo la chivomerezo: kuti malo a lamulo a ku Northern Ireland akakhalabe mu United Kingdom pokhapokha anthu ake ambiri asankha kuchisintha. Lamulo limeneli linalembedwa m'pangano la Britain ndi Irish Revention (pangano la maiko onse) ndi lamulo la m’dziko la maiko onse aŵiri.

Pa Republic of Ireland, atcheyamani 1998 anaimira kutha kwa mbiri kwa mapangano a anthu otsutsa dziko lawo omwe adakhala kwenikweni kuyambira 1937. Mwa kuvomereza kukonzedwa kwa dzikolo, oweruza a ku Ireland anaonetsa kuti kugwirizana kwamtendere ndi kulemekezana kunali kofunika kwambiri kuposa kukhazikitsa malo. Kukonzanso kunathandizanso kupangidwa kwa mabungwe a mdadada wa m'mabungwe omwe analola boma la Ireland kuimira zofuna za adzikolo ku Northern Ireland popanda kutsutsa ulamuliro wa Britain. Kulinganiza kumeneku kosamala, kovomerezedwa ndi maufumu aakulu a demokrase, kwakhala chitsanzo cha zigamulo zina za nkhondo padziko lonse.

Masinthidwe a lamulo analinso ndi ziyambukiro zothandiza. Kwa ogwirizana, kuchotsedwa kwa malowo kunali chizindikiro champhamvu cha chikhulupiriro chabwino kuchokera ku South, kupangitsa icho kukhala chopepuka kwa iwo kulandira mphamvu ndi mphamvu. Kwa afuko, mawu atsopano anapereka kuvomerezedwa kwalamulo kwa “ufulu wa anthu onse a ku Northern Ireland kudzidziŵikitsa iwo eni ndi kuvomerezedwa monga nzika za Ireland kapena Britain, kapena zonse ziŵiri, monga momwe angasankhe . Kuvomerezedwa kwa mbali ziŵiri kumeneku kunali chilolezo chachikulu chimene chinathandiza kubweretsa magulu andale zadziko m'gulu la ndale.

Kubwereranso kwa Malo Monga Maziko a Mphamvu

Malo oimira malamulo a boma sanangosintha malamulo olembedwa; iwo anapanga mikhalidwe ya ndale zadziko kaamba ka kutha kwa ntchito. Lamulolo linapereka Msonkhano watsopano wa Northern Ireland ndi Bungwe . Udindowu unafuna kuti gulu la omenyana ndi la polisi likhale ndi ufulu wolamulira. Mabungwe okhazikitsidwa pansi pa panganolo kaŵirikaŵiri amafotokozedwa kukhala ogwirizana, tanthauzo lake nlolinganizidwira kugawana mphamvu pakati pa ogwirizana ndi autundu ndi ochirikiza dziko ndipo amafuna chichirikizo chachikulu kuchokera ku magulu onse aŵiriwo pa zosankha zazikulu.

Popanda ma apendusito, n’zokayikitsa kuti kaya chitaganya chikanakhala ndi ufulu wonse wa mabungwe amenewa. Ogwirizana akanakhala atatsutsa kuti panganolo linali kukhazikitsidwa ku London ndi Dublin. A National National akanatha kuona kuti kusoŵa lamulo kwa anthu a ku South kukanakwaniritsa zikhumbo zawo zoperewera. Mamembala awiriwa anapeŵa mbuna zimenezi mwa kupangitsa panganoli kukhala katundu wa anthu, osati andale okha. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale pamene mabungwewo analetsedwa (kuyambira mu 2002 mpaka mu 2007 ndi 2017 mpaka 2020), nyumba zomangidwa pansi pa chipanganocho sizinawonongeke, makamaka chifukwa mfundo zake zazikulu zinali zitavomerezedwa ndi boma.

Ndiponso, ma alosi anasintha kachitidwe ka ndale ka magulu a asilikali. Chivoti chachikulu chovomereza panganolo . Makamaka m'madera autundu [1] chinapangitsa kuti magulu andale a zigaŵenga apitirizebe kulimbana ndi anthu otchuka. Bungwe la Irish Republican Army (IRA) potsirizira pake linachotsa zida zake, chinthu chimene chikanapanda kuvomereza kwa demokrase kwa mtendere. Makonzedwe a “njira zamtendere modzipa modzi [1] anakhala maziko a kugaŵira kwatsopano.

Choloŵa ndi Kupitiriza Kutanthauza

Zitsanzo za m'magazi za May 1998 zikupitirizabe kuumba ndale za Northern Ireland lerolino. Anakhazikitsa chitsanzo chakuti kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo a malamulo ku Northern Ireland kuyenera kuikidwa mwachindunji kwa anthu. Lamulo limeneli tsopano laikidwa m'makonzedwe a pambuyo pa Brexit, kuphatikizapo Northern Ireland Programme ndi Windsor Framework yomwe inalinso yovomerezeka ndi demokrase (“kuvota kovomerezeka kwa demokrase” mu Msonkhano mu 2024). Malo a a democlate adakalibert stal pa zimene malamulo onse a boma a m'chigawocho amayendera.

Chiyambukiro pa Mapangano Otsatira

Good Lachisanu Agreements inakhazikitsa muyezo wa malamulo a mtendere otsatira. Ku Northern Ireland kwenikweni, St Andrews Agreement (2006, Hillsborough Castle Actine (2010), ndi Tsitsinagouse House Areaudition (2014 onse omangidwa pa maziko a malo a 1998. Makampani ameneŵa anadalira kotheratu pa lamulo la demokrase la mameseji a mamesenti oyambirira kusungitsa chidaliro cha anthu. Kumpoto kwa Northern Ireland, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mamende a mpikisano kwaphunziridwa ndi akatswiri a zigamu za nkhondo m'malo onga Bos, Kuprovi, ndi Kum Kum'maŵa. Kupambana kwa mavoti a 1998 anapereka chitsanzo chothandiza cha mmene kudalira mtendere kotchuka kungachirikidwire. Kunja kwa Northern Ireland, kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mapangano a mtendere kwa chigawo a kumbuyo kwa .

Zimene Tikuphunzirapo pa Nkhani Yosemphana Maganizo

Ma alonda aŵiriwo amapereka maphunziro angapo okhalitsa. Choyamba, amasonyeza kuti njira za democracy siziri chabe za kudziko koma zachiphamaso: kachitidwe ka kuvota kokha kangakulitse kukhala koyenera ndi kudalira. Chachiŵiri, zimasonyeza kufunika kwa kuika masinthidwe a malamulo alamulo ndi chosankha chosavuta, chosavuta, / kapena ayi. Zoti zimaleka kugawidwa kwa zidutswa zandale. Chachitatu, zimasonyeza mmene mamendulo angatseke m'mapangano amene amapanga kukhala otsika ndi mtengo wankhani ndipo chotero amapereka chitsimikizo. Pomalizira pake, mayeso a 1998 amasonyeza kufunika kwa nthaŵi: kunyamula mavoti mwamsanga pambuyo pa chikalatacho, otsutsawo anakhala ndi nthaŵi yotsimikizirika bwino, kutsimikizira njira ya mtendereyo kusungidwa panjira.

Lerolino, Good Lachisanu Agreement idakali maziko a chitaganya cha Northern Ireland. Ma attendendum amene anaivomereza osati kokha mawu amtsinde a mbiri yakale koma zikalata zalamulo zokhala ndi moyo. Pamene mkangano uliwonse wonena za kugwirizana kwa Ireland ubuka (pambuyo pa Brexit ndi kusintha kwa anthu ku Northern Ireland) ndi kuwonjezeka kwa anthu ku Northern Ireland . Mavoti a 1998 amapereka njira yotsimikizirika yalamulo ndi ya ndale zadziko kaamba ka mmene kusinthako kungachitikire. Lamulo la chivomerezo, lovomerezedwa ndi 70% ya Nord Ireland’s Revotation ndi 94% ya Ireland, amatanthauza kuti chigamulo cha mtsogolo cha Ireland chikafuna kuimira kwake, kudalirana kwake, kochitidwa pansi pa mikhalidwe yogwirizana ndi kutsutsana kwamtendere.

Kumaliza

Zotsatira zake za May 1998 zinali zambiri kuposa kuvomereza kwa anthu andale. Zinali kusintha kwa demokrase kumene kunathetsa vuto la malamulo pamutu pa Mavuto. Mwakupatsa anthu a ku Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland mawu achindunji, ma apendendi asintha pangano la Mapangano Abwino Lachisanu kuchokera ku malo apamwamba ovuta kwambiri, malo ovomerezeka. Mavoti 71% ku North ndi 94% ku South ndi voti adapanga pangano logwirizanitsa pakati pa anthu ndi mayiko, limodzi limene lalimbana ndi mavuto andale, chiwawa cha churriti, ndi kusintha kwa Bretit. Samangokhala ndi maziko a democracy amene a m'tsogolo a mikangano yonse yokhudza mtendere ndi umodzi mu Ireland idzatha.

Kuti afufuzenso zikalata za mbiri yakale ndi kufufuza kwamakono, oŵerenga angaone UK] textu ya Boma la Belfast Advrence , Signailte Book pa Demendmentth , ndi [FLT:] a British Academysis pa ntchito ya mafashoni a mtendere [[. Kuzindikira kowonjezereka pa ndawala kungapezeke mu [FLT:] BB'WITC'.