Maziko a Lamulo la Kusintha kwa Malamulo

Chilungamo cha pulogalamu ya jurispraidence ya ku America, yozikidwa pa Magna Carta ndi yogwirizana mu Maprimendments yachisanu ndi 14 ku U.S. Commergation imalengeza mobwerezabwereza kuti palibe munthu amene “adzachotsedwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu wopanda dongosolo la lamulo. Chitetezero chimenechi chimafikira kwa anthu onse mu U.S. gawo, mosasamala kanthu za kukhala nzika. Khoti Lapamwamba latsimikizira mobwerezabwereza kuti osasunga chigamulo m'kuchotsako, ngakhale ataloŵa m'dziko mosaloleka. Nkhani yopatulika yosaloza kulakwa, ndi kuyesa kulephera kwa boma, kupitiriza kuyang'anizana ndi kulakwa. Nkhani yokhudza malamulo yokhudza malamulo ikupitiriza kuyendera njira yoyendera.

Pansi pa Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) ndi malamulo a bungwe operekedwa ndi Ofesi Yoyang'anira Immigation Review (EOIR), njira yoyenerera ikutsimikizira mpambo wa ufulu wa kuyenera kulemekezedwa umene munthu ayenera kupatsidwa asanalaidwe ku United States. Ufulu umenewu umaphatikizapo chidziŵitso cholembedwa cha milandu, mpata wopereka umboni, kuyenera kwa kupenda ndi kutsimikizira umboni wa boma, ndi kuyenera kwa kuchonderera. Pamene chitetezero chilichonse cha zimenezi chikutsutsidwa, kuchotsedwako kungapezeke kukhala kosalungama ndi lamulo la kuchotsa.

Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. lagogomezera kuti kuthamangitsidwa kuli “chilango chachikulu kwambiri” — m'zochitika zina“ kulakwa kwa nyumba m'dziko lino — ndipo chotero zofunika za njira yoyenerera ziyenera kusungidwa mosamalitsa. Maziko alamulo ameneŵa amasiyanitsa U.S. zokambirana za kusamuka kuchokera ku njira za kulamulira za mitundu ina yambiri, kuika chipilala chapamwamba cha kulungamo. Kuyang'ana mozama pa kusinthika kwa mayendedwe a oyenera a alendo, fufuzani Cornell Information Institute ya malamulo ya kachitidwe kachitidwe ka zinthu .

Onani Zolakwa: Kuyenera Kodziŵa Mlandu Womwe Unakugwerani

Mbali yoyamba ndi yaikulu kwambiri ya njira yofunikira m'zochitika zothamangitsidwa ndi chidziŵitso chokwanira. Bomalo liyenera kutumikira popanda kutchula Chidziŵitso Kuwonekera (NA) chimene chimatchula zonena zenizeni ndi zifukwa zololeka za kuchotsa. Popanda chidziŵitso chomvekera bwino, munthuyo sangakonzetse chotetezera, ndipo zonse zachitika zagwirizana. Makhoti a Federal anena kuti NTA imene imalephera kutchula deti, nthaŵi, kapena malo a kuweruza angaswe njira yoyenerera, kutsogolera ku ku kuthetsedwa kwa milandu yochotsedwa.

Malingaliro ayenera kukhala m'chinenero chimene chimvedwa ndi wopereka chikalatayo, kapena ngakhale kutsagana ndi womasulira pa mlandu woyamba. Khoti la Immigration Practice Manual imafuna kuti NTAS itumikidwe pamaso kapena ndi makalata ku adiresi ya munthu wopereka. Mavuto amabuka pamene anthu akufunsidwa salandira chidziŵitso chifukwa chakuti anachoka popanda kukonza keyala yawo — nkhani yofala kwa osamukira m'dziko. Kulankhula zimenezi, Board of Immigration Appects (BA) yalamula kuti kusintha kolembedwa kwa maadiresikripo kuyenera kulembedwa; apo ayi, boma lingapereke chidziŵitso chanthaŵi zonse ndi makalata odziŵika omalizira, ndipo kulephera kuoneka kuti kuchotsedwako. Otsutsa lamulo lankhanzali ndi kuukira anthu ovutika.

Kuyenera kwa Kumva Pamaso pa Woweruza Wopanda Tsankho

Kumanga Bwalo lamilandu Losaukirako

Milandu yochotsa milandu imaikidwa m'makhoti a anthu oloŵa m'dziko, omwe ali mbali ya Office ya Uyang’aniro wa DOJ. Oweruza ogwirizanitsa (IJ) amaikidwa ndi Attorney General ndipo ayenera kukhala maloya okhala ndi chidziŵitso chokwanira. M’kumvetsera, IJ amasankha kukhazikika, amamva umboni, amalingalira mapempho kaamba ka chithandizo (monga ngati pothaŵirapo, kuchotsa, kapena kuwongolera malo), ndipo amasankha kuti apereke lamulo lochotsa. Mchitidwe wa IJ uyenera kukhala wopanda tsankho ndi wosakondera. BA waswa malamulo pamene tsankhu kapena kulephera kukulitsa kotheratu cholemberacho.

Kumva

Mkati mwa kuzenga mlandu, boma liyenera kutsimikizira kukhazikika ndi kutsimikizira kwa “umboni wotsimikizirika ndi wokhutiritsa” kaamba ka nzika zachikhalire ndi mwa“ kutsimikizira kwa umboni” kwa anthu ena osakhala otsimikizira. Wovomerezayo ali ndi kuyenera kwa kupereka mboni, kutumiza zikalata, ndi kutumiza mboni za boma zopitira. IJ ali ndi thayo kutsimikizira kuti kumvetsera kokwanira ndi kosakondera kuchitika — kutanthauza IJ kufunikira kuthandiza chivomerezo chosaperekedwa m'kuloŵa kapena kuzindikiritsa zikalata zalamulo. Ntchito yotetezera imeneyi njosiyana ndi kachitidwe ka kusamutsitsa ndi mathidwe a [[FLT:].

Kumvetserako kungachitike, mwa kugwiritsa ntchito vidiyo, kapena mwachidule. Chiyambire mliri wa CHOVAD-19, kumvetsera mavidiyo kwakhala chizoloŵezi. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma limayesa kuyendetsa bwino zinthu, ochirikiza amanena kuti kumvetsera kwa kutali kungalepheretse munthu kuyankhula ndi uphungu walamulo kapena kusonyeza kukhulupirika kwake mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya kuyang'anira. Makhoti alepherabe kutsimikiza kuti kaya makutu akutali m’khoti la anthu osamukira m'dziko akuswa njira yoyenera, koma nkhaniyo idakali yogwira ntchito. Ŵerengani makhoti ambiri a [[FL:0] kuyankha mlandu pa Website ya EIR.

Kupeza Uphungu wa Malamulo

Demendment yachisanu imatsimikizira kuti zinthu zidzakhala bwino. Koma Lamulo lachisanu ndi chimodzi loyenera kupereka uphungu pa milandu yachifwamba silimagwira ntchito pa nkhani za kusamukira m'dziko. Chifukwa chake, anthu osazengereza kuchotsa maloya ali ndi ufulu wolemba loya pa ndalama zawo, koma iwo alibe ufulu wodzisankhira. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti boma likhale lopanda malire kwambiri: nthaŵi zonse limaimiridwa ndi loya wochokera ku Immigration ndi Custom Enforcement (IE), pamene anthu ambiri ofunsidwa amayang'anizana ndi boma lokha. Maphunziro amasonyeza kuti anthu okhala ndi zizindikiro ali othekera kwambiri kupambana milandu yawo. Kuzindikira zimenezi, chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha maulamuliro apeza “uphungu kwa mapulogalamu a Icration [od Doloty] — New York City ndi San Francisco.

Ngati munthu apempha nthaŵi yopempha kupeza loya, IJ ayenera kupitiriza kukwaniritsa cholinga chimenecho ngati pempholo nloyenera. Ngati IJ akukana kupitiriza ndi kuyankha ndi kuoneka popanda uphungu, BIA angapeze kuti kukanako kumasonyeza kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa nzeru imene imaswa dongosolo loyenera. Ndiponso, ngati boma lilephera — monga msilikali wosocheretsa woletsa ufulu wawo — kuletsa munthu wina kulankhulana ndi loya, zimene zingaperekenso lamulo loletsa kuchotsa.

Kuimira kwalamulo nkovuta kwambiri chifukwa chakuti lamulo la kusamukira nlovuta kwambiri, ndi mitundu yambiri ya chithandizo, makhoti, ndi kusakhala kwa lamulo. Popanda loya, munthu angalephere kutaya ufulu wake mosadziwa, kuphonya masiku otsatizana, kapena kulephera kupereka umboni wa chizunzo. American Immigation Lawyers Association imapereka ziwiya zothandizira kupeza kuimira kotsika kwa ndalama. Kufufuza mozama za vuto la kufika ku makhoti a anthu oloŵa m’dziko, onani lipoti la ACLU’S lonena za ufulu wa osamukira kudziko m'ndende.

Ufulu Wopereka Umboni ndi Kufufuza Mtanda

Kumvetsera koyenera kumafuna kuti wovomerezayo akhale ndi mwaŵi wa kupereka umboni wochirikiza mlandu wawo ndi kutsutsa umboni wa boma. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo umboni wa makompyuta (monga ngati mapasipoti, zikalata zobadwa, malipoti a mkhalidwe wa dziko, zolembedwa zamankhwala) ndi umboni wotsimikizira (mboni zimene zingatsimikizire zonena). Woweruza wosamuka angapereke malire oyenera pa umboni ngati uli wosafunikira, wobwerezabwereza, kapena wosadalirika, koma sangaike umboni wa zinthu zakuthupi popanda kuswa njira yoyenerera [[[FLT:]].

Kufufuza kwa mtanda kumatetezeredwanso. Woyankha kapena uphungu wawo angafunse mboni za boma — makamaka loya wa ICE ndi mboni zaluso zilizonse zoitanidwa ndi boma. Mofananamo, boma lingawolokere ku mbuye ndi mboni zawo. Njira imeneyi ya kuyang'anira njofunika kuti ayese kudalirika ndi kutsimikizira kudalirika kwa umboni. Makhoti apeza kuti kukana mwaŵi wakuwolokerako kukhale umboni wofunika, makamaka pamene boma limadalira kutsimikizira kutsimikizira kudalirika, kungathetse lamulo lochotsa.

Pankhani za opulumukira, wopereka chivomerezo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi mtolo wa kupereka umboni wa kuzunza kwakale kapena “mantha ochirikizidwa bwino" a chizunzo chamtsogolo. Njira yoyenerera ya umboni wamakono njofunika, chifukwa chakuti mbiri yosakwanira ingatsogolere ku kukana chitetezo kolakwika. Makalata odziŵika otetezera kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa zikalata zochirikiza monga malipoti a apolisi, zolembera za m’chipatala, kapena ziwiya za m’mabanja — zinthu zimene zingakhale zovuta kupeza ngati wopereka chithokosocho atha mwamsanga. IJ ayenera kupereka kwa “nthaŵi yoyenerera ya kupereka umboni wotero.

Ufulu Wopereka Chifuniro ndi Kupenda Chiweruzo

Zilengezo za Oyang’anira

Ngati woweruza woloŵa m'dziko apereka lamulo lochotsa dziko, wovomerezayo ali ndi kuyenera kwa kuchonderera ku Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) m'masiku 30. Kupenda kwa zenizeni pansi pa “kulakwa kowonekera". ndi mafunso a lamulo devo. Chipimelo chiyenera kutchula zolakwa m'chigamulo cha IJ; kulephera kuchita zimenezo kungatulutse. Kuchonderera ku BiA si kumvetsera kwatsopano; bologalo lozikidwa pa cholembedwa chomwe chilipo. Komabe, BIA anganenenso mlandu kwa IJ kaamba ka mayeso owonjezereka ngati apeza kuti BI anachita cholakwa choperekedwa kapena umboni chatsopano.

Chifunikire kuti apiloyo akhale yatanthauzo. BiA ayenera kuona mfundozo ndi kugamula chigamulo. Ngati BiA ipereka chitsimikizo chachidule popanda lingaliro (mchitidwe wodziŵika monga “kulankhula”), makhoti apeza kuti zimenezi sizimaphwanya lamulo lokwanira malinga ngati chigamulo cha IJ chili chachisawawa. Koma ngati chigamulo cha BIA sichiyankha mfundo ya malamulo, khoti la boma lingabweze mlanduwo.

Kupenda Bwalo lamilandu la Federal

Pambuyo pa njira zothetsera mavuto a boma, osakhala ndi cholinga chobwerezabwereza m'khoti la apilo la United States. Khotilo lingathetse lamulo lochotsedwa ngati liswa malamulo, lamulo, kapena INA. Makhoti a boma atsutsa malamulo ochotsera malamulo oyenera a kuswa malamulo — mwachitsanzo, pamene IJ anakana kupitiriza popanda chifukwa chabwino, pamene mlanduwo sunatembenuzidwe molondola, kapena pamene boma lalephera kupereka chidziŵitso choyenera. Komabe, lamulo la URIS Act ya 2005 la kupenda kochepetsedwa kwa zigamu zachiweruzo zina, monga kukana kutsekereza, kotsimikizirika kuletsa kupenda zopezedwa zenizeni. Kuletsako kokhako kwakhala kotsutsidwa monga chiletso pa Haaspu ndi njira yoyenerera, koma chigamulo cha Khoti lalikulu lanena za ulamuliro.

Makhoti a Federal akumvanso zifuno za Habeas zochokera kwa anthu osakhala m'ndende yoloŵa m'dziko, kupereka njira yotolera kumangidwa kwanthaŵi yaitali popanda kugamulidwa. Mu Zadvydas v. Davis [1] (2001, Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu la Supreme linatsutsa kuti boma silingapirire lamulo losatsimikizirika kuchotsa lamulo lomalizira ngati kulibe “kuthekera kwa kuchotsedwa m’tsogolo moyenerera. Chigamulo chinaima pa kuyenera kutulutsa mchitidwe woyenerera.

Mmene Zinayendera Potsatira Malo a Anthu Ofuna Kuwapeza

Ofuna kusudzulidwa amayang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu. Ngati apolisiwo afika pa malire othaŵa chizunzo, opsinjika maganizo, ndipo alibe zikalata. Ambiri samalankhula Chingelezi ndi kusoŵa kuimira kwalamulo. Pansi pa “mantha otsimikizirika” kupenda njira yochotsera, munthu amene akusonyeza mantha a kubwerera ayenera kufunsidwa ndi mkulu wa ofesala. Koma ngati apeza kuti “kuthekera kowopsako” kwa chizunzo, munthuyo amalandira kumvedwa kokwanira pamaso pa woweruza wa kusamuka. Pachifukwa chake kufunsako kukufuna kuti munthu achitidwe m’chinenero ndi kuti woyang'anira wotetezerayo aone umboni wonse. Komabe, otsutsa atsutsa kuti njira yochotserayo imakana njira yoyenerera mwa kutsekera anthu ambiri, makamaka pansi pa“ Rein DE . [ka]

Mikhalidwe ya kulephera ingagwirizanitsenso ntchito yoyenerera. Boma lingatsekeretse kusazengereza pamene nkhani zikuchotsedwa. Koma Khoti Lapamwamba lagamula kuti kutsekeredwa kwanthaŵi yaitali popanda kugamula mlandu kumaswa njira yoyenerera, chifukwa chakuti chiwombolo nchotsimikizirika. Mu Rodriguez v. Robbins [[FL:1] (9. 2015), khotilo lakhala ndi ufulu wa kumvetsera mlandu wa boma kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yonse ndi kutsimikizira umboni wotsimikizirika ndi wokhutiritsa wakuti kusungidwa kwake kuyenera. Kuyambira pamenepo, ngakhale kuti Khoti Lapamwamba silinaperekebe lamulo lolamulira dziko lonse. Kwa owonjezereka pa kusamuka kwa kusamuka kwa anthu ozenga msasa ndi kundende, lione [FUlmust]. [FMermotivery.]

Mmene Ntchito Yopereka Zinthu Zinakhudzira Ntchito

Pamene njira yoyenerera ilemekezedwa kotheratu, zosankha zothamangitsidwa m’dziko zimakhala zolondola kwambiri ndi zolungama. Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti kupereka uphungu ndi mautumiki omasulira kumatsogolera ku malipiro apamwamba opereka chithandizo. Koma, pamene njira yofunikira yasintha — mwachitsanzo, mwa kumvetsera anthu ambirimbiri pa madoko othamanga, kuchepa kwa otembenuza, kapena kusoŵa kwa ufulu — anthu amauzidwa kuti achotsedwe ngakhale pamene ali ndi malamulo otsimikizirika. Zimenezi zili ndi zotsatira zazikulu: mabanja amapatulidwa, anthu amabwezeredwa ku chizunzo, ndipo anthu onse amabwerera ku polisi yosamutsa anthu.

Chitsanzo chimodzi chodziŵika ndicho “Operration Stramline” programu, imene imatsogolera osamukira kumaiko ena m'mabwalo a milandu kwa woweruza mmodzi, nthaŵi zina ndi oimbidwa mlandu ambiri m'kuchitika kwamodzi. Makhoti a boma asonyeza nkhaŵa kuti maprogramu oterowo angaswedwe ngati woweruzayo sangapereke chisamaliro chilichonse. Mofananamo, “rocket pot portet" imafikira makhoti ena — ofuna kuti milandu imalizidwe m’chidutswa, m'nthaŵi yaifupi — asulizidwa chifukwa cha kukakamiza oweruza kuchotsa umboni kapena kukana opitirizidwa.

mfundo yoyenerera imaletsanso kugwiritsa ntchito umboni wachinsinsi. Boma silingadalire pa chidziŵitso cha gulu popanda kupereka mpata wotsutsa. Kaplan v. Chertoff (2006], chigawo chachitatu chinakhulupirira kuti kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso chosadziŵika bwino pochotsa ntchito yoyenerera. Boma liyenera kugawana umboni (ngakhale mumpangidwe wosinthika) kapena kuusiya. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti ntchito za Adversariary zichitidwe zoyenera.

Kusamala Koyenera

Lamulo lotetezera lapangidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi nkhaŵa za dziko. Pambuyo pa 9/11, boma linafutukula kuyang'anira, kutsekeredwa, ndi kuchotsedwa kwa “milandu yadziko lonse”. Kawirikawiri kachitidwe ka kubwerera kumbuyo pamene boma linena kuti chitetezo cha prodedud chitawononga zikondwerero za chitetezo. Khoti Lapamwamba linalankhula za kupsinjika kumeneku mu . Bush[FLT: 1] [[FLT] [2004], limene linawonjezera habeas , kutumiza anthu ku Guantanamobay, ndi kuchirikiza [FLT:] [kusinthana] ndi kutsimikizira kwa dziko.

Mu . Kim [2003], Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza kumangidwa kwa lamulo kwa alendo ena aupandu oyembekezera kuzembedwa mlandu, kulingalira kuti Congress anali ndi maziko oyenera osungira awo othekera kuikidwa paupandu kapena kupereka ngozi. Koma khotilo linavomereza kuti njira yoyenerera ichepetsa utali wa ndende yoteroyo. Milandu yatha kutsekedwa ndi ulamuliro wa boma, makamaka NTHAMBI ya NT. Diouf [1] Zosankha.

Kusintha ndi Malangizo a M’tsogolo

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, lamulo monga ngati Chilamulo cha Kusungidwa kwa Immigrants Act ndi Chikalata cha Kusintha kwa M'dziko la Litigation Act lakhala ndi cholinga cholimbikitsa chitetezo choyenera. Uyang'aniro wa Biden watenga masitepe akubwezeretsa chilungamo, kuphatikizapo ndalama zowonjezereka za malamulo a kachitidwe ka kulangiza, kulimba kwa makhoti a ICE, ndi malo osungiramo anthu [FLT: 0]. L. L. ICE amene amakhazikitsa miyezo ya kutsendedwe kwa banja. Komabe, kusungidwa kwa malamulo kumakhalabe kochitidwa mwalamulo, ndi kumbuyo m'makhoti za anthu (pambuyo pa milandu ina yosanja ya 2024) kukuwopseza ndi kuchedwetsa anthu kapena kumangidwa kwalamulo.

Ochirikiza amalimbikitsa kusintha kwina: kupereka uphungu kwa osamukira m'dziko onse osadziŵa ntchito m’zochitika, kuchepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito mavidiyo kwa anthu ogwidwa, kutsimikizira kumvetsera kofulumira, ndi kugwirizanitsa kuyenera kwa “kumva kokwanira ndi kosakondera” m’lamulo. American Bar Association yapereka zigamulo zoitanira kaamba ka njira yoyenerera kutsimikizira mwachindunji kaamba ka ana ndi anthu ena okhoza kuyambukiridwa. Onani lamulo la ABA’s loloŵa m'dziko ndi chuma choyenera cha ntchito zina kaamba ka zoyesayesa zowonjezereka zimenezi.

Kumaliza

Malamulo adakali maziko a kusamuka koyenera ndi kuthamangitsidwa. Sichiri kokha chitetezo chamwambo koma chopinga chimene chimatsimikizira boma kuti silimalanda anthu ufulu wawo kapena kuchotsa zomangira zawo za banja popanda kutetezeredwa kwamphamvu. Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosolo lalamulo nlolimba — lozikidwa pa Malamulo, lamulo la malamulo, ndi chitsanzo chachiweruzo — kukwaniritsa dziko lenileni kumafupika. Osakhala a boma amayendetsa dongosolo popanda uphungu, ziletso za chinenero, ndipo amakonzedwa m'malamulo kuti abwezeretsedwe ndi kufutukulidwa kwa dongosolo la kuchotsako: kutaya umodzi wa banja, mavuto a zachuma, ndipo nthaŵi zina ngozi ya chizunzo kapena imfa.

Pomalizira pake, kulemekeza njira yoyenerera imachirikiza lamulo ndi kuchirikiza kuyenera kwa dongosolo la kusamuka. Kumalinganiza chisungiko cha dziko ndi chilungamo chachikulu, kutsimikizira kuti zosankha nzozikidwa pa umboni wodalirika ndi chiweruzo chosakondera. Pamene mikangano ya U.S. ikuwonjezera kusintha kwa anthu, kudzipereka ku kachitidwe kabwino kuyenera kukhala kosatha. Kufufuza kozama kwambiri za ufulu wa dziko, Msonkhano wa National of State Legislatures .