Chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko cha Japan chasinthidwa ndi kugwirizana kwa chipani ndi wovota. Kumvetsetsa zisonkhezero zimenezi nkofunika kumvetsetsa mmene demokrase ya Japan imagwirira ntchito ndi kusintha kwa nthaŵi. Unansi pakati pa mphamvu ziŵirizo umasinthasintha, kusonkhezeredwa ndi mbiri yakale, madongosolo a kakhalidwe ka anthu, kusintha kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu, ndi kusintha kwa mbadwo. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza maziko aakulu a kukhulupirika kwa gulu, njira zosinthasintha za kukhala ndi mbali ya osankhidwa, ndi mmene mbali ziŵiri zimenezi zimagwirizanirana ndi ndale zamakono za ku Japan.

Mbiri ya Ndale za ku Japan

Chiyambire mapeto a Nkhondo Yadziko II, Japan yakhala ndi mkhalidwe wandale wokhazikika wolamuliridwa ndi Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). I adaikidwa mu 1955 kupyolera mwa kuphatikiza magulu aŵiri osasinthasintha, LDP inakhalabe ndi mphamvu kuyambira mu 1955 mpaka 2009 (ndi nyengo yaifupi 11 ya mwezi mu 1993-94), ndipo yabwereranso ku boma kuyambira 2012 kumka mtsogolo. Kulamulira kumeneku kwalimbikitsa kukhulupirika kolimba pakati pa Ofeta, ambiri a amene amachirikiza LDP kudutsa masankhoti ambiri. Chipanicho chikhoza kugwirizanitsa dongosolo lake la kayendetsedwe kake pa nthaŵi yoposa nthaŵi yapamwamba ya kutchuka kwa chuma cha dziko la Aramagedo ndi pambuyo pake kukonzanso “makoma kwa mabizinesi , alimi, alimi, ndi okalamba.

Chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko chapambuyo pa nkhondo chinalinganizidwanso ndi ntchito ya Amereka (1945-19952), yomwe inakhazikitsa malamulo a kuletsa nkhondo ndi kuyambitsa mabungwe osankha a demokrase. Nkhondo ya Mawu yoyambirira inasonkhezera United States kuchirikiza magulu osasintha ankhondo ku Japan, kutsimikizira kuti maprogramu osasintha a LDP kaŵirikaŵiri ogwirizana ndi zolinga za U.S. Chichirikizo chakunja chimenechi chinalimbikitsa ufulu wa m'banja ndipo chinayambitsa njira yokha imene imachititsa magulu otsutsa (makamaka Chipani cha Socializimu cha Japan ndi Democratic Party ya Japan) kuyesayesa kumanga mavoti ochirikizana okhalitsa.

Zinthu Zimene Zimasonkhezera Kukhulupirika kwa Pagulu

Kukhulupirika m’gulu la anthu ku Japan si nkhani ya maganizo chabe; koma kumazikidwa kwambiri pa mayanjano a anthu, mabungwe a kumaloko, ndi zinthu zakuthupi.

Zomangamanga Zakale ndi Njira ya Kōennai

Ovota ambiri amapanga kukhulupirika kozikidwa pa maukwati a m'chigawo chakale kapena a m'chigawo. Zimenezi zimachitidwa kudzera mwa kennai [mabungwe ochirikiza andale zadziko omwe amakulitsa. Kagulu kawo kawo kamapereka mapindu monga mphatso zaukwati, opezekapo, ntchito yoyambitsa ntchito, ndi kuthandizira pang'ono. Kubwerera, mamembala amasankha wandale amene (kaŵirikaŵiri ndi wa chipani chawo) m'masankhoti alionse. Dongo lino linatulukira makamaka m'ma 1960 ndipo limakhala lolimba m’madera akumidzi ndi a kumidzi. Imapanga mtundu wa kukhulupirika kwaumwini kwambiri kumene kungapulumuke kusintha kapena kuswa, monga ngati woimira wakwaniridwa.

Kulinganiza

Makampani amalimbikitsa makampani amene malamulo awo amasonyeza zofuna zawo kapena za anthu. Alimi a ku Japan, ovomerezedwa kwambiri ndi malamulo a zaulimi, amavota mopendeka kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, maukwati a antchito a m'malemba ogwirizana ndi mabungwe a kumanzere, ngakhale kuti mamembala a anthu atsika kwambiri. Akatswiri a ku Uganda ndi osankha achinyamata sakonda kukhala okhulupirika kwambiri komanso safuna kutsutsa kwambiri zinthu zina, koma amavotanso pamiyeso yotsika. LDP ku kusintha kwa zachuma pansi pa Nduna yaikulu ya boma Junichirozimi (2001-2006) anapambana ku projective , pamene Ddemocratic Party ya Japan ya 2009 imakhala ndi maganizo otsutsa otsutsa ndi otsutsa kwambiri, m’kukhulupirika.

Kupatsidwanso Dzina la Gulu ndi Ntchito

Kuwona umphumphu ndi kugwira ntchito kwa chipani kusonkhezera kukhulupirika. Japan yakumana ndi zinyazi mobwerezabwereza za katangale (monga ngati mlandu wa chiphuphu choombera boma, kulakwa kwa Recruit, ndi nkhani zaposachedwapa zosimba za misonkho). Komabe LDP yatsimikizira kukhala yolimba: ovota kaŵirikaŵiri amalekerera nthyole yovomereza kuthekera kwa kuyendetsa bwino chuma ndi chisungiko cha dziko. Mbiri ya chitsutso, panthaŵi yomweyo, inawonongeka ndi DPJ's yamavuto 2009-2012 tenure, pamene inalephera kubweretsa masinthidwe olonjezedwa ndi kutuluka kwa ngozi ya nyukliya ya 2011. Zimenezi zachititsa ambiri kukana kutembenuza kukhulupirika kuchoka ku LDP pamene sanakhutire.

Kusintha kwa Zovala ku Japan

Voter joute ku Japan yasinthasintha zaka makumi ambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri yasonkhezeredwa ndi mlingo wa pangano la onse ndi chikhutiro ndi njira ya ndale zadziko. Turnout imakhala yokulirapo mkati mwa masankho a dziko koma ingachepe pa masankho a kumaloko kapena m'nyengo za mphwayi za ndale zadziko. Zochitika zaposachedwapa zimasonyeza kutsika kwa nthaŵi yaitali, makamaka pakati pa magulu a achichepere.

Chisankho cha Dzikolo

Mu 1950 ndi 1960, , kutuluka kwa Nyumba ya Oimira Oimira nthaŵi zonse kupitirira 70 peresenti. Pofika m'ma 1990, chinali chitatsika 60 peresenti, ndipo chisankho cha mu 2014 chinalembedwa kuti pamapeto pa nkhondo ya 52.66 peresenti (koma kuti chisankho cha 2017 chinakhala ndi kumangidwa pang'ono mpaka 53.68 peresenti). Chisankho cha 2021 chinabwerera ku 55. 93 peresenti, modetsedwabe ndi miyezo ya mbiri yakale. Nyumba ya Councils (kuwonjezera nyumba) imaona masankhoti otsika kwambiri kutsika ndi "kuphatikiza 50 peresenti. Kusiyana ndi, kugamula kwa ku Japan kungawonjeze pansi pa 40 peresenti, makamaka m'madera osayesedwa.

Zaka ndi Mikangano ya Mbadwo Wambili

Chimodzi cha njira zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndicho kugwirizana kwamphamvu pakati pa msinkhu ndi kubwerera. M'chosankha chachikulu cha 2021, ovota m'ma 20 adasintha pafupifupi 35 peresenti, pamene kuli kwakuti awo a zaka 60 anapezeka pa 70 peresenti. Mpata umenewu wakhalapo kwa zaka makumi ambiri ndipo ukusonkhezeredwa ndi zinthu zonga ngati kukhulupirika kochepa pakati pa achinyamata, lingaliro lakuti ndale sizimasamalira nkhaŵa zawo, ndipo sizigwirizana ndi migwirizano ya ku ōenkai. Mosiyana ndi, akuluakulu a chipembedzo, ali ndi kukhazikitsa zizoloŵezi zovotera, nthaŵi yaufulu kwambiri, ndi kugwirizana kolimba kwambiri ndi magulu onga a Accoulbactureation (JA) kapena Asseorniorties Japan.

Kugaŵanitsa Urban-Rral

Madera a kumidzi amaoneka kukhala otchuka kwambiri kuposa mizinda yaikulu, mwapang'ono chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwamphamvu kwa anthu ndi kukhala ndi kōennai . Nzika za m’matauni kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala zosasamala, zoyenda, kapena zopanda m'madongosolo andale akomweko. Komabe, pulogalamu yosanthula ya kulephera kumanga mipando imene imaposa mipando ya kumidzi.

Zochititsa Zoyambukira Kutengamo Mbali kwa Majeremusi

Kuwonjezera pa zimene anthu apeza, njira zochitira zinthu ndi anthu zimakhudzanso munthu aliyense payekha.

Kupha Anthu ndi Kuyesayesa kwa Mkupiti wa Voter

Kuyesayesa kwa kampeni ndi maprogramu othandizira kuwonjezera kutengamo mbali. Malamulo a chisankho ali oletsa kwambiri: kutsanulira khomo la khomo ku khomo, ndipo kuyesayesa kwakukulu kumachitika mwa nkhani zapoyera, mapulogalamu oulutsira, ndi mapepala a mejanti. Maparishoni amadalira kwambiri pa magulu olinganizidwa (kōenkai, mabungwe achipembedzo, mabungwe) kupereka mavoti. Makalata apadera ndi mafoni amaloledwa koma ndi malire. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, magulu ayesa kutulukira ndi kuulutsa anthu, ngakhale kuti achikulire ayamba kale kuvota pamiyezi yapamwamba . mavoti akupereka mavoti. [FLT:] Malamulo a mavoti, (mapepala opanga masankhoti), otseka, 2013, omasula ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana athandiza pang'onopang'onopang'ono, angathandize kuthandizira kwa makompyuta, ofufuza ang'ono.

Kupikisana ndi Matalente Ooneka Bwino

Mafuko apafupi amalimbikitsa ovota ambiri kutenga nawo mbali. Pamene zotsatirapo zioneka zoikidwiratu (monga m'makoma ambiri a LDP), kutsika. Kuyambika kwa chigawo chimodzi m'chisankho cha sankho cha 1994 (kwa Nyumba ya Oimira) kunawonjezera kupikisana m'mipando ina koma kunatulutsa zigawo zambiri za kumidzi ya kumidzi. Kujambula kwa madeti a LDP kumapereka chitetezo kwa zipani zazing'ono, komatu, mpikisano wochepera, kutsendereza. madera a National - dertures [1] Makamaka ku chigawo a mizinda.

Kudalirana kwa Anthu Onse ndi Kukhutira ndi Demokrase

Kudalirana m'mabungwe a ndale zadziko kumalimbikitsa kugawana kwa ovota. Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi Institute of Social and Economic Research pa Osaka University kukusonyeza kuti chikhulupiriro cha Japani mwa zipani za ndale zadziko ndi osankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma chinachepa kwambiri pambuyo pa 2009-2012 DPJ, ndipo changopezanso mwapang'ono pansi pa ulamuliro wa LDP. Kudalira kwapamwamba ndi kutsika kwa kubwerera pansi pa kumbuyo, makamaka pakati pa achichepere. Komabe, kusakhulupirira kungadzudzutsenso chitsutso pamene mkwiyo uli wokwera [1] Monga momwe zawonedwa mu 2009 DPJ Revolution kapena 201 kuchirikiza Cormocraticism pa Democraticism Partition mu madera ena a mizinda.

Kufeŵetsa Ntchito Yotulutsa Mitengo

Japan wafutukula kuvota koyamba ndi kuphonya kwa voti zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa. M'masankho a boma 2021, pafupifupi 15 peresenti ya ovota amene anagwiritsiridwa ntchito poyamba kuvota, kuchokera ku madresi amodzi mu 1990. Masiteshoni otumiza mabuku kaŵirikaŵiri amayendera m’mizinda, koma anthu akumidzi angayang'ane kutali. Boma layambitsanso malo ofufuza a misewu a zisumbu zakutali. Komabe, tsiku la chisankho nthaŵi zonse ndi Sande, limene limathandiza kutengamo mbali. Ngakhale zili choncho, kusoŵa kwa voti ndi maimelo a nzika zambiri amakhalabe chopinga kwa osakhoza kuyenda kukaona malo ofufuza. [[FLT:] Minisss of Foistforents of Foiverties [FLD .] Lipotilo lakuti kuti anthu a ku Japan akukhala ndi njira zawo m'dziko la tsikirako.

Kuchitira Zinthu Pamodzi Pakati pa Kukhulupirika ndi Kusintha

Kukhulupirika kwa gulu ndi wovota sikumakhalako m’kudzipatula; iwo amachita zinthu m’njira zimene zingakulitse kapena kuchepetsa kutengamo mbali kwa demokalase.

Kukhulupirika Monga Mphamvu Yolimbitsa

Kukhulupirika kwa gulu kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsogolera ku njira zovota zosasintha, zimene zingakhazikitse zotulukapo zosankhidwa. Ochirikiza a LDP (kapena a magulu aakulu otsutsa) amaonetsa modalirika kuvota ngakhale m'masankho aung'ono. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti masankho azikhala odziŵika bwino kuti akakhala malo abwino. Kukhazikika kumatanthauzanso kuti kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo kumafuna kusinthasintha kwambiri kwa anthu, osati kutembenuka pang'ono chabe. Motero dongosolo landale la Japan lakhala likudziŵika ndi kusintha kwa zinthu m’malo mwa kusokonezedwa kwamphamvu.

Kukhulupirika Kukamanidwa

Komabe, kukhulupirika kwakukulu kungatsenderezenso kutembenuka ngati osankha alingalira kuti gulu lawo lokondedwa lidzapambana mosasamala kanthu za kupambana, kuchepetsa lingaliro la kufulumira kwa kuvota. M'zigawo za mbali imodzi, ochirikiza angakhale panyumba, pamene otsutsawo amalefulidwa ngakhale kuyesa. Nthaŵi zina kuletsa kwa LDP m'madera akumidzi kumatulutsa ziŵerengero zotsika kwambiri pansi pa avareji ya dzikolo . Chifukwa chakuti zotsatirapo zimalingaliridwa kukhala zoyenerera. Mofananamo, pamene kutsutsa kufooka, kumagwa pakati pa ofufuza omwe sakonda LDP koma saona chinthu china chodalirika. Otsatira DPJ a DPJ alephera kusintha nkukhala oonera ake okhulupirika kwa 2009 ali oyenera: ochirikiza ambiri otsata nyumba zawo otsatawo, otsata otsata otsa.

Kukhulupirika Kochepa ndi Kufunitsitsa Kowonjezereka kaamba ka Kusintha

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kukhulupirika kochepa kapena kusakhutira kungawonjezereke pamene osankha afuna kusintha. Chisankho cha mu 2009 cha Japan chinakwera kufika 69.28 peresenti .*. Monga ovota ofunitsitsa kuchotsa LDP pambuyo pa ulamuliro wawo wautali ku malo ofufuza. Komabe, imeneyi inali “voti yosankhidwa" mmalo mwa kukhulupirika kwakukulu ku DPJ, ndipo inatsimikizira kukhala yosatheka. Pambuyo pa kugwiritsa ntchito kogwiritsa mwala kwa DPJ, anadziponya kulowa 59.32 peresenti mu 2012.

Zinthu Zochuluka Zimene Zimachitika M’mibadwo

Masewerawo amasiyananso m'magulu. Osankha achikulire amasonyeza kukhulupirika kwapamwamba ndi kutchuka, kuwapatsa iwo chisonkhezero. Ovota achichepere ali ndi kukhulupirika kochepa ndi kutsika, kutanthauza kuti zimene amakonda nzimene zaperekedwa. Machigawo ayankha moyenera mwa kuchirikiza chigawo chakale, chokhulupirika, chitsanzo, ndi malamulo a ndalama za penshoni ndi zaumoyo zopatsa thanzi zambiri. Kuswa dongosololi kungafunikire njira zatsopano, monga kuchepetsa nyengo yovotera (yakhala yoyambirira kuchitika mu 2016) ndi kuyambitsa maprogramu a maphunziro a za kayendetsedwe ka zaumoyo m'masukulu.

Kufuna Kulamulira Demokrase ya ku Japan

Kumvetsa zinthu zimenezi kumathandiza opanga malamulo ndi zipani za ndale kuti agwirizane ndi ovota. Kulimbikitsa anthu kuti apeze chuma ndiponso kuti akhale okhulupirika kwa zipani n’kofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale demokrase yamphamvu imene imasonyeza bwino lomwe chifuniro cha anthu.

Kuimira ndi Kulamulira

Kutsika kwa chiŵerengero cha achichepere ndi a m’mizinda kuimira zandale zadziko ku zikondwerero za okalamba, ovota akumidzi. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku malamulo amene salabadira zosoŵa za mibadwo yamtsogolo, monga kugogomezera kwakukulu pa ndalama zaulimi ndi malo a chisungiko a anthu, pamene kuli kwakuti kuchepetsa kudalira kwa zinthu zamakono kapena kusintha kwa nyengo. National Diet Library ya osankhidwa [ imapereka lingaliro lakuti ngati Japan singathetse kutha kwa kuwonongeka kwa makampani, kuyenerera kwa dongosolo la kachitidwe ka zinthu kungawoneke kuti kuyenera kwa boma kukhale kochepa kokha.

Kugaŵanikana kwa Gulu

Chipani chofooka chingakhale chokhulupirika . Kupatulapo pa LDP . Magulu ambiri aang'ono (Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu, Komeito, Nippon Ishin no Kai, ndi ena) amapikisana ndi mbali yochepa ya chisankho, koma ndi oŵerengeka okha amene angapange maziko okhazikika ochirikiza. Kugaŵa kumeneku kumakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa osankha kulanga LDP mokhutiritsa, chifukwa chakuti otsutsa OLDP amatayidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi magulu aang'ono amene sangathe kupambana. Electoral Reformation (monga ngati kutsitsa mabande a mipando yoimira mipando) kungawonjezere mapikisano ndi kutembenuka, koma LDP yatsutsa masinthidwe amene angawopseze kupambana kwake.

Ntchito ya Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Ofalitsa Nkhani

Chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Japan ndi ziwiya zamwambo (mapepala amwambo, NHK) adachita ntchito m'mbiri kudziŵitsa ovota ndi kuchirikiza pangano la ndale zadziko. Komabe, kulephera kwa kuŵerenga nyuzipepala ndi kuchuluka kwa malo oulutsira nkhani za pa Intaneti zasokoneza malo a chidziŵitso. Maboma angayesenso ndi zitsutso za pa mavoti. Magulu a maphunziro a Indecconda osankhidwa, monga ngati Kufufuza kwa makampani a boma [ zolinga zowonjezera kutengamo mbali ya chidziŵitso, koma amagwira ntchito pamlingo wochepa. Boma layesanso kusanthula ndi makalata ndi maseŵero, ngakhale kuti kukwerabe.

Kudziŵa Zamtsogolo

Kulimba kwa gulu ndi kutembenuka kwa chipani ku Japan nkothekera kusinthika pang'onopang'ono. Kukalamba kwa malamulo kudzapitirizabe kuwonjezera kulemera kwa ovota akale okhulupirika, kusunga LDP pamalo olimba. Koma magulu apakati ndi kupikisana kwa utsogoleri kungayambitse kutseguka kwa zigaŵenga zatsopano. Kukwera kwa kusanthula kozikidwa pa nkhani zonga mphamvu ya nyukiliya, kukonzanso malamulo, ndi kufanana kwa amuna kungakope achinyamata, makamaka ngati akugwirizana pa kulonjezana kwa ndandanda ya . Pakuti tsopano, kapangidwe ka LDP, azaka zotchuka ndi kutchuka, koma democracy ya ku Japan ikali yokhoza kudabwitsa nthaŵi zina, monga mmene voti 2009 inasonyeza.

Pomaliza, kugwirizana pakati pa chipani ndi wovota si kwachikhalire kapena kofanana. Ndi chinthu cha moyo wa m'mbiri wodalira anthu, kulinganiza, kulinganiza anthu, ndi kusintha kwa mbadwo. Kuzindikira mphamvu zimenezi n’kofunika kuti munthu apende masankho a ku Japan ndi kuyesetsa kuti alimbitse mtima wa demokalase kutenga nawo mbali m’zachuma chachitatu cha padziko lonse.