M’gulu la Oweruza a Malamulo

Oweruza ali ndi malo apadera m'makonzedwe a ulamuliro wa demokrase. Pamene nthambi ya boma ikuimbidwa mlandu wa kumasulira lamulo, makhoti amatumikira monga omalizira kumasulira za tanthauzo la lamulo ndi mmene amagwirira ntchito kwa munthu aliyense, mabungwe, ndi boma lenilenilo. Ntchito yomasulira imeneyi si kuŵerengera mawu pa tsamba. Ndi ntchito yaikulu ya lamulo imene imaumba kulinganizika kwa mphamvu pakati pa oimira malamulo, akuluakulu a boma, ndi nthambi za zamalamulo.

Pa maziko a thayo limeneli pali lamulo la kukhulupirika ku cholinga cha malamulo. Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo kapena nyumba ya malamulo ya boma ipereka lamulo, imatero ndi zolinga zakutizakuti, kulolera, ndi zigamulo za lamulo zoikidwa m'lemba. Mbali ya jaji iri kulemekeza zosankhazo, osati kulowa mmalo mwa malamulo ake. Monga momwe Justice Elena Kagan adanenera, "Tonse ndife olemba malemba," kugogomezera mawu amakono a judiary pa malemba monga windo lalikulu la malamulo.

Kumvetsetsa mmene makhoti amachitira ndi ntchito imeneyi, chifukwa chake kuli kofunika, ndi kumene mikangano imabuka kuli kofunika kwa aliyense wopenda lamulo, lamulo lapoyera, kapena ulamuliro. Zigawo zotsatirazi zikufufuza lingaliro la cholinga cha lamulo, njira zomasulira zogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi oweruza, milandu yosonyeza mapulinsipulo ameneŵa m’zochita, ndi zitokoso zopitirizabe zimene makhoti amayang’anizana nazo m’kukhala okhulupirika ku chifuno cha anthu osonyezedwa kupyolera mwa oimira awo osankhidwa.

Kuzindikira Malamulo Okhazikika

Chifuno cha lamulo chimatanthauza makonzedwe a zolinga, zolinga, ndi zosankha zalamulo zimene zinasonkhezera bungwe la malamulo kupanga lamulo linalake. Ndilo "chifukwa" kumbuyo kwa "chinthu" cha lamulo. Koma kulanda cholinga chimenecho sikuli kolunjika. Nyumba ya malamulo siiganiza imodzi yokhala ndi cholinga chimodzi. Ndi bungwe la anthu mazana ambiri, limodzi ndi zolinga zawo, kutsendereza, ndi kulolera molakwa. Malemba omalizira a lamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyeza mpambo wa malonda, kukambitsirana kwa makonzedwe, ndi ntchito zofunika zimene zinali zofunika kutetezera zodzisankhira zokwanira kaamba ka kudutsa.

Ngakhale kuti pali zocholoŵana zimenezi, makhoti ayenera kupanga kuyesayesa kwabwino kwa chikhulupiriro kuti aone zimene bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo likufuna. Kufufuza kumeneku kwazikidwa pa lamulo la kusiyanitsa maulamuliro . Ngati makhoti anthaŵi zonse amanyalanyaza kapena kumasulira molakwa cholinga chake cha malamulo, iwo akakhala olembanso malamulo kuchokera ku ben, kuchepetsa ntchito ya nyumba ya malamulo monga bungwe lopangira malamulo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ngati makhoti anali okhwima kwambiri kapena enieni m’maŵerengedwe awo, angagwiritse ntchito lamulo m’njira zimene zimatsutsana ndi cholinga chake choonekera bwino, kutulutsa zopanda nzeru kapena zolakwika.

Magwero a Malamulo

Makhoti amalemba zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuti adziwe cholinga cha bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo likakhazikitsa lamulo.

  • Malemba alamulo enieniwo [1]: Mawu a lamulo ndi umboni wodalirika wa cholinga. Monga momwe Woweruza Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr analemba, "Sitifunsa zimene Nyumba ya Malamulo inatanthauza; timafunsa kokha chimene lamulolo limatanthauza.
  • [[MLT:0] Mbiri ya chilolezo [: Malipoti a makomiti, makambitsirano apansi, mawu omvetsera, ndi ndemanga zochokera kwa ochirikiza kapena opanga malamulo aakulu zingapereke nkhani za mavuto amene lamulo linalinganizidwira kuthetsa ndi kugonja kumene kunaumba mkhalidwe wake womalizira.
  • Malamulo ndi mayanjano a anthu ambiri : Makhoti angalingalire mkhalidwe wa lamulo panthaŵi ya kukhazikitsa lamulo, mikhalidwe ya m'mbiri imene inasonkhezera lamulolo, ndi mavuto ogwira ntchito amene lamulo linalinganizidwira kulongosola.
  • Malamulo a kumanga : Ameneŵa ndi malamulo omasulira a chala chamanthu, monga ngati n’kupotoka sois (mawu odziŵika ndi kampani imene imasunga) kapena [FLT] expressio un exclusio transformius (mawu a chinthu chimodzi chimachotsa chinthu china), amene amathandiza kugamula makhoti a ".

Kulemera koperekedwa ku magwero alionse kumasiyana malinga ndi njira zomasulira zogamulira woweruza kapena khoti. Oweruza ena amaika tanthauzo lachindunji la lembalo pamwamba pa zonse, pamene kuli kwakuti ena ali ofunitsitsa kufunsira mbiri ya malamulo ndi cholinga. Kusintha kwa njira imeneyi ndi imodzi ya mikangano yaikulu kwambiri m’majurispuldence amakono a ku America.

Cholinga cha Malamulowa

Lamulo lililonse ndilo njira yothetsera vuto limene limaoneka. Lingakhale malamulo a zachuma oletsa maulamuliro amodzi okha, lamulo laupandu lolinganizidwira kuletsa chiwawa, kapena lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe lolinganizidwira kuthetsa tsankho la dongosolo. Kumvetsetsa kuti cholinga chenicheni nchofunika kuti lamulolo ligwiritsiridwe ntchito pa mikhalidwe yatsopano sikukanadziŵidwa.

Mwachitsanzo, Khoti la Servetus Act ya 1890 limaletsa mapangano, masanganizo, ndi ziŵeruzo zoletsa malonda. Mawuwo ndi otakata ndi a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu. Zaka zana limodzi pambuyo pake, makhoti anafunikira kusankha ngati lamulo la 19 la zaka lakumbuyoli linkagwira ntchito pa zachuma, kuphatikizapo kufunafuna maajensi a mainjini ndi njira za pa Intaneti. Kuyankha funsolo, oweruza anafunikira kumvetsetsa chifuno chachikulu cha lamulolo: kutetezera mpikisano ndi kugula zinthu, osati kungoletsa machitachita a zamalonda a Ageuged.

Njira Zochitira Chiweruziro

Oweruza amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana pomasulira malamulo. Njira iliyonse imasonyeza chiphunzitso chosiyana ponena za mmene tingalemekezere bwino kwambiri cholinga cha malamulo, ntchito yoyenera ya aweruzi, ndi mtundu wa njira za demokrase. Kumvetsa njira zimenezi n’kofunika poneneratu mmene khoti lingalamulire pankhani yalamulo.

Kulemba

Buku la malembo limati tanthauzo la lamulo liyenera kudziŵidwa kwakukulukulu ndi tanthauzo la mawu ake monga momwe akanadziŵidwira panthaŵi ya kuikidwa. Olemba mabuku amakayikira magwero owonjezereka a malemba monga mbiri ya malamulo, akumatsutsa kuti kudalira pa malipoti a makomiti kapena ndemanga zapansi kumakweza malingaliro a opanga malamulo ochepa pa malemba amene kwenikweni anasankhidwa ndi chipinda chonse ndi kusainidwa m’lamulo ndi nduna za boma.

Jasitisi Antonin Scalia anali wotchuka kwambiri pochirikiza mfundo za m'Baibulo. Iye ananena kuti mbiri ya malamulo si lamulo, ndiponso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo kumachititsa kuti anthu asamasiyane ndi mphamvu. Mmalomwake, akatswiri a malemba amadalira madikishonale, malamulo a galamala, ndi kapangidwe ka lamulo lenilenilo. Bukuli silinyalanyaza cholinga, koma limaumirira kuti cholingacho chiyenera kutengedwa m’malemba, osati kuikidwa pa ilo.

Kudzifunira

Mosiyana ndi akatswiri a malamulo, akatswiri a dala amafufuza kwambiri mbiri ya malamulo, ndipo amaona kuti makomiti ndi kuchirikiza mfundo zimene apanga ndizo umboni wabwino kwambiri wa zimene bungwelo likufuna. Cholinga n’chakuti khoti likhale m’manja mwa opanga malamulowo ndi kutsatira malamulowo m’njira yogwirizana ndi zolinga zawo.

Otsutsa dala amanena vuto logwira ntchito la kuletsa cholinga cha mazana a opanga malamulo. Mamembala ena angavote kuletsa lamulo ngakhale kuti sakugwirizana ndi mbali zina za ilo, ena angakhale sanatsimikizire nkomwe, ndipo ena angakhale adasonkhezeredwa ndi kulingalira kwapadera kapena kosiyana ndi chifuno cha lamulo. Komabe, machitachita a chinsinsi ali ndi lamulo la nthaŵi yaitali mu American jurisprudency ndipo akhalabe otchuka m'makhoti ambiri.

Kugula Zinthu

Purposivivism, wogwirizana kwambiri ndi wafilosofi yalamulo Lon Fuller ndi Jasitisiti Stephen Breyer, amatsatira sitepe loposa ladala. Mmalo mwa kusumika maganizo pa zolinga za opanga malamulo aumwini, purposivivism imafunsa kuti ndi chiyani cholinga chomveka lamulo monga lathunthu lingamvedwe kukhala lothandiza. Kulingalira kumeneku kumavomereza kuti malamulo amaikidwa motsutsana ndi miyezo ya makhalidwe a kakhalidwe ka anthu ndi malamulo alamulo, ndi kuti njira yokhulupirika kwambiri yomasulira lamulo iyenera kuligwiritsa ntchito mogwirizana ndi cholinga chake chachikulu.

Kufufuza kumachititsa oweruza kusintha malamulo kuti agwirizane ndi kusintha kwa zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo loletsa "mapaka" kuchokera ku paki lingaŵerengedwe monga njinga, mabodi otsetsereka, kapena ngakhale ma brono, ngakhale ngati zinthu zimenezo sizinatchulidwe m'zolemba zoyambirira, chifukwa chakuti cholinga cha lamulo ndicho kutetezera oyenda pansi ndi kusunga mkhalidwe wabata wa paki.

Kulambira ndi Malamulo Amoyo

Njira yachinayi, nthaŵi zina yotchedwa kumasulira kwalamulo kapena " malamulo a moyo" imagogomezera zotsatirapo zothandiza za zosankha zosiyanasiyana zomasulira. Oweruza apamwamba sadera nkhaŵa ndi tanthauzo la mbiri yakale kapena cholinga chake choyambirira kusiyana ndi kutsimikizira kuti lamulo limatulutsa zolungama, zogwira ntchito, ndi zopindulitsa za anthu. Njira imeneyi njofala makamaka pomasulira malamulo, kumene mawu aakulu ngati "makonzedwe a" kapena "kutetezera" amapempha oweruza kulingalira za kusiyanitsa miyezo yachikhalidwe.

M’nkhani za malamulo, kawirikawiri kachitidwe ka kupenda zinthu kamodzimodzi ndi kachitidwe ka kugamula. Woweruza wongoyerekezera angafunse kuti: Kodi ndi kumasulira lamulo losalongosoka kotani kumene kumathandiza anthu kusamala, kupeŵa zotulukapo zopanda pake, ndi kusungitsa kugwirizana ndi dongosolo la malamulo lalikulu? Kusintha kwa kachitidwe kameneka ndiko nyonga yake yaikulu koposa, koma otsutsa amatsutsa kuti kungachititse kugalukira, ndi oweruza kuchotsa zigamulo zawo zalamulo kwa awo kwa opanga malamulo.

Milandu Yosonyeza Kuweruza

Nkhani zonena za njira zomasulira njira zimenezi sizikungochitika mwangozi, koma zimakhudzadi anthu, mabizinesi, ndi kayendetsedwe ka boma.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mwinamwake mlandu wochuluka wa chithunzi m'lamulo la America, Brown v. Board of Education inakhulupirira kuti kusankhana mafuko m'masukulu a anthu onse kunaswa Test Protection Claus ya Jeneth Amendment. Nthaŵi zambiri mlanduwo umatchulidwa monga kupambana kwa masulidwe kapena kumasulira kwa matanthauzo a mamenti a 1450 Confterment. Cholinga choyamba cha opanga Genetic Confter chinali chotsutsa nkhani ya kukhazikika kwa sukulu. Mamembala ena a Reconformation omwe anapitirira a a a a a a a a aendment adachirikiza sukulu zolembedwa m'chigawo cha Columbia. Adger a kuŵerengera kwa mamendment kwa a zikalata za bungwe la Amendment kukhoza kuchirikiza kutembenuzast.

Komabe, Jasitisi Wamkulu Earl Warren, polemba khoti limodzi, anagogomezera cholinga cha mfundo [[FLT: 0] cha Kuteteza Klassia [kulingana]: kuthetsa kugonjera kwalamulo kwa Aafirika ndi kusungidwa kwa ufulu wonse wa kukhala nzika. Khotilo linagamula kuti "kugaŵana koma kulingana" malo anali osalingana mwachibadwa, mosasamala kanthu za chidziŵitso choyambirira cha madesiki. Chigamuchi chidakali chitsanzo champhamvu cha mmene ja Judicariary angachirikizire mapindu aakulu a Malamulo ngakhale pamene malemba enieni kapena nkhani za mbiri yakale ziloza kumbali zosiyana.

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Mu United States v. Lopez, Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu linagonjetsa Gun-Free School Zoners Act ya 1990, imene inapangitsa kukhala mlandu wa boma kukhala ndi mfuti mkati mwa mamita 1,000 a sukulu. Khoti linatsutsa kuti lamulo linaposa ulamuliro wa Congress pansi pa Communist Claus, imene imapatsa boma mphamvu kulamulira malonda a boma koma silikuipatsa mphamvu ya apolisi pa ntchito ya kumaloko.

Lopez ndi chitsanzo chapadera cha mmene judiary imasungitsira malire a mphamvu yalamulo mwa kutchula malamulo ndi chifuno. Malingaliro ambiri, olembedwa ndi Mfumu Justice William Rehnquist, anagogomezera kuti Communist Claus adalinganizidwira kuyang'anira ntchito zamalonda zimene zimayambukira malonda a mayiko, osati kutsendereza zochitika za mfuti pafupi ndi sukulu. Mwa kujambula mzera pakati pa zofuna za dziko ndi dziko, Khoti limalemekeza opanga mafamu kuti apange boma lokhala ndi malire, kutchula mphamvu. Chigamuchi chimasonyezanso [[FLT:] ndi [FLT] [FF:] [FFFF]

Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council (1984)

Imodzi ya milandu ya lamulo lauyang'anira yotsatirapo kwambiri inagamulapo, Chaveron [1] Chimakhazikitsa maziko a kugonjera kwa chiweruzo ku matanthauzo a boma a malamulo osamvetsetseka. Pansi pa Chiphunzitso cha Chachron [1], ngati lamulo silikumveka bwino, makhoti ayenera kugonjera ku ku kumasulira koyenera kwa bungwe, malinga ngati chigwirizanocho chikugwira ntchito m’manja ake operekedwa.

Kulingalira kwa Chavevron . [FLT: 1] kaŵirikaŵiri amatumiza ulamuliro wochenjera ku mabungwe chifukwa chakuti alibe umisiri kapena mphamvu ya ndale zadziko kugamula tsatanetsatane uliwonse wa kakonzedwe ka lamulo. Mwa kutchula matanthauzo a mabungwe, makhoti amavomereza chosankha cha malamulo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, [[FLT:] Choverson chasulizidwa chifukwa cha kulola magulu kumasuliranso malamulo awo olamulira m’njira zimene zimasiyana ndi malamulo oyambirira. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, Bwalo Lapamwamba lapereka chizindikiro cha kufuna kuvomereza kapena kuchepetsa [FL:] Chacrov [FFF:], chosonyeza kutsutsana pakati pa malamulo otsalira mawu.

Chigawo cha Columbia ndi Heller (2008)

Heller [[FLT :1] adalembedwa ngati Lamulo Lachiŵiri limatetezera munthu kuyenera kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida zankhondo kunyumba. Lingaliro la Woweruza Scalia linali losonyeza kumasulira kwa mawu ndi kuyambika kwa mawu. Anapenda mawu a kukonza, kapangidwe ka chinenero, ndi kumvetsetsa kwa mbiri za kuyenera kunyamula zida panthaŵi ya kuyambika.

Jasitisi Scalia anamaliza kuti Second Amendment imagwirizanitsa ufulu wa munthu woyambirira, osati chabe ufulu wogwirizana ndi ntchito ya asilikali. Lingaliro lotsutsana, lolembedwa ndi Woweruza Stevens, linatsutsa kuti okonza maulaketewo anafuna kutetezera kokha asilikali a boma. Malingaliro omveka mu Heller amasonyeza mmene njira zotsutsana ndi malembedwe ndi chiphunzitso choyambirira kumbali imodzi, ndi njira yowonjezereka yochitira zinthu ndi kuteteza ku mbali ina ya boma.

Mavuto Othandiza Potsatira Malamulo Ozindikira

Makhoti amayesetsa kumasulira malemba amene bungwe la anthu linkalemba, nthaŵi zambiri pokakamizidwa ndi andale, ndipo ayenera kuwagwiritsa ntchito pa zinthu zimene okonza mapanganowo sankayembekezera.

Kusalatsa Chinenero Chosatha

Kusokonekera kwa mfundo n’kofala. Mawu ali ndi malire ovuta kumva, kalembedwe ka mawu kangapangidwe kamitundumitundu, ndipo maluso aluso angakhale ndi matanthauzo osiyana kwa maloya, asayansi, kapena anthu wamba. Pamene lamulo ligwiritsira ntchito mawu onga "ndalama zoyenerera" kapena "kuvulaza kwakukulu," makhoti ayenera kupereka zophatikizidwa zimene malamulo alamulo asiya akutseguka. Uku sikuli kuweruza kwa lamulo; ndiko kufunika kogwiritsira ntchito malamulo achibadwa pankhani zina.

Komabe, mosamveka kumachititsa nzeru, ndipo luntha limasonkhezera kusagwirizana. Woweruza amene ali ndi malingaliro oyenerera ku malamulo a malo okhala angaŵerenge liwu lakuti "kukhoza" kuphatikizapo mitsinje ndi madambo a nyengo, pamene woweruza amene amayanja ufulu wa katundu angaŵerengepo pang'ono. Oweruza onse aŵiri angatchule cholinga cha boma, koma kuwerenga kwawo kumasintha chifukwa chakuti amaika patsogolo njira zosiyanasiyana zodziŵira malo. Kukula kwa nzeru imeneyi kwachititsa akatswiri ena kunena kuti kumasulira njira zamakono kaŵirikaŵiri ndiko kutsimikizira kwa zifukwa za zifukwa za kupezeka pa zifukwa zina.

Kulimbana Kapena Kuphwanya Malamulo

Ngakhale pamene makhoti ayang'ana pa mbiri ya malamulo, iwo angapeze mawu otsutsana. Wopereka malamulo angapereke malongosoledwe amodzi pa nyumba ya Nyumba ya Malamulo, pamene kuli kwakuti lipoti la komiti yosuliza limapereka chifuno chosiyana. Nyumba ndi Nyumba ndi Nyumba ingapatsire mapepala a chikalata cholankhula chinenero china, ndipo lipoti la komiti ya msonkhano lingakhale lodabwitsa. Opanga malamulo angapereke ndemanga zanzeru kaamba ka mbiri imene sikusonyeza zolinga zawo zowona kapena zotsatira zake za chikalatacho.

Kusankha mbiri ya malamulo imene iyenera kuikidwa patsogolo kungakhale kogwirizana ndi zotsatira zake. Otsutsa mbiri ya malamulo, kuphatikizapo akatswiri a malemba, amatsutsa kuti kwenikweni ndi "kuyang'ana gulu ndi kusankha mabwenzi anu. Chifukwa chakuti mbiri ya malamulo ndi yaikulu ndipo yokhudzana ndi kuikidwa kwa malamulo, loya waluso angapeze chichilikizo cha kumasulira kulikonse kokhumbika. Zimenezi zimafooketsa lamulo mwa kupanga zotulukapo mogwirizana ndi luso la loyank'anira, mmalo mwa malemba opanga malamulo osankhidwa ndi otsatidwa ndi otsatiridwa ndi democracy.

Kusintha kwa Makhalidwe ndi Zipangizo Zamakono

Malamulo sangaoneretu za kupita patsogolo kulikonse m’tsogolo. Makhoti ayenera kusankha ngati lamulo lakale limagwira ntchito pa luso la zolankhula zamakono, ndipo chigamulocho chimadalira pa kuchuluka kwa zolinga za khoti.

Ngati khoti liŵerenga cholinga cha lamulolo mochepekera,-kulamulira mizere ya telefoni yodziŵika, monga chitsanzo-- lamulo lingagwiritsiridwe ntchito ku makope. Ngati khoti liŵerenga cholinga chake mokulira-kutetezera kubisala kwa kulankhulana mosasamala kanthu za ku matsenga- lamulolo lingagwiritsiridwe ntchito. Matanthauzo onse aŵiriwo angatetezedwe kukhala okhulupirika ku cholinga cha malamulo, koma amatulutsa malo osiyanasiyana ozungulira. Vuto limeneli ndi lalikulu makamaka m'malo onga ngati zipangizo zamakono, chisamaliro cha thanzi, ndi chitetezo cha malo okhala.

Zitsenderezo Zandale ndi Kufufuza Kwapoyera

Oweruza salephera kutengera ndale zadziko ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu a m’nthaŵi yawo. Nkhani zotsutsana kwambiri, monga zija zophatikizapo kutaya mimba, ufulu wa mfuti, kapena mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe ka ntchito, zimakopa anthu ambiri. Oweruza angasonkhezeredwe, mosadziŵa kapena mosadziŵa, ndi chikhumbo cha kupeŵa kubwezera, kusunga kuyenera kwa khoti, kapena kupititsa patsogolo kawonedwe kapadera ka malamulo. Zitsenderezo zimenezi zingasokoneze ntchito ya kutsutsa lamulo motsimikiza.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, makhoti ali ndi zida zodzitetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko. Nthaŵi ya moyo ya oweruza a boma, mwambo wa malingaliro olembedwa, ndi kulephera kwa zotsatizana zonse zikutsimikizira kuti kumasulira kozikidwabe m'lamulo, osati ndale. Nkhani yopitirizabe ya anthu pa chiweruzo ndi kulembedwa kwa malingaliro a makhoti imasonyeza kuzindikira kwakukulu kuti kuwona kwa judiciary ku zolinga za lamulo kuli maziko a kuŵerengera kwa democracy.

Mkangano Wokhalitsa pa Filosofi Yachiweruzo

Kutsutsana pakati pa njira zosiyanasiyana zomasulira sikuli vuto la dongosolo la zamalamulo la America; ndi mbali yake. Malamulo anapanga dala lamulo lodziimira lokhala ndi malamulo omasulira, koma silinapereke njira yokha yochitira zimenezo. Kupanda kumvetsetsa kumeneko kwayambitsa makambitsirano a zaka mazana ambiri pakati pa oweruza, akatswiri, ndi ochiritsa ponena za mbali yoyenera ya makhoti mu demokrase.

Kukhulupirira Ulemu Kutsutsana ndi Malamulo Olembedwa.

Mwina imeneyi ndi njira yoonekera kwambiri m'chiweruzo chamakono cha ku America. Akatswiri a za m'mwambo amanena kuti tanthauzo la malamulo ndi malamulo limaikidwa panthaŵi ya kukhazikitsidwa. Kuti asinthe tanthauzo limenelo, bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo liyenera kusintha lamulolo mwa njira ya demokrase yoikidwiratu. Ochirikiza malamulo a malamulo, mosiyana ndi, amatsutsa kuti mawu a malamulo alamulo amaloŵetsamo malongosoledwe osintha amene amasonyeza kusintha kwa makhalidwe ndi mikhalidwe.

• Misasa yonse iŵiri imavomereza kuti ndi yogwirizana ndi cholinga cha malamulo. Olemba mabuku a m'zilembo zoyambirira amanena kuti kulemekeza cholinga cha okonza kapena kukhazikitsa Nyumba ya Malamulo kumafuna kutsegulira tanthauzo panthaŵi ya kulera ana. Otsatira malamulo a kudziko amanena kuti olembawo afuna kuti chinenero chawo chifalikire kwa mibadwo yonse. N’zokayikitsa kuti mkanganowo uthe, koma umapereka maziko opindulitsa kwambiri ozindikira khalidwe lachiweruzo.

Kuzenga Lamulo la Chiweruzo

Mkangano wogwirizana ndi malingana ndi mlingo wa makhoti a lamulo uyenera kusonyezedwa ku nthambi zina. Ochirikiza lamulo lachiweruzo amatsutsa kuti makhoti ayenera kugonjera ku zigamulo zalamulo nthaŵi zonse pamene kuli kotheka, kuswa malamulo kokha pamene aswa mowonekera bwino Malamulo. Kaimidwe kameneka kamalemekeza njira ya demokrase ndi kuletsa oweruza kusakhazikitsa miyezo yawoyawo. Ochirikiza a mchitidwe wa chiweruzo, kapena zimene nthaŵi zina zimatchedwa "pangano la komiti," amatsimikiza kuti makhoti ali ndi thayo la kutetezera ufulu wa munthu ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo alamulo, ngakhale pamene zimenezo zitanthauza kuswa malamulo otchuka.

Kaŵirikaŵiri zolembedwa zimenezi zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito motsatira mfundo, ndi osuliza chigamulo china chachindunji chikuchitcha "antchito" pamene ochirikiza akuchitcha "oletsedwa". Zowona, oweruza ambiri amadziletsa m'madera ena ndi kuchita zinthu zina. Funso lalikulu siliri lakuti kaya woweruza ali wochirikiza kapena wotsenderezedwa m’zinthu zosadziŵika bwino, koma kaya ngati njira yawo imasonyeza mokhulupirika kachitidwe ka lamulo ndi ka malamulo kokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo.

Ntchito ya Kuyamba Kuoneka (Omwe Amasonyeza Kutayikiridwa)

Chikhoterero ndicho guluu imene imagwirizanitsa malamulo onse. Pamene khoti lamasulira kale lamulo, makhoti apambuyo pake kaŵirikaŵiri amalondola kumasulirako, ngakhale ngati iwo afikira kumapeto osiyana. Chiphunzitsochi, chodziŵika monga decis , chimalimbikitsa kukhazikika, kutsimikizirika, ndi kuchiritsa kofanana. Chimagwirizanitsanso manja a oweruza, kuwaletsa iwo kumasulira kosiyana ndi kwina kokhala ndi kugamula kwa mtundu wina.

Komabe, chitsanzo sichotheratu. Makhoti angathetse zigamulo asanachitepo kanthu ngati ali olakwa, atsimikizira kukhala osagwira ntchito, kapena kudalira pa malingaliro amene afikiridwa ndi zochitika. Chigamulo cha kulamulira ndi ntchito yomasulira, monga momwe khoti liyenera kugamulapo kaya kukhulupirika ku cholinga cha malamulo kumafuna kusungitsa kumasulira kwakale kapena kuwongolera cholakwa. Kusemphana maganizo pakati pa ulemu wa chitsanzo ndi kulondola kumasulira kolondola kuli mutu wobwerezabwereza m'malamulo a Khoti Lapamwamba.

Kumaliza: Kulolera Moyenera

Chigawo cha jadiary m'kuchirikiza cholinga cha malamulo ndi chimodzi cha ntchito zovuta kwambiri ndi zofunika kwambiri m'kulamulira kwa demokrase. Makhoti ayenera kuwongolera kusagwirizana pakati pa kukhulupirika ku malemba opangidwa ndi democracy ndi kufunika kogwiritsira ntchito malamulo akale m’mikhalidwe yamakono. Ayenera kusankha pakati pa njira zopikisana zomasulira, zimene zimapereka masomphenya osiyana a mmene munthu angachitire mokhulupirika ku chifuniro cha boma. Ndipo ayenera kuchita zimenezo m’malo ofufuza kwambiri poyera ndi a ndale.

Palibe yankho lolondola ku funso la mmene kuliri koyenera kumasulira lamulo. Njira yabwino imadalira pa lemba limene lili pa kope, mbiri ya lamulo, mtundu wa mkangano, ndi mapindu amene womasulirayo abweretsa ku gome. Chinthu chachikulu nchakuti makhoti afikira ntchitoyo ndi kuwona mtima kwanzeru, kulingalira kolimba, ndi kudzipereka kwenikweni kumvetsetsa chimene lamulo la malamulo lisankha ndi chifukwa chake.

Pa demokalase yogwira bwino ntchito, jaji imatumikira monga woyang'anira malamulo. Imateteza kulolera ndi zosankha za malamulo zimene oimira anthu apanga, ngakhale ngati zosankhazo zakhala zotsutsana kapena zosatchuka. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, imatsimikizira kuti malamulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosasintha, mosakondera, ndiponso mogwirizana ndi malamulo aakulu a chilungamo olembedwa m'Malamulo. Ntchito imeneyi imakhala yokhulupirika, mtumiki wokhulupirika wa bungwe la malamulo ndi woyang'anira ufulu wa munthu aliyense.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa kumasulira kwa komiti ndi nthanthi zachiweruzo, lingalirani za kufufuza maphunziro a Justice Antonin Scalia [1], ntchito ya pa webusaiti ya Jecticature [ku] magazini a Ject, kaamba ka kusanthula kwa qhinga, ndi makambitsirano apo ndi malingana ndi njira yathu yoyendera ndi yoyendera mayeso.