Maziko Oyambirira a Makhalidwe Abwino m’Boma

Mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zoyendetsera ulamuliro zinayamba kalekale. Mfundo za makhalidwe abwino monga kuona mtima, kukhulupirika, ndi kudziŵerengera mlandu kaŵirikaŵiri zinazikidwa pa malamulo a makhalidwe abwino a anthu.

  • Lamulo la Hammurabi (limene linalembedwa 1754 BC) linakhazikitsa malamulo a kulamulira koyenera ndi kulangiza za zotulukapo za ziphuphu ndi ziphuphu pakati pa akuluakulu a boma.
  • Mabuku a Plato anagogomezera kufunika kwa utsogoleri wabwino ndi lingaliro lakuti olamulira ayenera kutsogozedwa ndi nzeru mmalo mwa kukondweretsedwa.
  • Aristotle anafotokoza zimene akuluakulu a boma amafunika kuchita pa nkhani ya makhalidwe abwino. Iye anati anthu ayenera kuyendera mfundo za anthu onse osati zofuna zawo.
  • Roman Republic inayambitsa lingaliro la cursus saume , dongosolo la maofesi a boma lokhala ndi malamulo okhwima oletsa ziphuphu ndi ziphuphu zosankhidwa.
  • Filosofi ya Confucius ku East Asia inachirikiza lingaliro lakuti akuluakulu aboma ayenera kugwirizanitsa makhalidwe abwino ndi kukhala zitsanzo zabwino kwa anthu.

Malamulo oyambirira a makhalidwe abwino ameneŵa, ngakhale kuti sanalembedwe monga malamulo amakono, anakhazikitsa chiyembekezo chakuti ntchito ya anthu imafuna muyezo wapamwamba wa khalidwe. Anazindikiranso kuti mphamvu yopanda kuŵerengera mosapeŵeka imatsogolera ku kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa. M’madera ena, mutu wobwerezabwereza unali womveka: awo amene anapatsidwa ulamuliro ayenera kusungidwa kuti anthu wamba sangakhale. Chikhulupiriro chimenechi chikupitiriza kukhazikitsa malamulo amakono a makhalidwe abwino. Kusintha kuchoka ku nthanthi ya makhalidwe abwino kupita ku lamulo loyenera kunatenga zaka mazana ambiri, koma mbewuzo zinaikidwa m’miyambo yakale imeneyi.

Kukula kwa Malamulo Amakhalidwe Abwino

M’zaka za zana la 19 ndi la 20 pamene maboma anasintha n’kukhala mabungwe, anthu anayamba kuona kuti pakufunika malamulo a makhalidwe abwino.

Kutha kwa Madzi Otentha

Ku United States, Pendleton Act ya mu 1883 inazindikiritsa chiyambi cha ntchito yolemekezeka mu utumiki wa anthu, kuchepetsa ziphuphu zimene zinafalikira pansi pa dongosolo lofunkha. Lamulo limeneli lisanakwaniritsidwe, ntchito za boma zinapatsidwa maziko a kukhulupirika kwa ndale zadziko mmalo mwa kukhoza, kuyambitsa chikhalidwe kumene akuluakulu a boma anadzimva kukhala ndi ngongole kwa mabwana m’malo mwa anthu onse. Pendleton Act inakhazikitsa Commission Service ndi kulamula kuti afufuze maudindo ambiri a boma. Kusintha kumeneku kuli koyambirira kwa ukatswiri wa za malamulo a malamulo a za malamulo. Kusinthanso kunachitika m'maiko ena, kuphatikizapo Northco - Trean Reportupoti ya United Kingdom (1854), imene inatsogolera kukhazikitsa ntchito ya ntchito ya boma yotchuka.

Nyengo Yopita Patsogolo ndi Kulimbana ndi Kutha kwa Kachilombo

Kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20 kunakhala ndi kuwonjezereka kwa zoyesayesa zotsutsa chiphuphu, makamaka mkati mwa Nyengo Yopita patsogolo mu United States. Atolankhani a Buckrak anavumbula kufalikira kwa maboma a mzinda, mabwalo a boma, ndi mabungwe a boma. Poyankha, okonzanso anakakamizika kukhazikitsa malamulo amphamvu a kampeni, kuphatikizapo malamulo a za ndalama, zofunikira kuvumbula, ndi mabungwe oyang'anira. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Federal Bureaual of Investigation (FBI) mu 190888 cholinga cha kuthetsa ziphuphu ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti zoyesayesa zoyambirira za FBI za kumbuyo kwa kuukira upandu, ulamuliro wake wa kupendedwa pang'onopang'ono kuphatikizapo ka kachiphuphu. Nthaŵi imeneyi inaonanso kudutsa kwa malamulo a Foblictic Active Acts (197).

Zimene Boma Limachita

Chinyengo cha Watergate mu 1970 chinasonkhezera kunyalanyaza malamulo amakhalidwe m'boma, kutsogolera ku Ethics in Government Act ya 1978. Lamulo lapadera limeneli linali yankho lachindunji ku kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa kwa mphamvu zimene zinaonekera pa ulamuliro wa Nixon. Kachitidwe kake kokhazikitsidwa ka makhalidwe abwino, kanayambitsa Ofesi ya Boma (OGE) kuyang'anira kugonjera, ndi kufuna kuulutsidwa kwa ndalama kwa akuluakulu a boma. Ilo linayambitsanso malo a uphungu waumwini wofufuza milandu ya kuchita zoipa yochitidwa ndi akuluakulu a nthambi. M'ma 1978 inachita ntchito yoimira kusintha khalidwe mu U. S. Malamulo, adachoka pa njira yochitira zinthu zosonkhezera kuphulitsa. M’malo mwa kuyembekezera machitidwe ochititsa manyazi kuti atuluke, boma tsopano linali ndi likulu la mavuto a kuletsa kuukira ndi kutsimikizira mavuto.

Malamulo Ofunika ndi Kukula

M’zaka za m’ma 1900 ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za m’ma 2000, boma linakhazikitsa malamulo osiyanasiyana ofotokoza nkhani zokhudza makhalidwe abwino.

  • Buku lina lofotokoza makhalidwe abwino la m’buku la Government Act (la mu 1978) linakhazikitsa malamulo okhudza makhalidwe abwino ndipo linakhazikitsa Office of Government Ethics, imene imathandiza ndi kuphunzitsa anthu ogwira ntchito panthambi.
  • Chikalata cha Lobbbing Dissourse Act (1995) chinali ndi cholinga chopereka umboni wosonyeza ntchito zimene zikufunika kuti anthu azichita mwa kulembetsa ndi kusimba za ndalama zimene anthu awononga.
  • Buku lakuti Honest Leadership and Open Government Act (2007) linalimbikitsa malamulo okhudza kukopa anthu, kuwonjezera umboni wa boma, ndi kupereka chilango chokhwima kwambiri pa kuswa malamulo.
  • SAUT Act ya STOCK (202) inaletsa mamembala a Congress ndi antchito oyang’anira nthambi kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso chosakhala chapoyera kuti apindule ndi anthu ndipo inafuna kuti aulule nkhani za ndalama kaŵirikaŵiri.
  • Chikalata cha Anti - Lobbying Act (1919) chinaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama zoyenerera pa ntchito yokopa anthu, ngakhale kuti kusungitsa kwake sikunali koyenera.

Malamulo ameneŵa ali ndi cholinga chimodzi: kukhazikitsa boma kumene akuluakulu a boma ali ndi mlandu kwa anthu osati kwa anthu. Chigawo chilichonse cha malamulo opangidwa pa zipambano ndi kulephera kwa amene anayambirira. Mwachitsanzo, Honest Leadership ndi Open Government Act inatseka njira zozembera m'chaka cha 1995 Lobbing Displasure Act, makamaka pakhomo lozungulira pakati pa boma ndi mbali ya munthu. STOCK Act, inapatsiridwa mkati mwa zinenezo zotsutsana ndi mapangano otsutsana ndi makhondedwe a Congress, inafotokoza mpata umene unalipo kwa zaka makumi ambiri mosasamala kanthu za kuzindikira vutolo. Kachitidwe kochititsa chidwi kameneka kakusonyeza kuti malamulo amakhalidwe ayenera kupitirizabe kuyendera limodzi ndi maluso ndi maluso a zamakono.

Mavuto Otsatira Malamulo Amakhalidwe

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo a makhalidwe abwino, anthu ambiri akulephera kuwatsatira.

  • Kusadziŵana pakati pa akuluakulu a boma za malamulo a makhalidwe abwino amene alipo, makamaka m’dziko ndi m’madera amene ndalama zophunzitsira anthu zili zochepa.
  • Ndalama zopereŵera zoperekedwa kuti zisungitse miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino, zimene zimatsogolera ku kupenda ndi kuletsa kochepa.
  • Zitsenderezo za ndale zadziko zimene zingafooketse kugwirizana kwa makhalidwe, kuphatikizapo kubwezera kogaŵanitsa motsutsana ndi oimba khweru ndi kunyalanyaza uyang’aniro wa akuluakulu andale oikidwa.
  • Chitseko chomasuntha pakati pa boma ndi mbali ya boma, kumene kale akuluakulu a boma amagwiritsira ntchito maunansi awo kaamba ka phindu laumwini popanda kuswa lamulo.
  • Kutsatira malamulo a makhalidwe abwino amene amalola akuluakulu a boma kuchita zinthu zimene zikuoneka ngati zosayenera koma sizikuswa lamulo lililonse.

Zitokoso zimenezi siziri zapadera ku United States. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a makhalidwe abwino amapezeka m'mayiko ena koma samalamulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa cha mabungwe ofooka, kuloŵerera kwa ndale zadziko, kapena chikhalidwe chimene chimalekerera ziphuphu. Ngakhale m'mademokrase okhazikitsidwa bwino, kusiyana pakati pa malamulo alamulo ndi makhalidwe enieni kungakhale kofunika. Mwachitsanzo, maofesi a chikhalidwe apamwamba m'mayiko ena opanda mphamvu yapamwamba kapena ulamuliro woyambitsa mafufuzidwe popanda chilolezo cha ndalensi. Zimenezi zimapanga dongosolo limene limadalira pa ubwino wa olamulidwa ndi boma, umene uli wofooka.

Vuto lina losatha ndilo kufotokoza makhalidwe abwino m’njira imene ili yoyenerera ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito m’mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana. Malamulo ochulukitsitsa anganyalanyazidwe ndi anthu otsimikiza mtima kupeŵa kugonjera.

Zimene Anthu Amaganiza

Anthu ambiri akafuna kuti anthu aziwaimba mlandu, amatha kuonetsetsa kuti malamulowo akutsatiridwa bwino komanso akuchititsa kuti anthu azitsatira malamulo okhwima.

  • Nkhani zofalitsidwa za kuswa malamulo m’boma, zimene zingadzutse anthu ndi kusonkhezera kusintha zinthu.
  • Kukambitsirana kwapoyera ponena za kulamulira ndi makhalidwe, kuphatikizapo kutengamo mbali m’maholo a tauni, nthaŵi zopereka ndemanga poyera, ndi mkupiti wa uphunzitsi.
  • Cholinga cha maphunziro chinali kukulitsa kuzindikira miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino ndi njira zonenera kuti anaswa malamulo.
  • Kukhulupirira mabungwe a boma, kumene kumachepa ngati anthu salangidwa ndi kuphwanya malamulo, ndipo ngati lamulo losungitsa malamulo limaoneka ngati lolungama ndiponso losasintha.

Unansi pakati pa kuwona kwa anthu ndi kusungitsa malamulo ngwaumboni. Maupandu aakulu a zochitika amawononga chidaliro, zimenenso zimayambitsa chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko kaamba ka kusintha. Masinthidwe akapangidwa, ngati aonedwa kukhala ogwira ntchito, angayambitsidwenso. Komabe, kuyenderaku kumadalira pa kusungitsa kowoneka. Pamene kuswa malamulo kwa malamulo ndi chilango, anthu amawona kuti dongosolo limagwira ntchito. Pamene kuswa malamulo kunyalanyazidwa kapena kulangidwa mopepuka, kusuliza kumakula. Ichi nchifukwa chake mabungwe oyang'anira odziimira, onga Ofesitiza Ethictics ndi a a apolisi a kazembe, nkofunika kwambiri. Iwo amapereka njira yowonekera kaamba ka kuŵerengera mlandu imene ingathandize kukhalabe ndi chidaliro kwa anthu onse pamene akuluakulu alephera.

Malo ochezera a pa Intaneti awonjezera mbali zabwino ndi zoipa za mphamvu imeneyi. Kumbali imodzi, imalola nzika kuuzana mwamsanga za kuswa malamulo ndi kulinganiza kuti zikhale ndi mlandu. Kumbali ina, zingafalitse nkhani zabodza ndi kupangitsa anthu kukayikirana kumene kumafooketsa anthu ngakhale pamene akuluakulu a boma akuchita zinthu motsatira malamulo. Akuluakulu a malamulo ayenera kusamala kwambiri poona kuti njira zawo zolankhulirana ndi zooneka bwino ndi kuti zikhoza kupezeka mosavuta.

Malingaliro a Padziko Lonse pa Malamulo Amakhalidwe

Mayiko osiyanasiyana akhazikitsa njira zothandizira kuti malamulo a chikhalidwe azikhala ogwirizana, ndipo nthawi zambiri amabwerekana potsatira malamulo a m’deralo. Mwachitsanzo:

  • Chikalata cha United Kingdom’s Pognigly Act (2010) chinakhazikitsa njira zothetsera ziphuphu, kuphatikizapo mlandu waukulu kwa mabungwe a zamalonda amene amalephera kuletsa ziphuphu.
  • Bungwe la Canada’s Conflict of Infait Act (2007) cholinga chake n’choti akuluakulu a boma asamakangane.
  • National Anti-Corruption Commission (2022) ya ku Australia inapangidwa kuti ithetse ziphuphu m'boma la boma, pambuyo pa zaka za kugawana ndi magulu oonetsa malo.
  • Bungwe la ku South Korea loletsa ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi la Civil Rights Commission (2008) limagwirizanitsa lamulo loletsa ziphuphu ndi chitetezo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kuchonderera kwa boma.
  • Buku la ku Singapore lotchedwa Ecoratic Practics Investigation Bureau (1952) limaonedwa mofala monga gulu logwira mtima kwambiri lolimbana ndi ziphuphu padziko lonse, lokhala ndi mphamvu zofufuza ndi kuchirikiza kwambiri ndale.
  • Bungwe la European Union’s European Anti - Fraud Office (OLAF, 1999) likufufuza zachinyengo, ziphuphu, ndi makhalidwe oipa okhudza ndalama ndi mabungwe a EU.

Misonkhano yamitundu yonse yasinthanso malamulo a chikhalidwe cha dziko. Msonkhano wa United Nations wotsutsa Chiphuphu (U.C., 2003) unakhazikitsa miyezo ya padziko lonse yotetezera, kuyendetsa zinthu zaupandu, ndi kugwirizana kwa mayiko. Bungwe la Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Anti-Briby Convention (1997) limafuna kuti mayiko a m’mayiko aikire boma la boma lachilendo ziphuphu pa malonda a mayiko osiyanasiyana. Misonkhano imeneyi imapanga maziko a kuthandizana mwalamulo ndi kuwonjezera malamulo, kupangitsa kuti zivute kuti akuluakulu achinyengo a kubisa chuma kapena kuthawa kudutsa malire.

Mosasamala kanthu za zoyesayesa za mitundu yonse zimenezi, kusiyana kwakukulu kukupitirizabe m'njira imene malamulo amatsatidwira. M'maiko ena, mabungwe otsutsa ziphuphu ali odziimira okha ndi ochirikizidwa bwino; m'mayiko ena, iwo ngofooka ndipo amakhudzidwa ndi ndale. Zikhalidwe zimachitanso mbali. M'madera kumene kupereka mphatso ndi kukonderana kuli malamulo a chikhalidwe, kusiyanitsa pakati pa miyambo yovomerezeka ndi makhalidwe oipa kungakhale kovuta. Mabungwe apadziko lonse ndi maprogramu othandiza anthu aika ntchito zazikulu za makhalidwe abwino, koma kupita patsogolo kaŵirikaŵiri kumasinthasintha pang'onopang'ono ndipo sikugwirizana.

Malamulo Amakhalidwe Atsogolo

Monga momwe chitaganya chikupitirizira kusinthika, momwemonso malamulo a makhalidwe abwino m’boma.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo Oyera

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri luso la zopangapanga kuti liwonjeze kuonekera ndi kuŵerengera zinthu ndi kutsogolo. Kufufuza kotsegulira zinthu kumene kumafalitsa mapangano a boma, kukopa mafashoni, ndi kutulukira zachuma m'makompyuta kumapangitsa atolankhani ndi nzika kusiyanitsa njira zokayikira. Luntha ndi maluso a zolemba ndi zolemba zapamwamba kungathe kuyambitsa mavuto atsopano, monga ngati kukondera kwa boma popanga ziwiya zoyendera. Malamulo a m’tsogolo afunikira kulankhula ndi mathekishoni a za ndalama.

Kulimbikitsa Chigwirizano cha Padziko Lonse

Kugwirizana kwamphamvu kwa mayiko padziko lonse kuti athetse ziphuphu nkofunika pamene kuchuluka kwa ndalama kukuwonjezereka. Kukonza, mapangano a thandizana mwalamulo, ndi kulinganiza kuyendera pamodzi ndi ziwiya zofunikira. International Anti-Corruption Academy (IACA) ku Vienna imagwira ntchito monga maziko a kuphunzitsa ndi kumanga malo apamwamba, pamene mabungwe onga ngati Transparency International akupitirizabe kuchirikiza miyezo yamphamvu kwambiri ya dziko lonse. Mapangano amtsogolo angaphatikizepo makonzedwe osinthana chidziŵitso pa kukhala mwiniwake ndi chitetezo chowonjezereka kwa olira oimba opereka lipoti la kusakaza.

Maphunziro ndi Maphunziro

Kupita patsogolo kwa maphunziro ndi maphunziro a akuluakulu a makhalidwe abwino ndi maziko a njira iliyonse yothandiza ya makhalidwe. Mmalo modalira pa kuletsa mwa chilango, njira zamakono zimagogomezera kumanga mwambo wa makhalidwe mwa kuphunzitsidwa kwanthaŵi zonse, olangiza za makhalidwe oyenera oikidwa m'mabungwe, ndi malangizo omveka bwino pa mavuto a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu. Maphunziro ozikidwa pa kayendetsedwe ka makhalidwe abwino, kufufuza, ndi kulinganiza kwa zochitika kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mowonjezereka kukonzekeretsa akuluakulu a boma kaamba ka mavuto enieni a dziko. Maboma ena tsopano amafuna kuphunzitsidwa makhalidwe monga mkhalidwe wa ntchito, ndi maphunziro otsitsimula chaka chilichonse. Kulingalira kothandiza kumeneku kumazindikira kuti akuluakulu ambiri amafuna kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi malamulo koma nthaŵi zonse sikungadziŵidwe pamene mkhalidwewo uchititsa ngozi.

Zitetezero za Ophulitsa M’madzi

Kulimbikitsa chitetezo kwa oimba malikhweru amene amavumbula kuchita zoipa kuli chinthu choyamba m'maiko ambiri. Ogwetsa khosi kaŵirikaŵiri ndiwo njira yoyamba yotetezera ziphuphu, koma amayang'anizana ndi ngozi zazikulu, kuphatikizapo kubwezera, kuvutitsa, ndi kupeputsa. Malamulo amene amapereka mphamvu, mphotho za ndalama, ndi zitetezero za lamulo angalimbikitse anthu ambiri kupita patsogolo. M'mayiko a European Union a Wistlection Protection Directive (209) anakhazikitsa miyezo yocheperapo kaamba ka mayiko a m’bungwelo, kuphatikizapo kutetezera kubwezera ndi kutetezera njira zotetezera zoperekera lipoti. Masinthidwe ofananawo akulingaliridwanso m'madera ena.

Kulankhula ndi Khomo Lobwerera M’mbuyo

Kutseka khomo lopitira kumbali ya boma ndi mbali yaumwini kukupitirizabe kukhala kovuta. Kufeŵetsa nyengo zimene kale akuluakulu aboma amaletsa kukopa anzawo akale kwa zaka zingapo nzofala, koma kutsata kumachitika mosiyanasiyana. Maiko ena alingalira zoletsa moyo wawo wonse mitundu ina ya kukopa, pamene ena asumika maganizo pa kuwonjezereka kwa kuwonekera pa ntchito yapambuyo pa boma. Cholinga si kuletsa anthu akale akuluakulu a boma kugwiritsira ntchito ukatswiri wawo m'chigawo chachinsinsi koma kutsimikizira kuti iwo sagwiritsira ntchito mayanjano awo a boma kaamba ka phindu losayenera.

Kumaliza

Chisinthiko cha malamulo a makhalidwe abwino m'boma chimasonyeza kutsimikiza mtima kwakukulu kwa kudalirika, kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi kudalira anthu. Kuchokera ku Lamulo la Hammurabi mpaka ku misonkhano ya mitundu yonse yamakono, mbiri yasintha kuonekera kokulira ndi kutsata mwamphamvu. Kupita patsogolo kopangidwa m'zaka za zana lapitako kwakhala kolimba, koma mavutowo adakali ofunika. Kusaona mtima kumasintha mogwirizana ndi malamulo alionse a boma, ndipo amene amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za anthu molakwika nthaŵi zonse akupeza njira zatsopano zopeŵera kutulukira. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti malamulo a makhalidwe abwino sangasinthe. Ayenera kupitirizabe kusamalira ngozi zatsopano, zida zatsopano zoyendera, ndi kuyang'anizana ndi ziyembekezo zowonjezereka.

Pamene tiyang’ana kutsogolo, nkofunika kupitiriza kumanga pa kupita patsogolo kopangidwa pamene tikusamalira mavuto amene atsala. Mwa kulimbikitsa mwambo wa makhalidwe abwino m’kayendetsedwe ka ulamuliro, tingatsimikizire kuti akuluakulu a boma azichita zinthu mothandiza nzika zawo. Zimenezi sizimafuna malamulo amphamvu okha ndi malamulo oyendetsera ufulu wa munthu komanso zikalata zoikiratu ufulu wa nzika zimene zimafuna kuti anthu aziyankha mlandu ndiponso kuti adzipereke kwa ofalitsa nkhani zamphamvu. Malamulo si malo amene amafunika kukhala osamala, kulimba mtima, ndi kukwaniritsa limodzi ntchito yochitira zinthu zabwino. Mbiri ya makhalidwe abwino ndi chikumbutso chimene chimachitika pamene anthu akukana kuchita zachinyengo ndipo m’malo mwake kuti boma likhale lamulo loyenera kukhala lolamulira pa chilungamo.

Kwa awo ofuna kumvetsetsa mkhalidwe wamakono wa malamulo a makhalidwe abwino ndi kusungitsa, zinthu zambiri zilipo. Ofesi ya Malamulo a Boma imapereka chitsogozo ndi maphunziro kwa antchito a boma, pamene imapatsa gulu la International International [. Dipatimenti ya zoipitsa za dziko ndi malipoti a dziko. United Nations Convention motsutsana ndi Chiphuphu [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] imapereka makonzedwe ogwirizana ndi mayiko onse. [FLT:] U.S Department of Foiflvects Activects Activects [FD [F:]]