Ntchito Yofunika Kwambiri Yokonzanso Madzi

Madzi a m’madzi atawonongeka . Madzi a m’nyanja, mitsinje, madambo, ndi madoko a m’mphepete mwa nyanja, zikuimira mavuto ena aakulu kwambiri a malo okhala. Kuipitsa malo okhala sikumachokera ku maindasitale, kutha kwa ulimi, kusagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi madzi osefukira a m’mizinda kwawononga madzi ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana padziko lonse. Kusintha kwa nyengo kumasintha zinthu zimenezi mwa kusintha kayendedwe ka mvula, kutentha kwambiri, ndi kuchuluka kwa nyengo. Kukonza malo ameneŵa sikumafuna kokha njira zaluso komanso njira zopangira miyezo, kumanga chuma, ndi kukhazikitsa zinthu zina. Popanda kukhazikitsa malamulo okonza zinthu, ntchito zokonza zinthu kumakhalabedwa, kaŵirikaŵiri kumagaŵikana, pansi pa kupikisana kwalamulo. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mmene kukonzanso kwa madzi owonongeka, kujambula ndi kukonza zinthu ndi kuchuluka kwa zipambanitsa.

Kukhazikitsa Miyezo ndi Malamulo

Pamaziko a njira zamadzi zogwira ntchito ndizo miyezo yovomerezeka imene imalongosola milingo yovomerezeka ya zoipitsa zonga natrogen, phosphorus, chitsulo cholemera, ndi kachilombo kopatsa mphamvu. Miyezo imeneyi imapanga muyezo wamadzi amene afunikira kukwaniritsa ntchito yokonzanso. Mwachitsanzo, U.S. Kuyeretsa madzi a m’nyanja (CWA) kukhazikitsa malamulo a National Polutterfoundation Developection System (NPES), imene imafunikira kulola malo opangira madzi oyenera kutuluka. Mtengo wa Chawa wachepetsa kwambiri maindasitale ndi mapulasitale, ngakhale kuti sukhala gwero la zoipitsa zopimira zaumbidwa ndi zofunikira kuipitsa. Mofananamo, bungwe la European Union’s Flodition Reservation (WD) limafuna kuti dziko likhale malo abwino popanga zinthu zonse.

Kupereka Makina ndi Malonda a Zachuma

Kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ka boma kamaperekanso ndalama zothandizira kukonzanso. Boma limapatsa ndalama zochepa, ndiponso limapatsa ndalama zochepa, ndipo maprojekiti othandizira anthu amene sangakhale ndi ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe loteteza zachilengedwe la U.S. Leaventy Agency Clean Water State Revoiver Fund imapatsa mabiliyoni a madola pachaka kuti awonongeko a za m'madzi ndi kuipitsa kwapansi pa malo ena. Ku Ulaya, Cohesion Fund ndi programu ya moyo imathandiza kubwezeretsa madzi m'magawo a makampani. Zisonkhetso za za zachuma monga ngongole za a alimi amene amatengera ntchito zotetezera kapena zolipirira zachilengedwe (PES) zimalimbikitsa ntchito zaufulu. Maprogramungwe a PES amathandizira eni nthaka chifukwa cha ntchito yokonza madzi kapena kubwezera ndalama zothandizira ndalama pakati pa makampani a dziko ndi kukonza mabizinesi. Malonda makamaka a zaulimidwe a zandale.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Malo ndi Makonzedwe Opachikidwa

Madzi abwino amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthaka. Malamulo amene amatsogolera kutukuka kwa mizinda, nkhalango, ndi ulimi angatetezere kuwonongeka kusanachitike. Malamulo oletsa kumanga m'zitunda zosefukira kapena pafupi ndi malo otentha amachepetsa kuwonongeka ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Kuteteza ndi maprogramu opanga nthaka amateteza zinthu zowonongeka za m'dziko. Kukonzanso madzi m’madera akutali kugwiritsa ntchito mapulani a “‘ monga Chesake Bay Program's yowonongeka yokonza zinthu zowonongeka magetsi omwe amapindulitsa nkhalango za m'madzi. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amadalira pa chidziŵitso cha mabwibwibwi kuti ayambe kuloŵerera ntchito zabwino, monga kubwezeretsa malo opangiramo zakudya kapena kukonza zinthu zobiriwira m'matauni. Polipt iyeneranso kukhala ndi malo oipitsa zinthu kuchokera ku ntchito kwa mbiri yakale, kumene kumayendera malo amadzi kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Kufufuza, Kukakamiza, ndi Kuŵerengera

Apolisi amasintha kwambiri ngati mmene amachitira. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Robustt limatsutsa njira za madzi, kutulukira ziwopsezo zimene zikubuka, ndi kupenda kupita patsogolo kwa zonulirapo. Njira zoyendera . Kuphatikizapo faindi, kulola kuchotsedwa, ndi kuswa malamulo ndi kutsimikizira kuti atsatiridwa. Kutsatira kumachitidwa motsutsana ndi kusokonezeka kapena kulephera kwa ndale. Bungwe la European Commission, mwachitsanzo layambitsa njira zotsutsana ndi mamembala a makampani olephera kugwiritsa ntchito WFD. M'mayiko omatukuka, kuchepa mphamvu ndi ziphuphu zingafooketsenso kusungitsa lamulo. Kuŵerengera kwa maakaundula kumafunanso kuonekera ndi kutengamo mbali kwa anthu. Chipani chimene chimalamula kuti bungwe likhale ndi kuyang'anira kwa anthu, kapena anthu a za sayansi kuti apezere mapulogalamu a m’dziko. Chipata cha Ganga, chiwonje, chikusoŵa chita kutchuka ndi kutchuka kwa anthu.

Kuloŵererapo Kwabwino kwa Kachitidwe Kazakudya: Kufufuza za Matenda Padziko Lonse

Kupenda zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko kumasonyeza mmene njira yowongolera kukongola kwa madzi ndi umoyo wa zamoyo ndi malo okhala zingathandizire.

United States: Chikalata Chokhudza Kukonza Madzi ndi Chotchedwa Chesapeake Bay Acredation

Chikalata cha U.S. Cleenac Water Act, chokhazikitsidwa mu 1972, kuyang'anira madzi owonongeka mwa kuchotsa ndi kuchirikiza mankhwala otayika. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwake kotchuka kwambiri kungakhale Chesapeake Bay kubwezeretsa. Chesapeake Bay Program , kugwirizana kwa mayiko ambiri, kugwiritsira ntchito Desiki la Tsiku la Nkhate ya Nthaka ya Nthaka, ndipo lingapereke zotsatira za matenda a kuipitsa kwa chakudya chamoyo kuyambira 2010, TMDL yakhala ndi kusungitsa malo otetezera zinthu za kudziko, phosphorus, ndi ziphuphu. Pamene dziko lililonse lapanga njira ya Kuchepetsa Madzi ndi zinthu zina zofunikira, ndi kuchepetsa kukonzanso kwa zomera, ndi kuchepetsa kwa zomera zina. Chiyambi cha 2010, TMDLDL chakhala ndi malonda otchuka kwambiri m'malonda, ndi kukwera kwa madendeke. Pamene kuli kumbuyo kwa nyengo, kuchepetsa kwa nyengo ndi kukonza kwa zomera zina.

Yuropu: Malo Oyendera Madzi

Mu 2000, bungwe la EU Water Framed Directive (WFD) limaimira njira yokwanira, ya kudalirana kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Imafuna madzi onse akumidzi ndi a kugombe kuti afike "kuyenera" potengera malo ake ndi mankhwala. WFD imayambitsa mapulani a kuyang'anira mitsinje, kutengamo, ndi kusanthula zachuma za madzi. Maboma ayenera kuyang'anirana pa malire a boma kuti akambirane ndi mavuto a madzi. Mwachitsanzo, Mtsinje wa Danube Basin Basin umaphatikizapo maiko 14 ogwira ntchito pamodzi kuchepetsa kuipitsa ndi kubwezeretsa malo owonongeka. Kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe kwakhala kosalingana. Mitundu ya kugonjera kwapo ndi kuyendetsa malonda a WFD kwa kutaya ndalama zowononga madzi, malo, kukonzanso zinthu zaulimi. Kupenda kwa WD mu kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya make owononga zinthu kwa nyengo yowononga zinthu kwa hydramake. [F1] ndi kuyenderana kwa pepala la Laumoved . [F]

India: Dongosolo la Ganga

Mtsinje wa Ganga, wopatulika kwa anthu oposa 500 miliyoni, wavutika ndi zimbudzi zosagwiritsidwa ntchito, zotayidwa za maindasitale, ndi kutha kwa mafakitale. India anakhazikitsa Ganga Action Plan (GAP) mu 1986, , kutsatiridwa ndi National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMGG) mu 2014. Malamulo ameneŵa olinganizidwa kuchepetsa kuipitsa kochitidwa ndi malo osungirako zinthu, kukwera kwa mtsinje, ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti mbali zoyambirira zolimbana ndi kusungidwa kosakwanira ndi nyumba zosakwanira, NMCGG inayamba mapangano a anthu, ndi malamulo alamulo kudzera ku Greenbuna. Zikalata zimasonyeza kuti mpweya wa okoka m'mafakitale wa mpweya wa mpweya wambiri, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba zikutha. Kusungidwa kwa zinthu zomakedwa kwa , ndipo kumakhalabe kwamphamvu, ndipo mtsinje wapamwamba wa Grogion. [F]

China: Kuteteza Mtsinje wa Yangtze

Kusintha kwa maindasitale kwa China kunaipitsa kwambiri mtsinje wa Yangtze, kuchititsa mpambo wa mayankhidwe ankhanza. Mu 2016, Pulezidenti Xichijing analengeza za njira "Yangtze River Economic Belt" yogogomezera kukonzanso zachilengedwe. Malamulo atsopano analetsa mapaki a maindasitale m’mbali mwa mtsinje, kuletsa kusodza, ndi kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zonyansa za madzi kukwera. "Death Battle Battle" pa Yangze, zolinga zobwezeretsera nsomba ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zachilengedwe. Chinanso inawononga kwambiri m'dziko la Wetland ndi kukonzanso zinthu zowononga zachilengedwe. Zoyambirira zimasonyeza kuti patalikirapo kulimba kwa madzi, makamaka mizinda yaikulu, koma kuipitsa kwa mbiri yakale kudzakhala bwino kwa zaka makumi angapo. Kugwirizana kwa ntchito yomanga chuma kukwera ndi maphunziro ena, kukonzanso.

Australia: Murray-Dally Basin Plan

Murray-Darling Basin ya ku Australia, chigawo chovuta kwambiri cha ulimi, inayang'anizana ndi madzi owopsa oloŵa m'malo ena ndi mavuto a mchere. Murray-Darling Basin Plan (202) inakhazikitsa malire okhazikika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito madzi opinga kubwezeretsa madzi. Malo osungirako zachilengedwe abwezeretsa malo osungirako, kuchirikiza kumanga mbalame, ndi kuwongolera ulendo wa nsomba. Makonzedwe a kapangidwe a zinthuwa akhala otsutsana ndi kusweka kwa madzi, ndipo asayansi amatsutsa kuti mikoleyo njosakwanira chotani kubwezera njira zamalonda (malonda a madzi). Kuyang'ana koyenda ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu za kulinganiza kwa kayendetsedwe ka nsomba. Boma la Australia limatulutsa malipoti a chaka ndi chaka pa zaumoyo; onani [FLD]

Kusintha kwa Mfundo

Kuwonjezera pa malamulo a makolo ndi ndalama, ziŵiya zatsopano za malamulo zikupeza njira yobwezeretsera bwino mabodza amadzi owonongeka ndi moyenerera.

Malipiro a Mautumiki a Ecosystem

Maprogramu ofananawo alipo ku United States (m’chitsanzo, ku China (m’mphindi, , Sloving Land Reformation Program) ndi madera omwe amasamalira madzi. Ku Costa Rica, Program ya dziko lonse ya PeS imapatsa alimi ntchito yoteteza nkhalango zimene zimawononga madzi. Maprogramu amodzimodzi alipo ku United States (monga, Conservation Reserve Program) ndi China (mphindi , Sloving Land Revolution Program). PE amagwirizanitsa zisonkhezero zachuma ndi zolinga zobwezeretsa, koma amafuna kukonza mosamala kuti atsimikizire ndi kubwevuka kwa madzi. Kubwezeretsa, PES kaŵirikaŵiri kumalimbana ndi kuchepetsa zomanga nyumba zowonongeka, kapena kubwezeretsa. Dziko lapadziko lonse lachirikiza ntchito za PES , ndi umboni womakulakula bwino pamene ligwirizana ndi ulamuliro.

Madzi Aakulu

Kugulitsa madzi abwino kumachititsa owononga malowo kugula mathangato kuchokera ku zinthu zina zimene zimachepetsa kuipitsa. Mwachitsanzo, chomera chotayira madzi oipa chingagule zinthu zopatsa thanzi kwa mlimi amene amaika mbewu zophimba kapena kukonzanso malo a mchenga. Njira imeneyi ya msika ingachititse kuchepetsa kuipitsa kwa mtengo wotsika. U.S. uli ndi maprogramu ambiri amadzi ogwira ntchito ogulitsa zinthu, kuphatikizapo ntchito yopanga zinthu zamalonda za m'mafakitale ya Ohio Basin Trading Project ndi Chesake Bay Montantint Trading Program . Zofufuza zimaphatikizapo nkhaŵa za kuteteza, kuchepetsako ndi kuchepa kwa anthu osauka. Komabe, malonda adakali ndi njira yothandiza yopindulitsa yopanga malonda kuti zinthu zipindulitse malo.

Kusinthasintha kwa Nyengo

Kuyang'ana kusintha kwa nyengo, malamulo amene amakhudza kuyendetsa zinthu n’ngofunika. Kusintha zinthu kumaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa zolinga zomveka, kuyang'anira zotsatirapo, ndi kusintha njira zoyendera zinthu zatsopano. Kukonzanso ku Florida kugwiritsa ntchito njira yothandizira kusintha kwa njira za madzi ndi nyanja. Mofananamo, madzi a San Francisco Bay-Delta ndi malo abwino osungirako zinthu zachilengedwe amakhudzana ndi zosankha zoyendera bwino. Pokonzanso nyengo, pobwezeretsa malo okhala ndi zomera monga ma ma ma ma malunje ndi mafunde a m'nyanja omwe amateteza ku mafunde ndi kukwera kwa nyanja. Kukonza kayendedwe ka nyengo kumakhala ndi kukonzanso zinthu zosungitsa kuti zinthu zopanga zinthu m'tsogolo zikhalebe bwino.

Mavuto ndi Zopinga Zoletsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Yothandiza

Mosasamala kanthu za kupita patsogolo, zopinga zazikulu zimaletsa lamulo lake lokwanira la kubwezeretsa madzi.

Kusokonezeka kwa Ndale ndi Mabungwe

Kugaŵanitsa makampani monga ulimi . Kugaŵanitsa kuyang'anira madzi, ndi ulimi kumachititsa zinthu zosemphana ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndiponso kusagwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, ku U.S., EPA imalamulira madzi pamene USA ikupititsa patsogolo ulimi, nthaŵi zina kutsutsana. Kugonjetsa makampaniwa kumafuna mafashoni aulimi, monga makampani a m'madzi, kugwiritsa ntchito malo, ndi ulimi. Kumanga kwandale kaŵirikaŵiri kumaphatikizapo kuyendetsa zoyendera za m'dziko la U.S., kuyendetsa madzi pamene USA imachirikiza ntchito yaulimi, nthaŵi zina.

Kupeza Malipiro ndi Malonda

Kukonzanso kuli kokwera mtengo. Mafakitale osamalira madzi otayika, osunga madzi otentha, ndi okonzanso malo otentha amawononga mamiliyoni zikwi zambiri. Mayiko ambiri osatukuka alibe likulu la ukhondo ngakhale wa maziko aukhondo, osaphatikizapo kukonzanso . Ngakhale m'mayiko olemera, malo osungira madzi ndi okalamba ndi otsika kwambiri. EPA imayerekezera mpata wa $71 biliyoni wa kutaya madzi otayidwa m'mafakitale zaka 20 zotsatira. Malonda a zachuma amabukanso pamene kukonzanso zinthu zamakono kapena ulimi. Policies ayenera kulinganiza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kupeza ntchito zachuma monga zomangira zaudothi, mayanjano aunyinji, kapena ndalama zothandizira kukonza zinthu zaka makumi angapo.

Kukakamiza ndi Kulimbikitsa

Malamulo olinganizidwa bwino kwambiri amalephera popanda kutsata lamulo. Kutulutsidwa kwa lamulo, kusagwirizana ndi zilolezo, ndi kuyang'anira kofooka kumalola kupitirizabe. Chinyengo ndi kusoŵeka kwa kuonekera m'maiko ena zimatheketsa oswa malamulo kuthaŵa chilango. Ngakhale atatsata lamulo, maboma ambiri amadzi amawonongeka kwambiri kwakuti kufikira zoikidwiratu zimafuna kudula kwambiri kuposa malamulo amene afunidwa. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ambiri amadzi a ku Ulaya amalephera kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo za WFD zopitsira kuipitsa kwa ulimi kumene kuli kovuta kulamulira. Kulimbitsa malamulo a boma kumafuna ofufuza zinthu, makompyuta abwino, ndi madongosolo a za milandu amene amasamalira bwino zochitika za malo okhalako. Kuyang'anira ndi kulira kwa oyendetsa majereti angawonjezere lamulo.

Malangizo ndi Chiyeneretso Chamtsogolo

Kuti afulumize kukonzanso mabotolo amadzi owonongeka, opanga malamulo ayenera kuvomereza makonzedwe oyang’anira patsogolo amene amalimbitsa ziŵiya zimene ziripo pamene akukonza njira zatsopano.

Kulimbikitsa Mafomu a Malamulo

Malamulo ayenera kukonzedwanso kuti athetse mavuto amene akubuka monga microplastics, mankhwala otsala, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Ayeneranso kuphatikiza zinthu zachilengedwe mmalo mwa malamulo a mankhwala. Kuyenera kwa malo okhala abwino kukuvomerezedwa m'malamulo ndi makhoti ambiri, kukhazikitsa maziko olimba alamulo okonza. Mayiko ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mapangano apadziko lonse monga bungwe la UN Watercourses Convention ku Wetlands. Malamulo a m'banja ayenera kuphatikizapo malamulo okakamiza kukonzanso malo owonongeka a madzi okhala ndi nthaŵi zoikidwiratu ndi chilango zosakhala zogwirizana.

Kupititsa Patsogolo Sayansi ndi Chigwirizano cha Anthu

Kachitidwe ka zinthu kayenera kudziŵitsidwa ndi sayansi yoposa yomwe ilipo. Mabungwe ofufuza ayenera kulondola zizindikiro za malo okhala kupyola pa makemikolo achibadwa . monga ngati maalga a margue, macrointe deficial, ndi chiŵerengero cha nsomba. Madongosolo osinthasintha ayenera kukhala ofunika kwambiri pokonza. Kugwirizana kwa anthu n’kofunikanso kusamala: chidziŵitso cha kumaloko, sayansi, ndi wothandizira kubwezeretsa zinthu zachilengedwe kukulitsa chidaliro ndi kutsimikizira kuti kubwezeretsa zinthu zofunika za kumaloko. Programme monga WFD ikufuna kukambirana ndi anthu pa mapulani a m'mphepete a mtsinje. Malamulo ayenera kupanga njira zolinganizidwa za anthu a m'dera lako kuti apeze madzi, monga momwe anachitira m'kangani wa Wanigani, monga momwe mu mtsinje wa New Zealand.

Kulimbikitsa Kugwirizana kwa Mayiko

Pafupifupi 60% ya madzi abwino amadutsa m'malire a dzikolo. Kubwezeretsa madzi ozungulira kumafuna kugwirizana pa kuchepetsa kuipitsa, kuyendetsa kuyenda, ndi kugawana za chidziŵitso. Danube River Proviction Commission (U.S. Canada) ndi zitsanzo za kupambana kwa ulamuliro wa transpansing . United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) imapereka chithandizo chaluso ndi kukhazikitsa kukambitsirana pa madzi ogwirizana. Ndalama zapadziko lonse . Kupyolera pa Green Climate Fund, World Bank, ndi kutukuka kwa maiko kuchirikiza kubwezeretsedwa kwa maiko ndi chuma chochepa. Padziko lonse zikole zonga zokhala ndi chonulirapo Kusintha 6 (madzi oyera) ndi cholinga 14 (moyo pansi pamadzi) zimachirikiza kufunika kwa kubwezeretsa madzi monga udindo wogawana.

Kumaliza

Chiweruzo sichikungothandiza kubwezeretsa madzi. Kuchokera ku United States, India, China, ndi Australia amaonetsa kuti ngakhale kuti palibe njira imodzi yokha yothetsera kuipitsa, mfundo zachitukuko, kuwonjezera malamulo, kukhazikitsa, kukonza madongosolo a zinthu, kukonza zinthu zoyendera pamodzi, kukonzanso zaka makumi ambiri. Kufufuza kokhudza kubwerera m’mbuyo kwa United States, ku Ulaya, ku China, ndi ku Australia kumasonyeza kuti ngakhale kuti palibe njira iliyonse yobwezera imathandiza kupambana, kuphatikiza mfundo za malamulo, kuyendetsa bwino zinthu, ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu kumachititsa zinthu kuwongolera zinthu. Komabe, mavuto opitirizabe kugaŵa zidutswa, kulephera kuyendetsa zinthu, kulephera kukhazikitsa, ndi kusadalirana kwa nyengo. Kukonza madzi kumakhala kopanda ntchito ndi kudzipereka kwanthaŵi zonse kwa sayansi, yogwirizana, ndi kuchirikiza chuma chambirimbiri. Monga momwe ndalama zakhala zikuchirikizidwa, ngakhale pang'onong'onong'ono kwa anthu lerolino, ngakhalenso kutsimikizira kuti apeze njira zothandizira kukonza ndi kukonza zinthu.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa dongosolo la madzi a dziko lonse ndi njira za kubwezeretsa, pitani ku doko la la World Bank Water tsamba ndi UNIP] FREAter