Chiyambi

Chikalata cha Malamulo cha 1787 chinapanga boma lamphamvu zochepera, loŵerengedwa pamene chikusunga ulamuliro wina uliwonse ku maboma ndi anthu. Pambuyo pake, madeti enieni a gululo adakali otsutsidwa mowopsa. Malamulo aŵiri omasulira [1] chiyambire ndi ulamuliro wa boma akhala maziko a jurisprudency yamakono. Chiphunzitso cha kuyambirira chimapereka njira yodziŵira mawu a Malamulo ozikidwa pa tanthauzo lake lapoyera pa kuvomerezedwa. Bungwe la Federalism limapereka lamulo loletsa kufika kwa mphamvu ya dziko. Pamene khoti ligwiritsira ntchito mfundo zoyambirira zachiyambi, kaŵirikaŵiri zimafika pa mfundo yochirikiza malire a boma. Nkhani imeneyi imafufuza mmene ulusi ulusi uŵiriwo unzake, nkhani zofunika zimene zimalongosola unansi wawo, ndi kupitiriza kwa lamulo la ku America.

Kumvetsetsa Chiyambi cha Malemba

Chiyambi ndi Maluŵa

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chinatulukira monga chiphunzitso chosiyana cha kumasulira koikidwiratu chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, kwakukulukulu chifukwa cha kuvomereza kolingaliridwa kwa Warren ndi Burger Courts. Chikalata chake cha maziko nchakuti tanthauzo la Malamulo liyenera kutsimikiziridwa ku kumvetsetsa komwe kunali pamene makonzedwe alionse anatengedwa. Ochirikiza oyambirira, monga ngati Attorney General Edwin Meese III ndi Woweruza Robert Bork, anatsutsa kuti tanthauzo lotsimikizirika lokha ndilo limene lingachirikize kuvomereza kwa demokrase mmalo mwa kuvomereza kwa chiweruzo. Justice Antonin Scalia anakhala wochirikiza chiphunzitso chosonkhezera kwambiri, akunenetsa kuti malamulowo si chikalata chamoyo koma chogwirizana ndi malemba alamulo.

Matanthauzo Oyambirira a Anthu

Wosuliza analingalira kuti zimenezi zingakhale zovuta pamene zolembedwazo zili zochepa kapena zodabwitsa. Zoyamba, [[FLT: 0] cholinga choyambirira , kufunafunanso zolinga zotsatizana za maFramers ndi ratifiers. Osuliza amawona kuti zimenezi zingakhale zovuta pamene zolembedwazo zikhala zopanda malire. [yachiwiri, [[FLT:]] tanthauzo lapoyera la anthu [[FLT:], likufunsa kuti munthu wololera panthaŵi imeneyo atha kumvetsa mawuwo. Woweruza Schalia anachirikiza njira imeneyi, akutsutsa kuti imapeŵa mbuna za kusakasaka nyama zachinsinsi. Lerolino, oweruza oyambirira kwambiri ndi akatswiri otchuka ovomereza tanthauzo ndi otchuka, amene amaoneka m’zochitika ngati [FLD [FL:]. [125]

Chisonkhezero Chapanthaŵi Ino pa Makhoti

Chiphunzitso cha kuyambirira chachokera ku mfundo yosiyana ndi ina ku mfundo yaikulu pa Bwalo Lapamwamba. Zoweruza Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorfoth, Brett Kavahaugh, ndi Amy Coney Barrett zonsezo zikulongosola kuti iwo eni ndi oyamba m’njira ina. Malingaliro awo nthaŵi zonse amatchula tanthauzo la kutsendereza mphamvu ya boma. Chiyambukirocho chimawonekera m'magawo ambiri: njira zaupandu, kulankhula kwaufulu, kupatulira maulamuliro, ndipo makamaka chigwirizano cha boma. Khoti lamakono lakhala mphamvu yosonkhezera zigamulo zaposachedwapa zimene zimachepetsa ulamuliro wa boma ndi kubwezeretsa ufulu wa boma.

Kumvetsetsa Mafuko

Mbiri Yakale

Federalism si kukondera kwa ndale chabe; ndi lamulo lalamulo. Kutsutsana koyambirira kozikidwa pa mmene angasungire ulamuliro wa boma pamene akukhazikitsa boma lolimba kwambiri. Demendment ya Tenth inapanga momveka bwino kuti mphamvu zosaperekedwa ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena zoletsedwa ku maboma, n’zosungidwa ku mayiko onse, mogwirizana, kapena kwa anthu. Malamulo oyambirira, makamaka [[FL:0] MCulloch v. Maryland [1] [18:19], anavomereza mphamvu zazikulu za boma koma zikutsimikiziranso kuletsa boma ku msonkho wa boma. Kuchokera ku zaka za zana la 19 ndi la 20, lamulo la khoti la Counist jurispracrate pakati pa nyengo ya ulamuliro wamphamvu ya dziko lonse la I.

Kulimbana kwa Féderalism ndi Boma la Boma

Chitsanzo chamwambo cha chigamulo cha boma cholingaliridwa kukhala mabungwe ogaŵana kaamba ka ntchito ya boma ndi boma. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Casess-Nyumba [ [1873]]) inachepetsa kufika kwa Demendement ya 1450 kusungitsa maulamuliro. Chikalatacho chinasonyeza kusinthidwira ku [[FLT:] chigwirizano cha boma [, chimene boma la boma ladziko ndi lolamulira linkagwira ntchito pamodzi popereka maprogramu, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kupereka ndalama ndi malamulo a boma. Masewera ngati [FLD:] Wickard v. [FFFFLT] [192] [1942]

Kubwereranso kwa Magulu Ankhondo Amakono

Chiyambire United States v. Lopez (1995]), Khoti Lalikulu lakhazikitsanso boma mwa kufuna kugwirizana kwakukulu ndi malonda a boma asanakhale Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhoza kulamulira ntchito yosakhala ya zachuma. [[FLT:] . [[FLT:] . United States (1997]), Khoti linagonjetsa lamulo la boma limene linalamulira akuluakulu a boma, likumasunga kuti Kuletsa kulowa m’dziko. [FLT:] National Revision of Intependent . [FLT] Countroweright v. Sebelius [FLT:] [FLT] [5] [20] [20] chiphunzitso cholamulira cha Classicassion ndi Clascrea, kuteteza Afford yokha yopereka chilolezo cha boma. [5]

Kuwombana kwa Kuyamba ndi Kugwirizana

Malemba, Makonzedwe, ndi Tanthauzo Loyambirira

Chipangano ndi chipani choyambirira zimagwirizana ndi lamulo la Malamulo ndi kapangidwe ka . Njira yoyambirira imayang'ana ku tanthauzo la mawuwo monga momwe inamvedwa pamene inavomerezedwa. Federalism imachokera mwachindunji ku lemba limenelo: Mfundo Ikutchula mphamvu za Congress, Tenth Reformation imasunga zotsala, ndipo Olamulira 14 peresenti imaletsa malamulo ochepa pa mayiko. Malamulo oyambirira a Commerce Claus, mwachitsanzo, amafunsa ngati “Commerce pakati pa maboma angapo” mu 1787 adaphatikizapo kukonza, ulimi, kapena ntchito za kumaloko. Umboni wa mbiri yakale imasonyeza kuti sichinatero. Chifukwa chake, oweruza ambiri olemba nkhani zakale ananena kuti Congressssion adaswa lamulo la boma pamene lilamulira ntchito yosakhala yakwanirty.

Mfundo Zazikulu Zimene Zimagwirizanitsa Aŵiriwo

Ziphunzitso zambiri zomanga zimatuluka m'makwalala. Chiŵerengero chimafuna kuti lamulo lililonse la boma lipeze chichirikizo m’mphamvu yakutiyakuti. Anti-lairting imaletsa Nyumba za malamulo kapena mabwana kukakamiza maprogramu a boma. chitetezero chachitetezo chimachokera ku masuti a m'khoti a boma kusakhala ndi chilolezo chovomerezeka chotsimikizirika. [FLT:] Factive predition . [FLT] N'OLT] imasintha pamene gulu lalamulo silikuyendetsa bwino mfundo za m'mbali zonse. Zimayendera limodzi mwa zaka makumi angapo zaposachedwapa za khoti loyambirira logwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti chiganizo.

Kuwombana kwa Malo Osonyeza Kuloŵa M’malo

United States v. Lopez (1995]

Mlanduwo unaloŵetsamo lamulo la boma kupanga kukhala ndi mfuti pafupi ndi sukulu. Boma linatsutsa kuti kukhala ndi mfuti m'malo asukulu kunayambukira kwambiri malonda a dzikolo mwa kuwonjezera ndalama za inshuwalansi ndi kuchepetsa chipambano cha maphunziro. Khoti, m'chigamulo cha 5-4, linakana lingalirolo. Chikalata cha Chilungamo chachikulu Rehnquist chinagogomezera kuti malamulo a boma ali ndi mphamvu zopereŵera ndi kuti ntchito yokayikitsa inali yosadziŵika bwino. Lingalirolo linadalira kwambiri pa chidziŵitso cha mbiri yakale, kuwonjezera kuti mafamenti a Claus Christmas adafuna kufikira “komentine ” yokha ndi kuti ntchito zonse zimene zingayambukire malonda. [FLT:] Llez [FLD:1] linali mlandu woyamba kuyambira pamene gulu la boma la Creast la Clauston lamakono la Breast ndi kutembenuza.

Kusindikizaz v. United States (1997)

Mu .Printz, Khoti linalankhula ndi Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, imene inafuna kuti akuluakulu a boma ndi apolisi a m’dzikolo ayang'anire ogula mfuti. Boma linatsutsa kuti Congress ingalamulire nduna za boma monga njira yogwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma. Lingaliro la boma Scalia linagamula kuti “mtsogoleri wa boma sangathe kuyendetsa maprogramu a boma. Kulingalira kunali koyambirira: kakonzedwe kalamulo ka malamulo, monga momwe anadziŵikira pa raikoleti, silinalole kuloŵetsa ntchito yoteroyo. Lingaliro lotchulidwalo la mbiri yakale ndi la Federation . [FLT:] Pptop]

Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202)

Mlanduwo unatsutsa lamulo la Affordal Care Act la munthu aliyense lofuna kuti anthu ambiri a ku America agule inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo. Boma linatsutsa kuti lamulolo linali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwabwino kwa ntchito ya Commerce Clause chifukwa chakuti kusagula inshuwalansi kunali ndi ziyambukiro zambiri zachuma. Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts analetsa malingalirowo, poona kuti Commerce Claus akupereka mphamvu zolamulira malonda omwe alipo, osati kukakamiza anthu kuloŵa malonda pamalo oyamba. Roberts anadalira pa kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa Clause ndi kutchuka pakati pa ntchito yolamulira ndi kulephera ntchito. Chigamulo chinasunga lamulolo chokha pansi pa mphamvu ya msonkho. Lingaliro linatsimikiziranso kuti Congressmentine ali ndi malire enieni ndipo sangawonjezere mphamvu yake chifukwa chakuti vuto la dziko lonselo.

[[ML:0] Murphy v. NCAA (208)

Mnurphy adawononga Professional and Amateration Sports Protection Act (PASPA), imene inaletsa kuvomereza kutchova juga. Khoti linanena kuti PSPA commandeered State facestions mwa kuwakakamiza kusunga ziletso. Lingaliro la Alito linagwiritsira ntchito malamulo oletsa lamulo kuchokera ku Printz ndi [[FLT:] ndi New York. United States . Malingalirowonero anali oletsedwa m'malemba ndi kumvetsetsa koyamba kwa poyamba: Malamulo opereŵeruka, ndi malamulo opansikira a malamulo, ndi olongosola mwachindunji a dongosolo la malamulo a bungwe la bungwe la malamulo silina. Chigamulo chotetezero cha ulamuliro cha ulamuliro cha ulamuliro cha ulamuliro.

New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen (2022)

Pamene kuli kwakuti si nkhani ya boma ya kuchepetsa, Bruen akusonyeza mmene njira zoyambira za makhoti zimagwirira ntchito pamodzi ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Khoti linalengeza kuti Second Amendment iyenera “kuzika m'zochitika za kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida. Ochuluka anakana mwachindunji kupenda kumene mabwalo apamwamba adagwiritsira ntchito, m’malo mwake kuumirira pa malemba ndi kufufuza mbiri yakale. Chigamulocho chinaka pansi pa malamulo otsekedwa a New York onyamula mandalbutting , kuchititsa boma kukhala ndi cholinga chabwino cha boma chifukwa chakuti malamulowo sangakhale ndi chifukwa choyenera kuyambika. [FLT:] BBBB] [FFF:]

Kuyambirira, Kulimbana ndi Makhalidwe Oipa, ndi Nkhani za Pambuyo Pake

Chisamaliro cha Zaumoyo

Afford Care Act ya Afford imakhalabe chinthu chodziŵika. Pambuyo pa NFIB v. Sebelius , maboma agwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zawo zosungidwa kukhazikitsa kusinthana kwa inshuwalansi, zoyang'anira, ndi kuyesa mankhwala osokoneza. Kutsutsana ndi boma lozembera kukupitirizabe kuonekera m'kulimbana ndi Medicaid zofunika, katemera, ndi malamulo a telehealth. Makhoti ang'onoang'ono ogwiritsira ntchito [[FLT:] Lavez ndi [FLT:] . SALIus [FL:] Amakhala ndi mphamvu zogwirizana zimene zimawonekera kukhala zopanda malamulo apakati pa malonda. Kusinthasinthasinthasintha kwa malamulo pakati pa malamulo a dziko.

Chilamulo cha Malo Okhala

Clean Water Act yakhala nkhani yobwerezabwereza ya chigwirizano cha boma. Mu Sackett v. EPA (2023), Khoti Lapamwamba linatsekereza mafotokozedwe a “madzi a United States,” kunyamula kuti Chiletso chimakuta kokha malo okongola amene ali ndi kugwirizana kopitirizabe kwa mwambo ku madzi okhazikika. Woweruza Alito’s conctrence ndi wochuluka wa malembo onse aŵiri anasonyeza malamulo oyambirira a chigamulo cha dzikolo, monga momwe anadziŵira mu 1972, chikafikira. Olamulira a malo akumadera akuderalo akuda nkhaŵa kuti ulamuliro wa dziko lamphamvu wogwiritsira ntchito chuma, pamene kuli kukondwerera kubwezeretsa mphamvu za boma la apolisi.

Ufulu wa Mfuti ndi Ulamuliro wa Boma

Chigamulo cha Bruen [1] chakhala chikuvuta pafupifupi lamulo lililonse la boma lolamulira mfuti. Makhoti ang'onoang'ono tsopano ayenera kuloŵerera m'mbiri kuti aone ngati chiletsocho “chigwirizana ndi mwambo wa mbiri wa dziko wa malamulo a mfuti. Chifuno chakuti kufunsa kumafuna oweruza a boma kupenda malamulo a boma kuchokera ku nyengo yokhazikitsidwa. Maboma ena ayankha mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo opanda chilolezo, kutsimikizira ulamuliro wawo pansi pa Second Amerekale. Chotulukapo nchamphamvu yocholoŵa m’kanthauzira kumene chiphunzitso choyambirira cha boma koma chimasunga mphamvu yaikulu yofotokozera maulamuliro awo a boma a boma. Monga mabomawo samatsutsana ndi tanthauzo la poyamba. Kupanga malamulo ndi ulamuliro kwa onse aŵiri.

Chipani cha Covid-19

Mliriwo unapangitsa malamulo a zaumoyo a anthu amene anatseka mabizinesi, misonkhano yochepa, ndi malamulo a kubisa. Mayiko anachitapo kanthu pansi pa mphamvu zawo za apolisi. Boma la boma la CDC linagwiritsa ntchito CDC kukhazikitsa malamulo a kuchotsa anthu ndi kuntchito. Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa CDC pa malo oyambirira, likumakakamiza bungwelo kuti likhale ndi ulamuliro wolamulira ndi kuti mphamvu zotero zipitirira mphamvu za boma zotchulidwa. Maboma anasungabe mlandu wa thanzi la anthu, ngakhale kuti Khoti mu tampon v. News News[FL:1] (20) inakakamizanso bungwe la Free Svinice Creence kuletsa CHOVID zimene zimatsutsa kulambira kwachipembedzo. Nkhanizi zikusonyeza mmene njira zoyambirirazo zimachitira ntchito yaungwelo lolamulira pamene likulowera ntchito ya boma la boma la boma la boma la boma lolamulidwa pa lamulo la lamulo.

Kusuliza ndi Mabodza

Matanthauzo oyambirira a boma saali osuliza. Akatswiri ena amatsutsa kuti tanthauzo loyamba la anthu la “kompyuta” linali lowonjezereka kuposa olemba amakono, ndi kuti Aforensi adafuna Commerce Claus kuti akhale opatsa mphamvu. Ena amatsutsa kuti boma lenilenilo linasinthika pambuyo pa New Deal ndi kuti Lamulo la Malamulo linagamulidwa ndi magaŵano osinthasintha a ulamuliro. Komabe, ena amasunga kuti kutembenuza koyambirira kuli kogwirizana ndi kogwirizana ndi malamulo pamene kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ku mavuto amakono monga kusintha kwa nyengo kapena kusokonezeka kwa kampani. Malamulowa amasonkhezera maphunziro ndi kuweruza kopitirizabe. Komabe, ambiri a khoti la tsopano lavomereza lingaliro lakuti tanthauzo loyambirira ndilo labwino koposa kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kuti ufulu wa boma uyang’onowo a boma lifunikira kuti agwirizane ndi mphamvu.

Kumaliza

Kuloŵa kwa mapangano oyambirira ndi a boma kwamakono kuli njira yogwirizana ndi yosonkhezera kumasulira kwa lamulo. Chiphunzitso choyambirira chimapereka njira yoŵerengera malemba a Konsichushoni monga momwe inamvedwa ku kulinganiza. Federalism imapatsa malire amene mawu amaikidwa. Zonsezi, zimatulutsa ulamuliro wa boma, kumbali zake, ndi kuumirira kuti kulekana ndi kapangidwe kake kuyenera kulungamitsidwa ndi ulamuliro wa malamulo a boma. Nkhani zochokera ku Lipez ku [FLT:] kuti [FLT] Bru [FLD] [2] [za] [zi] ndi mfundo zachigalamu zachi. Zidzagwirizana ndi lamulo lachigamu lachianiro lachianiro lamakono.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani Demendment ya khumi pa Congress.gov[FLT :1]; Cornell Information Institute on Expositoryism ; ndi malingaliro osonyeza zinthu zina mu Lopez ndi printz .