Kuwonjezereka ndi kuopsa kwa masoka ochititsidwa ndi nyengo kukusinthanso malo ogwirira ntchito a United States National Guard . Pazaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo, mphepo zamkuntho, moto, mafunde, ndi chilala zachokera ku Epidodic asomalies ku zitsenderezo zosalekeza za kuyankha kwangozi. Zochitika zimenezi sizikungowononga kokha anthu koma zikusinthanso kwambiri mmene, pamene, ndi kumene National Guard waikidwa. Kumvetsetsa njira zimenezi zosinthira zimenezi nkofunika kwa aphunzitsi, opanga malamulo, ndi olinganiza asilikali amene ayenera kuyembekezera ndi kutsimikizira kuti alonde akhalabe odalirika pa kuyankha tsoka lapanyumba. Kupendaku kukupendanso kwakukuluku kumbuyo kwa kulongosola za kachitidwe ka nyengo, kusintha kwa mbiri ya kuyendetsa, zinthu zimene zimapanga zosankha, ndi kuyendetsa chitetezo kwa dziko lonse.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo Ndiponso Kuchuluka Kwake

Umboni uli womveka: masoka a nyengo akuchitika kaŵirikaŵiri ndiponso mokulirapo. Malinga ndi National Oceanic ndi Atmospheric Administration (NOA), United States anakumana ndi avereji ya 18 biliyoni ya nyengo ndi nyengo kuyambira 2020 mpaka 2024, poyerekezera ndi 7 pachaka m’ma 2000. Ndalama zonse za zochitika zimenezi zakwera madola 50 biliyoni chaka chilichonse. Bungwe la Perterbet Committee on Crietation (IPCC) limapanga kuti ngakhale pa nyengo zotentha moyenerera, kuchuluka kwa zochitika, kutentha kwamphamvu, ndi mphepo ya mkupitikiti 4 /5 zikupitirizabe kukwera mpaka pakati pa zaka 4.5.

Kwa National Guard, chikhoterero chopita patsogolo chimenechi chikusintha kukhala nthaŵi yapamwamba yogwirira ntchito. Mu 2023 mokha, Alonda analabadira zilengezo zazikulu zoposa 40 m'maiko 28, akumasonkhanitsa antchito oposa 15,000 kaamba ka kutsenderezedwa kwamoto ku California, chivomerezo cha chigumula ku Vermont, kubwereranso kwa mphepo ku Florida, ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi owonjezereka ku Southwest. Kuwonjezerekako ndiko kuwonjezeka kosalekeza kwa chiŵerengero cha ntchito chaka chilichonse, kupondereza antchito ndi ziŵiya zonse ziŵiri. Mosiyana ndi maiko a kumaiko akunja, zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimakonzekera pasadakhale miyezi ingapo, kufuula kwadzidzidzimutsa, ndi kutsalira kwadzidzidzimutsa, ndi kuyendetsa magulu a alonda kugwira ntchito pa malo ambiri a m'malo osiyanasiyana.

Zitsanzo Zaposachedwapa za Kuchepa kwa Nyengo

Masoka angapo aposachedwapa akusonyeza mmene nyengo imayendera:

  • Hurricane Ian (202): [Asilikali a National Ault Florida 5,000 Florida anaunikizidwa kuti afufuze ndi kupulumutsa, kuchotsa zinyalala, ndi kuchirikiza ziŵiya . Kutumizako kunatenga masiku oposa 60, kukumafuna chichirikizo chowonjezereka kuchokera ku maiko ena 20 kudzera ku Emergency Management Assionation Compation.
  • Celifornia Wild Heald Centuria (2020-2021): [1] Alonda a California anatumiza mamembala autumiki oposa 2,000 ku moto, kuphatikizapo oyendetsa ndege za helikoputala zothira madzi ndi asilikali a pansi kuti athandize kuthaŵa. Kuwomba kwamoto koopsa kwa m'dera la Oregon ndi Washington kunawonda, kuchititsa mapangano a chigawo cha chigawo cha .
  • Chigumula cha Mediterranean : mvula yaikulu yokhalitsa inasefukira kwambiri ku Nebraska, Iowa, ndi Missouri. Olondera anachita ntchito zogwetsa mchenga, kupulumutsa anthu osoŵa, ndi kukonza leves . Chochitikacho chinagogomezera kufunika kwa maphunziro apadera a madzi ndi zipangizo zolemera.
  • Kusefukira ndi Moto wa m'nyengo ya kumadzulo (201-2024): [[FLT] mikhalidwe ya chilala yapadera ku California, Oregon, ndi Idaho yafutukula nyengo ya moto ndi miyezi iŵiri kapena itatu. Oyang'anira National Guard adasintha kuchoka pa kutentha kwa nyengo ndi moto kwa nyengo ndi kuzungulira mpaka chaka cha 76 Clind kukonzedwa, ndi mayuniti a ndege ogwira ntchito pachiŵerengero cha masiku 200+ pachaka.

Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti masoka a nyengo sachitikanso panyengo imodzi yokha. Nthawi zambiri amasefukira ndi madzi m’dziko, chilala chimene chimawonjezera ngozi yamoto, ndiponso kutentha kwa mphamvu ya magetsi. Oyang’anira ayenera kukhala okonzeka kuchitapo kanthu pa zinthu zonse.

Zitsanzo Zochotsera Mpukutu za Alonda a M’dzikolo

National Guard imagwira ntchito pa zifuno zapadera. Pantchito ya boma, Bwanamkubwa amalamula magulu a Alonda a zamwadzidzidzi za kumaloko, ochirikizidwa ndi boma. Pansi pa mutu 32 wa Lamulo la U.S., Alonda angagwirizanitsidwe kulinganiza ntchito za kudziko lawo pamene akukhalabe pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma kaamba ka zifuno. Kulamulira kokwanira pansi pa mutu 10 kumachitikira kaamba ka kutumiza nkhondo kwa kumaiko akunja. Malo ameneŵa amalola Alonda kuima mofulumira pakati pa boma ndi ntchito za boma [1] Kusinthasintha kwa ntchito nkofunika pochitapo kanthu pa nyengo.

Malo amene asilikali anakhazikitsa kuti atetezere nyengo anali oteteza kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito mphepo zamkuntho kapena chigumula. Pa zaka 20 zapitazi, zimenezi zasintha. Asilikali masiku ano amasungabe ntchito zawo kuti athetse nkhondo, kuphera mphepo yamkuntho, ndi kuletsa chigumula. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Department of Defense’s Northern Lappy yakhazikitsa njira zotetezera chigawo zimene zimayendera bungwe la Corgate ndi FMA ndi boma loyang'anira ngozi chaka cha 76 C.

Kupunduka kumachitika mbali zitatu zosiyanasiyana:

  1. Prevent: [[FL:1] Ziŵiya za alonda zoikizira ndi antchito m'madera owopsezedwa masiku asanafike chochitika choloseredwa, monga ngati kugwa kwa mphepo yamkuntho kapena kuyembekezera chigumula. Kuima kwamphamvu kumeneku kumachepetsa nthaŵi ya kuyankha ndipo kumatheketsa ntchito zofufuza mwamsanga.
  2. [[FLT: 0] Kuyankha kwamwamsanga: Patangotha maola angapo pa chochitika, asilikali a asilikali akuchititsa ntchito zopulumutsa miyoyo(mayeso a madzi, zothawa, ndi zowonongeka. Zochita zimenezi zimaphatikizapo zinthu za ndege, magalimoto apamwamba a madzi, ndi timu zolankhulirana.
  3. Kubisa ndi kugonetsa: Masiku kutha milungu ingapo pambuyo pa yankho loyamba, Alonda akusintha kupereka zinthu zolowera, kuchotsa zinyalala, kupenda zinthu, ndi kuchirikiza ntchito zodyetsa ndi kubisa. Mbali imeneyi ikhoza kukhala miyezi ya masoka aakulu.

Mauthenga Osiyanasiyana

Magulu a asilikali a dzikolo amachita ntchito zosiyanasiyana panthaŵi ya nyengo yozizira yokhudzana ndi zochitika:

  • Kufunafuna ndi kupulumutsa (SAR): [[FT:1] Magulu opulumutsa a Swift à , helikopita, ndi kufufuza kwa m'tauni, magulu ankhondo akuikidwa m'madera osefukira kapena owonongeka.
  • Malo operekera ndi kugaŵira: Magalimoto a alonda operekera chakudya, madzi, mafuta, ndi mankhwala ku madera akutali. Maluso a m’mlengalenga amagwiritsiridwa ntchito pamene misewu ikhoza kudutsa.
  • Chithandizo cha magetsi: Kulimbana kuchirikiza zipatala ndi timu za mankhwala zokhazikitsa zipatala za m'minda, kupereka chisamaliro chamwadzidzidzi, ndi kuchirikiza kuthawa kwa odwala m’zipatala zothedwa mphamvu.
  • Kukonza ndi uinjiniya wa asilikali: Injiniya wa asilikali wa National Guide steaunt steaunt shopecs, misewu yokonza, kubwezeretsa mafakitale othandizira madzi, ndi kumanga mabuloni akanthaŵi.
  • Kulimbana : [[FLT :1] Mabungwe a ndege okhala ndi zitini helikoputala, C[1] 130 zomangira moto m’mlengalenga, ndi magulu ozimitsa moto a pansi amathandiza boma ndi mabungwe a m'dziko la nkhalango ndi a boma ozimitsa moto.
  • Kyber ndi kulankhulana: Zinthu zimene zimawononga malo a magetsi, makompyuta otetezera a pa Intaneti amabwezeretsa makompyuta ndi kupereka malamulo otetezeka amene amagwirizanitsa malo a zangozi.

Zochititsa Kufooketsa

Zinthu zingapo zimene zimachititsa kuti asilikali a m’dzikolo aziyang’anira nyengo:

Kuleza Mtima ndi Mlingo wa Chochitikacho

Masoka aakulu, owononga kwambiri mwachibadwa amafunikira asilikali ambiri ndi machitidwe owonjezereka. Mlingo wa chochitikacho umayesedwa ndi mlingo wa Stafford Act [1] a Prezidenti wa tsoka lalikulu limapangitsa boma kupereka ndalama ndi kuchirikiza zinthu. Zochitika zonga Hurricane Katrina (2005 ndi Hurricane Harvey (207) zokonzeka kusonkhanitsa antchito 10,000 alionse, pamene chigumula chachikatikati chingatchule mazana angapo okha. NABOA Billion-Dollar mouse motals and Climate Disasters [1] Dries (2009) chimapereka kuulutsa kwapadera: monga momwe chiŵerengero cha ngozi za biliyoni , chimateronso oyang'akazi onse pa ntchito zapakhoma.

Kuchuluka kwa Malo Ozungulira Dziko Ndiponso Kuchuluka kwa Anthu

Deployment imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kumene masoka achilengedwe amagwera. Maboma a m’mphepete mwa nyanja monga Florida, Texas, Louisiana, ndi Carolina amaona kuti mphepo yamkuntho zichitika kaŵirikaŵiri. Mayiko a Kumadzulo . .California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho , ndi Montana . Nthawi zambiri pamakhala alonda ambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu osoŵa chochita ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zapamtunda, mphamvu, ndi njira zosamalira thanzi. Kuchokera kumadera akumidzi kumakhala ndi zivomezi zochepa koma zotopetsa, zofunikira kuchirikiza ndi kuchirikiza kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Kupezeka Kachipangizo Kothandiza ndi Kupeza Zinthu Zokwanira

Malo a mabungwe akwanuko ndi a boma amayambukira kwambiri pamene ndi kufulumira kwake kutchedwa. United States yokhala ndi madipatimenti a zangozi otchuka ndi mapangano amphamvu angayang'ane zochitika zazing'ono popanda kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Olondera. Komabe, pamene ndalama za kumaloko zagonjetsedwa ndi zochitika zofala monga madera owononga ndalama zoyendera. Kupezeka kwa mabungwe a alonda kumakhalanso nkhani: ngati alonda a boma aikidwa kale m’mayiko akunja kapena ku boma lina la tsoka lapafupi, zotsatirazo zingachedwe kapena kufunikire kuwonjezera. [[FLT:] Nationalgarbut Bureaut Bureaut . Kupezeka kwa makampani a bungwe la okonza ndi kuthamanga kwa nyengo kwa chigawo ndi kuthamanga kwa mayiko a m'dziko.

Kugwirizana kwa Boma ndi Maboma

Kugwira ntchito kogwira ntchito mogwira mtima kumadalira pa kugwirizana kwa akazembe a boma, Adjutant General , FEMA, ndi, pamene aikidwa, Department of Defense . Stafford Act ndi National Reformation Formatown ikhazikitsa gulu lalamulo ndi procedtural . Chikhoterero chaposachedwapa cha zilengezo za preûdaster ndi kusungunulira kuwongolera kagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa nyengo ya mphepo zamkuntho 2023, FEMA ndi National prepreplaced àpland́cue muse sex àpand processsssssss m’ma anayi chivome chimvula chilichonse chisanagwetse, kuyankha kwa avareditikitiki.

Kukhalitsa Ndiponso Kubwerezanso

Deploysing ikuchedwa. Kuyankha kwanthaŵi yaitali kwa mphepo yamkuntho tsopano kumakhalapo milungu itatu kapena inayi, pamene zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo kunali milungu iŵiri. Nthaŵi zambiri kukonza mizinda ya wildfire kwa masiku 30-60, ndi antchito ena ogwira ntchito kumbuyo . Kulimbana ndi nyengo zambiri zamoto. Kuchuluka kumeneku kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa alonda a asilikali ndi kukhazikika kwa mabanja, kumawonjezera ngozi ya kupsa ndi mavuto a m'dziko. Kuwonjezera apo, ngozi zobukanso m'chigawo chimodzimodzicho [1] Mwachitsanzo, Florida ikukanthidwa ndi mphepo zamkunthoko za zaka zotsatirapo.

Ziyambukiro pa Chisungiko cha Boma ndi Kuŵerenga kwa Nkhondo

Kukula kwa malo otetezera kuli ndi tanthauzo lalikulu kwa kukhoza kwa National Guard kukwaniritsa ntchito yake ya chisungiko. Alonda ndiwo malo osungirapo nkhondo za kumaiko akunja kwa nkhondo . Pafupifupi 30% ya asilikali ankhondo ndi 40% ya nkhondo yawo yankhondo ili m'gulu la Alonda. Gulu lililonse lokonzekeretsedwa kuchitika tsoka lapanyumba ndilo gulu limene silingapite kumaiko akunja panthaŵi yake kapena lingabwerere kuchokera ku ntchito yochepetsa kukonzekera kwa zida ndi kutopa kwa antchito.

Kukonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo ndi nkhaŵa kwambiri. Magalimoto a ounditair helikoputala, ndi zipangizo zauinjini zogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga madzi ndi zoyendera moto zimayamba kuwonongeka kwambiri . Kuwonongeka kwa madzi m'madera a mphepo yamkuntho, kuwonongeka kwa moto, ndi matope ndi zinyalala. Army National Guard yapereka lipoti la kuwonjezeka kwa malo osungira zinthu chifukwa cha ngozi, ndipo mtengo wokonza kapena kubwezeretsa zipangizo zogwiritsidwa ntchito poyankha tsoka lapanyumba FEMA kapena ndalama za boma . Zimenezi sizimayambitsa mavuto: Oyang'anira nyengo, kusoŵa kokonzekera ntchito yake ya nkhondo ya boma.

Kudzipereka kwa antchito kumawonongekanso. Kuchuluka ndi kutumizidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsogolera ku mavuto a m'banja, kuphonya mwaŵi wa ntchito wamba, ndi vuto lalikulu kulembetsa ndi kusunga ziŵalo zaluso. Kufufuza kwa National Guard Bureau kwa 2023 kunasonyeza kuti 38% ya asilikali ndi oyendetsa ndege anatchula “kuchuluka kwa ntchito zapanyumba ” monga chifukwa chachikulu choganizira zosiya alonda. Kumeneku ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kuchokera pa 15% mu 2010. Ngati nyengo ikupitiriza kuyendetsa ntchito yawo, Alonda angayang'ane ndi vuto limene limalepheretsa ntchito zake zonse ziŵiri zapanyumba ndi za boma.

Ndiponso, zochitika za nyengo zingayambukire kuikidwa kwa asilikali. Malo aakulu oposa 80 m'dziko la United States ali pangozi yaikulu kuchokera ku kukwera kwa nyanja, kusefukira, kapena kutentha kwa moto, malinga ndi lipoti la Department of Defection 2022. Pamene Alonda aitanidwa kuyankha ku tsoka, malo ake a nyumba angaloledwe kuwonongeka. Zimenezi zinaonedwa mu 2021 pamene mphepo ya Hurricane Ida inawononga Louisiana National Guard, kukakamiza magulu ena kugwira ntchito kuchokera ku malo ena osinthana pamene akuyendetsanso ntchito zachithandizo.

Kusinthasintha kwa Zinthu Zowonongeka

Pozindikira mavuto amenewa, bungwe la National Guard ndi mayiko amene likugwira nawo ntchito akuyesetsa kukonza njira zolowera kumanga nyumba.

Kuphunzitsa ndi Kukonza Mwapadera

Gulu la asilikali likufutukuka . Gulu la National Guard tsopano likufuna magulu onse a injiniya kuti athe kumaliza maphunziro a chigumula chaka ndi chaka, ndipo ndege zawonjezera njira za mdima . Magulu ankhondo a Task-Civil System apanga njira zothandizira pulogalamu yomwe imaphatikiza mphepo yamkuntho, moto wa mlengalenga, ndi kuyankha kwa pa Internet. Kuwonjezera apo, asilikali akuika ndalama mu “ma [1] zida zoyendera ndi ndege zimene zili zokhoza kugonjetsa ndi kubwezera tsoka, monga ndege zolemera zotha kutulutsa mlengalenga zimene zingachitirenso nkhondo ndi kuphulitsa moto wa m'mlengalenga.

Zolosera ndi Kukhulupirira Maloto

Zida zojambula zopita patsogolo zikugwirizanitsidwa ndi kulinganiza . National Guard Bureau yagwirizana ndi NOA ndi FEMA kugwiritsira ntchito nyengo yeniyeni ndi chidziŵitso cha nyengo kuneneratu zofunika za zinthu masiku asanafike. Mwachitsanzo, “Agalu 2030” cholinga chopanga mphamvu yosonkhezera imene imalimbikitsa kukhazikitsa maatomu ozikidwa pa njira za mkuntho ndi zilala. Zimenezi zimachepetsa kuchitapo kanthu ndipo zimachepetsa kusokonezeka kwa nthaŵi yotsala ya zaka zakumaphunzira.

Kuthandizana ndi Kuthandizana m’Chigawo Chachikulu

The Emergency Management Affect Company (EMAC) yakhala chiŵiya chofunika kwambiri chogawira chuma m'madera onse a boma. Mkati mwa 2023 ya nyengo yamoto wa California, maboma 20 anatumiza chuma ndi timu za ndege pansi pa EMAC . National Guaunt Bureau inatumizanso njira yoperekera kuti pakhale kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mutu 32, kulola Pulezidenti kuvomereza ntchito zina zatsoka popanda kukhazikitsa kokwanira kwa mphamvu. Izi zimasunga mabungwe a Alonda pansi pa ulamuliro pamene akupeza ndalama ndi chichirikizo cha boma.

Kusintha Malamulo ndi Kukhazikitsa Malamulo

Nyumba ya boma ikuganizira za kusintha kwa malamulo a Stafford kuti awonjezere ndi kukhazikitsa ndalama zothandizira asilikali pa ngozi. Mfundo yakuti “Chenjezo la Democratic Response Act ” ingachititse kuti pakhale njira zoperekera ndalama zothandizira ntchito za nyengo, zosiyana ndi bajeti yoteteza mayiko akunja. Ikalolanso Mlembi wa zachitetezo kulengeza zofunika panthaŵi ya tsoka. Okonza malamulo akufufuzanso njira zopezera ndalama zimene alonda a boma ataya ndalama zokhalira ndi ntchito zapakhomo panthaŵi ya kampani yosawalira ndalama zambiri, popereka chigogomezero chachikulu.

Kugwirizana ndi Kulinganiza Kwachigwirizano

Pambuyo pa yankho la mwamsanga, National Guard ikugwirizanitsidwa ndi kukonzekera kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa chigawo. Oyang'anira tsopano akugawana m'makomiti a ngozi a boma, kuthandiza kudziŵa maprojekiti a zachuma (olandira, moto, madoko a madzi) omwe angachepetse kufunika kwa kutumiza zinthu m’tsogolo. Mabungwe a unjiniya a a Guard ayambanso kugwirizana ndi mayunivesite a kumalo ozungulira, monga kumanga magombe amoyo ndi nyumba zosungiramo madzi. Kusintha kumeneku kuchepetsa ntchito ya komiti ya a polisiyo kwasintha ntchito ya wothandizana ndi womanga nyumba m'malo ake.

Mtsogolo: Zaka Zachikhumi Zotsatira za Alonda

Ngati mkhalidwe wa nyengo upitirizabe, National Guard ikhoza kuyang'anizana ndi kuwonjezereka kwa masiku a kumanga nyumba pofika 2035, mogwirizana ndi ziŵerengero za RAND Corporation ndi Dipatimenti ya Desert Office of Climate Information . Izi zidzafuna kusintha kwakukulu m'njira imene Alonda amaperekera ndalama zawo, antchito, ndi zipangizo. Mabungwe amene lerolino amalingaliridwa kukhala “nthaŵi ya 76” adzagwira ntchito mowonjezereka m'kuyendera kopitirizabe. Alonda angafunikire kupanga zigamu zachikhalire zatsoka (6).

Luso la zopangapanga lidzathandiza kwambiri. Drones pofufuza zinthu zowonongeka, magalimoto odziimira okha a madera osefukira, ndipo mapulogalamu a AIngladrive a audole adzakhala oyenerera. Makina a Intaneti a asilikali a kampani ya kampani ayambanso kuchuluka, chifukwa nyengo imayambitsa kulephera kwa mphamvu zamagetsi ndi kuchepa kwa njira zolankhulirana zimene zimafuna kubwezeretsedwa mofulumira. M'mayiko ena, alonda akuyendetsa kale “cybergradreser". Makito a anthu ongodzipereka a zamakono amene angagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuti athandizidwe ndi ngozi.

Pomalizira pake, unansi wa woyang’anira polisi ndi anthu a kumaloko udzakula. Pamene vuto la nyengo likukula, National Guard adzafikira kuwonedwa osati monga malo osungirako nkhondo komanso monga magwero achikhalire a kulimba kwa banja. Kusintha kumeneku kumakhudza ntchito ya kulembedwa kwa [1] Mauthenga ogogomezera “kutetezera nyumba yanu ku masoka ” atsimikizira kukhala kothandiza kukopa achichepere amene akusonkhezeredwa ndi nkhaŵa za nyengo. Luso la Woyang'anira ntchito yosinthasintha imeneyi lidzazindikira kufunika kwake ndi chipambano kwa mibadwo ikudza.

Kumaliza

Nyengo yokhudzana ndi zochitika sizikudetsanso nkhaŵa kwambiri a National Guard; ndi oyendetsa maluso a ntchito, kugaŵira katundu, ndi kulinganiza kwabwino. Kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa mphepo zamkuntho, kutentha kwa moto, kusefukira kwa madzi, ndi chilala zimafuna Alonda amene akuvomereza kwambiri, okonzeka bwino, ndipo ogwirizana kwambiri ndi mabungwe a asilikali kuposa kale. Kumvetsa zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kwa aphunzitsi kuphunzitsa za chitetezo cha dziko, pokonzekera ntchito za m'dziko, pokonzekera ntchito za onse, ndiponso kwa nzika zimene zimadalira alonda kuti atetezere. Umboni ngwakuti: kusintha kwa nyengo kwasintha kale ntchito ya National Guard, ndipo funso lokha ndilo n’lo lomwe ndilo lomwe tidzatha kuthana nalo bwino lomwe. Kuphunzitsa zachuma, luso la zamakono, ndi kukonzanso zinthu, ndi kuchirikiza ntchito, ndi kuchirikiza dziko la Oyang'anira zinthu.