Nsalu zalamulo za United States zimalukidwa ndi zingwe ziŵiri zofunika koma nthaŵi zina zotsutsana: njira yoyenerera ndi kutetezera kudana ndi kuswa lamulo. Kutsatira kutsimikizira kuchitidwa bwino kupyolera m'dongosolo la chiweruzo, kutsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene walandidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu wopanda malamulo. Lamulo la tsankho, kumbali ina, limafuna kuletsa kuchitiridwa kosayenera konga fuko, mwamuna kapena mkazi, kapena kupunduka. Pamene mabwalo ameneŵa a procraticus, mafunso ovuta a boma akubuka ponena za ngati zitetezero za m'mphepete moyenerera ndi kaya zoyenera zoikidwa za kumbuyo zikutsatidwa ndi zosachirikizidwa. Kumvetsetsa kumanga nyumba imeneyi kumasuliza kwa oweruza alamulo, opanga malamulo, ndi ochirikiza opanga malamulo, ndi odzipereka ku dongosolo limene silingolonjeza koma kuchitika.

Kuzindikira Mmene Zinthu Ziyenera Kuyendera

Lamulo la malamulo limayenera kuperekedwa m’malamulo a pa Lachisanu ndi la 14, limene limaletsa boma kulanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda lamulo.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Profecture project imafuna kuti boma litsatire njira zolungama lisanachotse zikondwerero zazikulu za munthu. Imafunadi chidziŵitso ndi mwaŵi kuti limvedwe panthaŵi yatanthauzo ndi m’njira yatanthauzo. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. mu . Limatsimikizira kuti wophunzira achotsedwa kusukulu, wolandira chithandizo amataya mapindu, kapena wolandira chithandizoyo amapanganso mayeso oyenera, kutetezera kwa munthu payekha.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Malamulo ameneŵa amaphatikizapo ukwati, kubereka, kulera ana, ndi kudzilamulira kwa thupi. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Griswold v. Connecticut (65]]) (65) anazindikira ufulu wa malamulo wa ku malo achinsinsi, umene unakhala maziko a Rooe v. Wadev [77]]) ndi [FLT:Obergeb v. Homes . Holcted . (2011) njira yoyenerera ya kumasulira mawu opatulika popanda kumasulira lamulo la democism.

Tsankho Limachokera Kuti?

Malamulo a tsankho amalongosola kuchitiridwa kosiyana kosayenera kozikidwa pa kukhala m'kalasi lotetezeredwa. Malamulo a Federal onga ngati Thetwer VII of the Civil Rights Act ya 1964, Aamereka Okhala ndi Chilema (ADA), Age Discial Act in Emplor Act (ADEA), ndi Fair Howard Act yoletsa tsankho pantchito, m'nyumba, m'maphunziro, ndi m'malo ogona a anthu onse. Kusankhana kukhoza kuikidwa m'mitundu ingapo ingapo:

  • Kuchiritsa kodzipatula: Kusasankhana kosasamala kumene munthu amachitiridwa bwino chifukwa cha mkhalidwe wotetezereka. Mwachitsanzo, kukana kulembetsa wofunsira woyeneretsedwa chifukwa cha fuko lawo.
  • Ictal: Apolisi kapena machitachita amene amawoneka kukhala auchete koma mokulira amavulaza gulu lotetezeredwa, popanda chilungamitso chokwanira cha bizinesi. Okhazikitsidwa mu Griggs . Mphamvu Yaikulu Co. (1971], kugaŵa zinenezo sikufunikira umboni wa cholinga cha CD.
  • Kusintha: Mkhalidwe wosalandira wozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wotetezeredwa umene uli wowopsa kwambiri kapena wofalikira kumapangitsa ntchito yaudani kapena malo a maphunziro.
  • Kutsutsa: kupatsa chilango munthu chifukwa cha kutsutsa tsankho kapena kukhala ndi phande m’njira ya kudandaula.

Makalasi otetezeredwa awonjezeka m’kupita kwa nthaŵi kupyolera m’malamulo ndi kumasulira kwachiweruzo. Malamulo a Federal tsopano akuphatikizapo fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana (kuphatikizapo mimba, kutengeka maganizo ndi kugonana), mtundu, zaka (40 ndi kukulirapo), ndi chidziŵitso cha majini. Maboma ena amatetezeranso malo aukwati, malo atha ntchito, ndi mkhalidwe wakugonana ngakhale kumene lamulo la boma silili lomveka bwino.

Kusintha ndi Tsankho: Malamulo Ovomerezeka

Kugwirizana pakati pa njira yoyenerera ndi lamulo la tsankho kumaoneka kwambiri pamene anthu amanena kuti anamanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu mwanjira imene sinali chabe yolakwika mwachibadwa komanso yoipitsidwa ndi tsankho.

Milandu Yaikulu

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Khoti Lalikulu linakhulupirira kuti masukulu a boma opatulidwa mwaufuko anaswa kutetezera kofanana kwa Klaus kwa Kusintha kwa Zaka 14. Pamene kuli kwakuti si nkhani yofunikira pa , Brown anatsimikizira kuti kachitidwe ka boma la disikinigalamu sikangalungamidwe ndi kutsana ndi kulinganiza kwa procedio. Chigamucho chigogomezere kuti ufulu wapamwamba wa kulingana ndi kulingana kwa anthu a m'dzikolo.
  • . .[FLT .] [1973] Khoti linapeza kuyenera kwa kutaya mimba m'zochitika zofunikira zapansipansi kwa chinsinsi. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza mmene njira yotetezera kubereka ku ziletso za boma zimene zimayambukira akazi mopambanitsa.
  • Shashington v. Davis [1] (716): Khoti linagamula kuti lamulo kapena lamulo lokhala ndi chiyambukiro cha mtundu wosasiyana silimaswa chitsimikiziro chofanana cha kutetezera Claus chopanda cholinga cha kugamula mlandu. Chigamulo chimenechi chimapanga chomangira chapamwamba cha malamulo oletsa kusankhana, kaŵirikaŵiri kukakamiza ofufuza kudalira pa ziphunzitso zotsutsa malo mmalo mwake. Njira yoyenerera imawonekera pamene osuliza imati iwo atsatira njira zoyenera, ngakhale ngati zotulukapo zake ziri zosagwirizana.
  • [FLT .[FLT] Batson v. Kentucky (1986) Khotilo linavomereza kuti kugwiritsira ntchito kwa loya kutsekereza zitokoso zochokera pa fuko kumatsutsana ndi Chitetezo Cholingana ndi Claus. Nkhaniyi imagwirizanitsa njira yoyenerera mu kusankha ajuli ndi malamulo otsutsa, kutsimikizira kuti kulembedwa kwa ajuli sikuipitsidwa ndi kuipitsidwa ndi upo.
  • Essinger v. Liberty Mutual [FLT : Chigamulo cha khoti chochepetsetsa chimene chimasonyeza mmene njira yoyenerera yomvera m'maboma ingasokonezedwe pamene opanga zigamulo asonyeza kukondera koonekeratu. Nkhaniyo inaphatikizapo tsankho lopunduka kumene oweruzawo anali ndi mapangano a mtumwini.

Nkhani zimenezi zimasonyeza vuto lalikulu: njira zoyenerera zochitira zinthu mwachilungamo, pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo loletsa kusagwirizana limafuna zotulukapo zaing’ono zimene zimathetsa kusalingana. Nthaŵi zina ziŵirizo zimagwirizana, koma kaŵirikaŵiri zitetezero za m’miyambo zingaphimbe kapena kuchirikiza tsankho.

Mafakitale Opanga Mafano

Nyumba ya Malamulo yakhazikitsa malamulo ambiri amene amagwirizanitsa zitetezero zofunikira ndi kusungidwa kwa kutsutsa kugaŵana. Mwachitsanzo, mutu VI wa Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu cha 1964 umaletsa tsankho kwa olandira ndalama za boma ndipo umafuna mabungwe kukhazikitsa njira zofufuzira madandaulo. Chikalata cha Euncial Obbection Commissioner (EOC) chimakonza milandu ya tsankho kudzera m'dongosolo la boma limene limaphatikizapo chidziŵitso, kufufuza, ndi mpata wa kutumiza zinthu. Ngati EOC apeza chifukwa chomveka, chingasungenso mdindo kwa bwanayo, koma chipani chozembera ufulu wa kuikiza mlandu waumwini. Chilungamo chimenechi chalinganizidwa kulinganiza ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu zolungama, komabe otsutsa kuti kuchedwa ndi chuma chikanikabe kuyenera kwawo.

Kuvuta kwa Magulu Osiyanasiyana

Kugwirizana kwa njira zoyenerera ndiponso tsankho kuli ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu kwa anthu oponderezana, kuphatikizapo anthu a mafuko ochepa, akazi, anthu olumala, ndiponso anthu ochepa opeza ndalama.

Kufikira ku Chiweruzo Cholungama

Kufufuza mfundo zomveka za malamulo kumangothandiza ngati munthu angathe kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi. Tsankho limayambitsa mavuto: ndalama zochepa, kuchepa kwa anthu oimira boma, malire a zinenero, ndi kuopa kubwezera. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti zinthu zolembedwa proligigians . Oimira iwowo ndi oopsa kwambiri poyang'anira ndi poweruza khoti. Ngati munthu wosagwira ntchito kwambiri akuchotsedwa ntchito chifukwa cha zifukwa zomveka, ufulu wa kuweruza sugwira ntchito. Bungwe la American Bar Association lakhala likupempha kuti liwonjeze njira zoyendetsera malamulo ndi zosavuta kumva, koma ndalama sizikukwanira.

Misampha Yachibwana

Malamulo ena a tsankho a ntchito amakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima amene angapindulitse anthu osasamala. Mwachitsanzo, mutu VII umafuna kuti mlandu wa tsankho uperekedwe m'masiku 180 a ntchito yoimbidwa (masiku 300 m’zigawo zokhala ndi bungwe loona ntchito). Mawindo achidule ameneŵa, ophatikizapo kufunika kwa kuchepetsa njira zauyang'anira, angagonjetse mawu omveka bwino. Ofufuza omveka bwino amalephera kukwaniritsa ntchitoyo tsiku limodzi. Anthu otsalira malamulo ameneŵa amaletsedwa kusulutsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo ameneŵa amatumikira cholinga chovomerezeka choyenera cha kufufuza kwamwamsanga, iwo angavulaze anthu popanda nzeru yalamulo.

Tsankho Liyenera Kuchitika

Pamene tsankho layambitsidwa m'malamulo a bungwe, ngakhale zosankha zopanda liwongo zingapititse patsogolo kusalingana. Mwachitsanzo, njira ya apolisi ya mkati mwa ntchito ya kulangiza ingatsatire njira zonse zofunikira /notice, kumva, kukopa , koma ngati muyezo wa makhalidwe apamwamba wagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana kwa akapitawo a mafuko osiyanasiyana, dongosololo likutulutsabe zotulukapo zauhule. Makhoti ayesetsabe kuthetsa nkhani zimenezi chifukwa chakuti njira yopendera imakhudza kwambiri nkhani za munthu aliyense mmalo mwa kuyang'ana njira za aggreate. Khoti Lapamwamba m'makedzana [FLT:]. [FLT:] [FLP:1] (1987]) anakana kuchotsa chilango cha imfa chozikidwa pa umboni wa mafuko, kuti kuweruza kopatula, kuyenera kutsimikizira kuweruza mlandu wake wankhanza.

Mavuto Okakamizika

Ngakhale kuti malamulo ali amphamvu, kusungitsa ufulu woyenerera m’nkhani za tsankho kumakumana ndi zopinga zazikulu.

Bias Wachiweruzo

Kukondera kotheratu pakati pa oweruza ndi majuli kungasokoneze kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kachitidwe koyenera. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti oweruza salephera kusadziŵa malingaliro olakwika okhudza fuko, kugonana, ndi mkhalidwe wa anthu. M'nkhani za tsankho, oweruza angakhulupirire kuti njira zoyenerera zinatsatiridwa ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo ali gulu lokhazikitsidwa bwino kapena ngati wopatulidwayo ali wa gulu lotchuka. Khoti la Supme lavomereza kuti kulakwa kwa lamulo lopanda tsankho, koma likusonyeza kuti ndilo lovuta. Ena atsatira kuphunzitsidwa kwa tsankho kwa oweruza, koma chiyambukirocho nchosatsimikizirika.

Kusiyana kwa Zinthu

Tsankho nlokwera mtengo. Otetezera makampani aakulu kapena mabungwe a boma ali ndi mwayi wolankhula ndi maloya, mboni zaluso, ndi mapulojekiti. Ofufuza, makamaka anthu, kaŵirikaŵiri alibe zinthu zofanana. Kupezeka kwa ndalama zoyendetsera kumathandiza, koma maloya ambiri amaumboni mosamala, kusiya anthu odandaulawo ndi umboni wochepa kapena zowawonongetsa popanda kuimira. EOC [masamu a pachaka] amasonyeza kuti zigamu za anthu zawonjezeka, koma mayeso a mayeso a kampani ambiri ayamba kuchepa, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ndalama.

Kutsutsa Mabungwe

Mabungwe ena amakana kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo amene amachirikiza kulinganiza ndi kuyenera. Mwachitsanzo, masukulu a boma angachedwetse kukonzanso malamulo a mwambo mosasamala kanthu za umboni wa kusiyana kwa mafuko m'zinsinsi. Olemba ntchito angapitirizebe kugwiritsira ntchito machitachita a kulembedwa kumene kumachititsa ziyambukiro za upandu chifukwa chakuti n’zothandiza kapena zowononga. Kugonjetsa zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna kuvomereza, ntchito ya lamulo, kapena kukakamiza kwa anthu. [[FLT: 0] Chiviil Rights Divial Division of the Department of Justice imachita mbali yaikulu, koma kuyendetsa kwake ntchito yosungitsa ntchito, kupanga kusinthasinthasintha kwa anthu.

Nkhani Yokhudza Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Chitokoso chachikulu chiri m'chiyeneretso cha Khoti Lalikulu kaamba ka kusankhana kwa lamulo. Monga momwe kwasonyezedwera mu Shashington . Davis . Davis , wotsutsa ayenera kusonyeza kuti woseŵera wa bomayo afuna kusiyanitsa, osati kokha kuti lamulolo linali ndi chiyambukiro chalamulo. Muyezo umenewu ngwovuta kwambiri kukumana ndi chifukwa chakuti cholinga chake sichimasonyezedwa mopambanitsa. Akatswiri ambiri amatsutsa kuti lamulo loyenera la kuletsa kachitidwe kopanda lamulo ka boma liyenera kutulutsa ziyambukiro zopanda pake, zosayenera, ngakhale zopanda umboni wa kukondera. Komabe, Khoti nthaŵi zonse lakhala lotsutsa kufutukula njira yoyenerera kapena yotetezera yofanana m’chitetezero, kusiya kutsutsa chiyambukiro chachikulu cha kutsutsa chisankhoti cha dongosolo la kutsutsa. Koma malamulo atsutsa malamulo a boma chifukwa cha kutsutsa malamulo a boma.

Nkhani Zoyambitsa ndi Malangizo a M’tsogolo

Kusintha kwa njira yoyenerera ndi tsankho kukupitirizabe ndi kusintha kwa malamulo ndi masinthidwe. Technology imadzetsa mavuto atsopano: kupanga chigamulo cha pulogalamu m'ntchito, nyumba, ndi chiweruzo chaupandu kungaloŵetsepo kukondera pamene mukuwonekera kukhala wosatenga mbali. Njira zothandizira zimafuna kuonekera ndi kuyenera kwa kupikisana ndi zosankha zongoyendera, koma makhoti akungoyamba kokha kuthetsa nkhani zimenezi. Mofananamo, mikangano yopitirizabe yonena za kuvomereza, ufulu wa transgender, ndi ufulu wosankha ufulu wa kusanthula zonse zimaphatikizapo mafunso ofunika ponena za zimene zili zoyenera ndi kaya ngati kulingana kwamphamvu kwa munthu woyenerera kungagwirizane ndi kuyenera kwa kulinganiza ndi kuyenera kwa kulinganiza.

“ Njira yoyenerera imatipatsa njira, koma osati kufanana. Kuti tifikire paulingana, nthaŵi zina tiyenera kuyang’ana kupyola pa njirazo ndi kufunsa kuti ndani amene akumvedwa ndi amene akutontholedwa.” — Kusintha kuchokera ku mawu a Woweruza Tharfall Marshall.

Chitsogozo chimodzi chotsimikizira ndicho kugwiritsira ntchito kowonjezereka kwa “chiweruzo chalamulo” m'mabungwe auyang'aniro ndi makhoti. Madongosolo ameneŵa amagogomezera uchete, ulemu, kukhulupirika, ndi mawu m'milandu yalamulo. Kufufuza kumapereka lingaliro lakuti pamene anthu awona njira kukhala zolungama [1] popanda chotulukapo, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kugwirizana ndi malamulo ndi mabungwe odalirana. Kwa magulu a anthu opatuka pambali amene akumana ndi kusalemekeza ndi kukondera, chilungamo cha m'malemba, chingakhale chida champhamvu kutsekereza mchitidwe woyenerera ndi wotsutsa malamulo a dziko.

Kumaliza

Kudutsana kwa njira yoyenerera ndi tsankho kumavumbula zonse ziŵiri mphamvu ndi kufooka kwa dongosolo la malamulo a America. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulowo amapereka chitetezo champhamvu, mipata yosungitsa, kusiyanitsa zinthu, ndi mafotokozedwe a chiweruzo kaŵirikaŵiri amasiya anthu opatuka popanda mankhwala opindulitsa. Lonjezo la machitidwe oyenera ndi lakuti munthu aliyense adzalandira machitidwe abwino asanachitidwe ndi kulingana ayenera kuzindikira kuti njira zabwino zokha sizingakwaniritsidwe popanda kuyang'anira zinthu zimene zimawononga. Masinthidwe a malamulo, kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama kaamba ka chithandizo cha malamulo, maphunziro oyenera, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kupendedwa kwa zigamulo zotsa. Potsirizira pake, dongosolo lalamulo limene limafunikira zonsezo kuti lizindikire kuti njira zabwino ndi kulinganako zokhazo sizili bwino ngati dongosolo lachilungamolo nlo likupitidwa ndi kuwongolera mapwirinsipulo a malamulo onsewa.