Maziko a Kusintha Kochititsa Chidwi

Madongosolo opanga zinthu ndiwo maziko a ulamuliro wa democracy . Mmene nzika zimaikira mapepala, mmene mavotiwo amaŵerengedwera, ndi mmene mavoti amatembenuzira m'mipando m'nyumba ya malamulo amasinthira mwachindunji kuimira kwa ndale zadziko, malamulo, ndi kudalirana kwa anthu. Pazaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo, kusintha kwakukulu kwasintha kwasintha padziko lonse lapansi, kosonkhezeredwa ndi kupita patsogolo kwa luso la zopangapangapanga, kuvuta kwa malamulo, kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi kukula kwa zofuna za chilungamo ndi kuphatikizidwa. Nkhani ino ikupenda kusintha kwakukulu kwa dongosolo la kusanthula m'mbiri yaposachedwapa, kupenda kumene kunachokera, kuyendetsa, ndi kufalikira kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa kukhulupirika kwa anthu.

Kufunika kwa kusintha kumabuka pamene madongosolo amene alipo akulephera kukwaniritsa miyezo ya demokrase. Zochititsa zambiri zimaphatikizapo nkhaŵa za kutsendereza wovota, kugwiritsa ntchito makina ovota, kutsika, ndi kuimira kosalingana. Zigamulo zalamulo, kuimira anthu, ndi kachitidwe ka malamulo kachita mbali zonse pokonzanso masankho. Kumvetsetsa kusintha kumeneku kumafuna kuyang'anitsitsa njira zonse ziŵiri zapanyumba mu United States ndi kumaiko ena.

Kufunika kwa Kusintha Zinthu: Oyendetsa galimoto a Chikomyunizimu

Madongosolo a mavoti sasintha. Pamene magulu akusintha, malamulo olamulira kutengamo mbali m’zandale ayeneranso kutero.

  • Ndi kuimira bwino: magulu aang'ono ndi mbali zachitatu zatsutsa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti madongosolo opambana ndi zigawo zopingasa amaluluza chisonkhezero chawo.
  • Kusokonezeka kwa zasayansi: Makina ovota a electronic , kulembetsa kwa pa Intaneti, ndi kuopseza kwa pa Intaneti zakakamiza mphamvu zamakono poteteza voti.
  • Kutsendereza ndi kupezeka: zigamulo za khoti ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zakhala ndi malire monga malamulo okhwima a ID, maola opatulira, ndi njira zosafikirika zolembera.
  • Maiko apadziko lonse okakamiza ndi olemba mawu: kaŵirikaŵiri amavomereza kusintha kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo a demokrase ya dziko lonse, nthaŵi zina kutsatira mamishoni openyerera kapena zisonkhezero za mayanjano.
  • Mavuto a kudalirika pa chisankho: Kutsutsana kwa masankho, monga ngati mpikisano wa pulezidenti wa United States wa 2000 kapena ku Kenya ya 2007, achititsa masankho aakulu.

Zinthu zimenezi zathandiza kwambiri kuti pakhale kusintha, ndipo zina zina zinatsutsa.

Kusintha Kokulira m’Zaka za Zana la 21: United States

M’chaka cha 2002, anthu ambiri ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Poperekedwa mwachindunji ku chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2000 chosokonezeka — kumene ma Florida opachika machad ndi ma butterot anavumbula zophophonya zazikulu m'zopangapanga — HAVA adaimira kusintha kwakukulu kwa chisankho kwa boma kuyambira m'ma 1960. Ntchitoyo inachititsa EUFUTCOUTCOUTCOUF Commission (EAC) kugaŵira chitsogozo ndi kupereka mphatso. Inalamula kuti boma lilowetse makina opangira chiŵiya ndi makina oonera ndi ovomerezeka odalirika kwambiri (mwambo wa kujambula kapena makina amagetsi ojambula mwachindunji). Ndiponso, HaVA anafuna kuti chigawo chilichonse chipereke chiwitso cha makina ovomerezeka opatula okhoza kugawira anthu opumira. Zosankha ndi miyezo yoyamba ya boma yovomerezera kulembetsa. Pamene kuli kopambana m'a, inatsogolera ku ku zotsatira zotsatira zina: kusoŵa ziyambukiropetoko, zofunikira zamagetsi zomalemba za olembapo mapepala atsopano. [Flation: Flation:]

M’chaka cha 2006, boma linakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa ufulu wa anthu kulowa m’dziko lina.

Congress inaperekanso malamulo aakulu a Voing Rights Act (VRA) mu 2006, kuphatikizapo lamulo la kuonekeratu la pa Gawo 5 limene linakakamiza mayiko ena ndi malo ena kuti apeze chilolezo cha boma asanasinthe malamulo ovota. Malamulowo analabadira zigamulo za Supreme Court zimene zinachepetsa kuyandikira kwa VRA ndi umboni wolembedwa wa tsankho lopitirizabe posankha. Komabe, kuwonjezera kumeneku kunali kwa nthaŵi yochepa: kugamula kwa Khoti Lalikulu mu [FLT: 0]. Shelby County. Hanger [[FL: 1] adagwetsa njira yopangira malamulo amene anagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha malamulo oyenera kukhazikitsa lamulo. Kuyambira zaka zingapo zapitazo, mayiko angapo anachititsa malamulo otsende, kuvota, kuvota, ndi kutulutsa malamulo atsopano, popanga malamulo.

Kusankha Koyenera (RCV)

Kuvota kosankhidwa, kodziŵikanso monga kuvota kwa nthaŵi yomweyo, kwakhala ndi kugaŵiridwa kwakukulu mu magawo a U.S. Pansi pa RCV, ovota ofunsira kusankhidwa ndi osankhidwa. Ngati palibe wosankhidwa amene apambana mavoti ambiri oyambirira a mulu, wofooka wofooka kwambiri amachotsedwa, ndipo osankhawo amasankhidwa kwa osankhidwawo. Kachitidwe kameneka kakupitiriza kufikira munthu mmodzi akufikira unyinji wa osankhidwa. Ogwirizana amatsutsa kuti RCV amachotsa “chiyambukiro chachiŵalo, kuchepetsa mkupiti wa kaŵiri, (kuyambira pamene oyembekezera angafune mavoti achiŵiri), ndipo opambanawonjezedwawo amakhala ndi chichirikizo chachikulu. Maine anakhala mkhalidwe woyamba kuvomereza RVCC m'kasankhoti yaikulu, yotsatitsati 202020, kuphatikizapo New York City, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa kaundula wambiri, ndi wotsutsa chisankhoswe cha RV. Mounyu, akuwonjezera kutsutsa puloto, Reffse.

Kulemba Malo Okhala ndi Malo Opangira Malo

Oregon anakhala boma loyamba kulembetsa ovota okha mu 2016, kugwiritsa ntchito mafaleshoni omwe alipo kuchokera ku Dipatimenti ya Motor Vehicles kulembetsa nzika zoyenerera popanda kusankhidwa. Chiyambire pamenepo, maboma oposa 20 ndi District ya Columbia atengera mtundu wa AVR, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kulembetsa kofanana. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti AVR imawonjezera ziŵerengero za kulembetsa, makamaka za achichepere ndi ocheperapo ndi ocheperapo, ndi kuchepetsa zolakwa za ulamuliro kuchokera ku mitundu ya mapepala. Kusintha kwa makampani a voti a votortion kumakhalanso kolondola kwambiri. Komabe, AVR yayang'anizana ndi otsutsa andale amene angatsogolere kulembedwa kukhala ovomerezedwa kapena kuswa lamulo laufulu. Kusintha kwa tsatanetsatane: Kusintha kwa makampani a gulu la ofufuza makampani ofufuza ndi kukhazikitsa makampani ena (M), pamene kuli kochitidwa ndi mautumiki ena.

Kulembetsa ndi Kuwonjezera Nyimbo Zoyambirira za Tsiku Limodzimodzilo

Maboma makumi aŵiri ndi aŵiri tsopano akupereka chilemberero chofanana ndi tsiku la voti, kulola nzika kulembetsa ndi kuvota panthaŵi imodzimodziyo pa tsiku la kuvota kapena pa Tsiku la Chisankho. Kusintha kumeneku kumathandiza kufotokoza zopinga zolembetsera kwa amene amaphonya nthaŵi kapena kuyenda mobwerezabwereza. Kufufuza kukusonyeza kuti tsiku limodzi limalimbikitsa kulembetsa modekha koma mosasintha. Mofananamo, kuwonjezeka kwa kusasankha kwa munthu ndi kuvota mwamsanga kwa kuvota kwakhala chizolowezi chachikulu. M'nthaŵi ya kuchuluka kwa mliri wa CHOVAID-19, mayiko ambiri anafutukulidwapo pofufuza makalata, ndipo angapo monga California, Colorado, Orenada, ndi Washington anapanga makalata opanga ofufuza njira yosadziwika. Masinthidwewa akhala akutsutsana ndi kuwonjezereka kwa umboni wonyenga (onjezera) ndi kuukira chiŵeru. Kutsutsana kosiyana kwa ufulu wa ku .

6. Ntchito Zokonzanso Malamulo Odziimira

Gerrymandering wakhala chikhoterero cha ochirikiza kusintha kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Poyankha, maboma angapo akhazikitsa makampani odziimira okha kapena a bipartisan kuti apange malamulo ndi magawo a mabungwe. Nzika za California Redicifealiging Commission , zopangidwa ndi mabululu a m'maboloti mu 2008 ndi 2010, ndi chitsanzo chotchuka. Maboma ena, kuphatikizapo Arizona, Michigan, ndi Ohio, atengera nyumba zofanana. Mabungwe ameneŵa cholinga cha kuchepetsa tsankho ndi kutsimikizira kuti malire a chigawo amasonyeza chikondwerero. Komabe, Supreme Court yalamulira (20:9) kuti germermaningman akunena kuti siible m’makhoti a boma, kusiya nkhani yaikulu ku kusintha kwa boma. Kuthandiza kwa ntchito za ntchito yopanga makampani; kutulutsa madera ena mwachipambano, pamene kuli kopikisana, pamene kuli kwakuti adakalibe kutsutsana kwa anthu akufa kapena kugwirizanitsa chigwirizano chandale (F.) pa Chikalata cha Revsetmon: "Fomistmerson: [1]

Zitsanzo za Mayiko Zolimbikitsa Kusintha Zinthu

Mphaka wa Member Proportigal ku New Zealand

Mu 1993, ovota a New Zealand anasintha kwambiri kuchoka ku njira yoyamba ya kumbuyo ya kuwonjezera (FPP) kupita ku njira ya kagulu ka anthu ogwirizana (MMP), yoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu 1996. Pansi pa MMP, wovota aliyense amavota aŵiri: mmodzi wa wogwirizana ndi woloŵa m'dzikolo (mwachibadwa wopata m'gulu la anthu) ndi mmodzi wa ndandanda wa gulu. Nyumba za nyumba za malamulo 120 zogawiridwa molingana ndi voti, ndi mipando yodzaza malo a malo. Wolamulira wa gulu lankhondo amawonjezeredwa ngati gulu la anthu ambiri opambanawo. Komabe, mayiko ambiri amasinthanso. Kukonzanso kukonzanso magulu aŵiri: zigawo za dzikolo (lo ndi Labourneursssss) kumayendera limodzi ndi anthu ambiri omwe amavomerezana mowonjezereka. Komabe, mayiko ambiri amasintha zinthu monga momwe amachitira.

2. Njira Yothandiza Kupeza Zinthu Zosiyanasiyana ya ku Germany

Malo a boma a Germany, omwe anakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, amaphatikiza FPTP constituence ndi chipani cholinganiza ndi ndandanda ya malamulo a boma (Bundestag). Mavoter alinso ndi mavoti aŵiri. Kusiyana kwakukulu kuchokera ku New Zealand nchakuti Germany amagwiritsira ntchito njira yapampando yotsimikizira zotulukapo zolinganiza, kaŵirikaŵiri kuwonjezera ukulu wa nyumba ya malamulo. Mu 2023, malamulo osintha malamulo opangidwa ndi opanga anatseka Boundstag pa mipando 630 ndi kuchotsa mipando ndi mipando yomanzere, kupita ku zigawo ziŵiri zopanda malire a MMP. Dongo la Germany lalimbikitsa kukhazikika ndi maboma (nthaŵi zambiri otsogozedwa ndi CDUCU kapena SP) ndi kukwera kwa magulu aang'ono ofanana ndi gulu la ku Germany. Chipani chakunja chakunja chakunja cha .

3. Mphepo Yokakamiza ya ku Australia ndi IRV

Australia ndi imodzi ya mademokrase angapo amene amakakamiza kuvota (kuyambira 1924), zomwe zachititsa kuwonjezereka kwa makampani oyendera ufulu woposa 90%. Nyumba ya Oimira imagwiritsira ntchito kuvota kwa mwamsanga (kufanana ndi RCV), pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo imagwiritsira ntchito voti imodzi yosamutsira (STV). Mbali zimenezi, limodzi ndi makampani odziimira okha, zatulutsa dongosolo lokhazikika ndi logaŵa kwambiri. Kuvota kumachepetsa mphamvu ya ndalama m'ndale (chifukwa chake magulu ankhondo afunikira kukopa osankhidwa onse, osati kungowasintha mwamwambo) ndipo zimathetsa phindu la magulu osonkhanitsa otchuka. Otsutsa amanena kuti kumatsutsa ufulu ndi mphamvu za anthu a m'dzikoloboti. Komabe, chitsanzo cha Australia chaphunziridwa ndi anthu ena a ku England.

4. Kulephera kwa Kusintha kwa Kusintha kwa ku Canada

Canada yatsutsana ndi kusintha kwa masankho kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Mu 2015, Nduna yaikulu Justin Trudeau analonjeza kuti 2015 chidzakhala chisankho chomaliza cha FPPP, koma komiti yapadera inalephera kupanga chimvano, ndipo boma linasiya kusintha. madera ambiri adakhala ndi mamesenti osinthasintha kuti agwirizane kapena a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma onse analephera kukwaniritsa zitseko zofunikira (m’njira zosiyanasiyana (m’mphindi, Prince Edward Island mu 2016, British Columbia nthaŵi zambiri). Chopinga chachikulu ndicho kusoŵeka kwa anthu onse amene angagwirizane nawo. Canada ikusonyeza vuto la kupeza masinthidwe ngakhale pamene andale akhalapo, monga momwe amapatulira makampani ambiri osankha ndi osavuta kulanda.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu kwa M’makompyuta ndi Kusintha kwa Zinthu ku India

India, demokrase yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse, inayambitsa makina ovota (EVM) mu 1990 kuti athetse chinyengo ndi kuchepetsa nthaŵi. Kudera nkhaŵa kwambiri chifukwa cha kusokoneza kopotoka kunatsogolera EVM Commission kupempha kuti avote pepala lofufuzidwa ndi voti (VPATs) kuyambira mu 2014. Mu 2019, khoti linalamula kuti VVPAT ikhale yoona yachisawawawa kuchokera ku masiteshoni asanu ofufuza pa msonkhano uliwonse. Ngakhale kuti mikangano ya Indiya ikupitirizabe pa EVM, kusintha kwa mapepala kumasonyeza kufunika kwa kuŵerengera ndi kudalira anthu. Dzikolo limagwiritsanso ntchito njira yoyamba yoyambirira yochitirapo mapulogalamu, imene inaimba mlandu wa gulu lalikulu, koma inalandira pepala loimira gulu la anthu.

Mavuto Olepheretsa Kusintha Zinthu

Mosasamala kanthu za kupita patsogolo kolongosoledwa pamwambapa, masinthidwe a dongosolo lovota amayang'anizana ndi zopinga zosalekeza. Kufuna kusangalatsa kwandale kuli chopinga chachikulu: magulu odziimira kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa masinthidwe amene angachepetse ubwino wawo. Mwachitsanzo, maboma a Republican olamuliridwa ndi Republica atsatira malamulo a voti ndi kuchotsa zinthu zoikidwa pansi pa chikalata cha chisungiko, pamene Democrat yasonkhezera kufikira kokulira; mbali zonse ziŵirizo zikuimba mlandu wina wa kululuza demokrase. Chigamulo chakhala njira yoyenerera, ndi mavoti ambiri pambuyo pa masankhoti aakulu alionse pa mapepala a , kutaya mabokositi, umboni, ndi zina zambiri.

Nthanthi zachikomyunizimu [[FLT :1] zimaletsanso kusintha. Zonena zabodza za chinyengo cha wovota wofalikira, kaŵirikaŵiri zokwezedwa pa wailesi, kuchotsa chidaliro m'zochitika zonse ziŵiri za magetsi ndi pepala. Mofananamo, maofesi a voti opangidwa akulimbana kuti apange maluso atsopano, antchito ofufuza a sitima, ndi kusungabe kulephera kwa pa Intaneti. Chiŵerengero cha 2020 chinagogomezera kulephera kwa masankhoti a kuswa ndi kuchotsa projekiti. Makonso a maofesi apamwamba a makampani a projectivebate in , monga momwe madera olemera angasungire makina osankhira ndi malo opatsirako mavoti okwanira.

Ndiponso, mkhalidwe woyenerera wa kuyang'anira masankho m'madongosolo a boma (monga ngati U.S. ndi Germany) umatanthauza kusintha kuyenera kuchitikanso m'maiko mazana ambiri kapena zikwi, kutsogolera ku kugwiritsira ntchito kosagwirizana. Zitsanzo za mitundu yonse zimasonyeza kuti ngakhale pamene kusintha kuchitika, zingasinthidwe ngati boma latsopano litenga ulamuliro. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa democracy kwa Hungary kunaphatikizapo masinthidwe osankhidwa amene anakhazikitsa gulu lolamuliralo, kusonyeza kuti kusintha kokha sikungatsimikizire kukhazikika ku kuletsa kugwirira ntchito kwa opanga.

Malamulo a M’tsogolo Posintha Zinthu

Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, mikhalidwe yambiri ikhoza kuumba funde lotsatira la kusintha kwa magetsi. Zothetsera za Technology-drive idakali ponse paŵiri mwaŵi ndi ngozi. Madongosolo otetezera a pa Internet ayesedwa kwa oyendetsa ndege aang'ono (m.g., kuyendetsa kwa Estonia, woyendetsa ndege wa ku West Virginia), koma oteteza akuchenjeza kuti palibe njira yotetezeka yosankhira yochitira masankhoti aakulu a pa Intaneti. Chikhoterero kuli kothekera ku kupitiriza monga njira yabwino yochitira zinthu zoonera.

[[FLT :0] Kusankha [[FLT: 1] kudzalamulira masankho. Maboma akuika ndalama pa kuŵerengera kowopsa, kugawana chidziŵitso, ndi zitsanzo zowopsya zowopsya. Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security ya U.S. tsopano imasankha ziwiya za masankho kukhala zosuliza. Kugwirizana kwa maiko onse pa malamulo oletsa kuloŵerera m'masankho kulinso kosintha, ngakhale kuli kochepetsa.

Universic ndi kuingika [[FLT :1] zidzakhalabe pakati. Magulu a anthu odziŵa kulankhula akufunitsitsa thandizo lowonjezereka la chinenero, kusankha mavoti oyendera kwa anthu opunduka, ndi kuchepetsa nyengo yovota. Maboma ena alola kale zaka 16 zoyamba kuvota m'masankho akwawo (m’njira yakuti, Takoma Park, Maryland). Kutsendereza kwa felon enfrancececement kwawona kupambana ku Florida (viaot, pambuyo pake, yoletsedwa ndi lamulo latsopano) ndi kwina.

Pambali ya dongosolo, kuimira kwapadera, ochirikiza akutha, makamaka mu U.S. Fairmediation Act, yoyambitsidwa mu Congress, ingafune maulamuliro a kugwiritsira ntchito masankho osankhidwa m'zigawo zambiri za nyumba zosankhidwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti mawuwo sakuganizikana m’chigawo chapafupi, lingalirolo likukanganizidwa m'malamulo ndi kupyola miyeso. malire a masankhothi kwa masankho, [FLT:] ndi mbali ya kukonzanso.

Pomalizira pake, kusintha kulikonse kuyenera kulinganiza makhalidwe a kutengamo mbali, kuimira, chisungiko, ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu. Zimene zimagwira ntchito m'nkhani ina ya chikhalidwe kapena ya lamulo zingalephere m'mbali ina. Mbiri ya kusintha kwa dongosolo lovota imasonyeza kuti mabungwe a democracy amafunikira kukonzedwa, kuzoloŵera, ndi kudalira kwa anthu. Pamene mavuto atsopano akubuka . Kusintha kwa nzeru ndi kusintha kwa anthu, kusintha kozikidwa pa umboni kumangowonjezeka.

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Mwa kuphunzira zinthu zimene zikuyenda bwino ndi zimene zinalephera, aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi opanga malamulo angagwire ntchito yovuta kwambiri yoteteza ndi kuwongolera demokalase kuti ikhale yothandiza m’tsogolo.