Lingaliro la Kulamulira: Kugawana Mphamvu m’Boma

Federalism imaimira limodzi la madongosolo otchuka kwambiri ndi okhalitsa a kulamulira m'dziko lamakono. Pamaziko ake, unistism ndi makonzedwe alamulo amene amagaŵa mphamvu zandale pakati pa boma lapakati, ladziko ndi maboma ambiri a chigawo. Mmalo mwa kuika ulamuliro wonse m'bungwe limodzi, laumodzi, lokhazikitsa, limapanga mgwirizano umene chigawo chilichonse cha boma chimakhala ndi maulamuliro ake, mathayo ake, ndi ufulu. Mphamvu imeneyi yogwirizanitsa mphamvu ya dziko limodzi ndi kusungidwa kwa mitundu yonse, kupangitsa kuti likhale loyenerana bwino, likhale loyenererana ndi maiko ena ake. Likulu ladziko ladziko la United States, silili chabe lalamulo lalamulo la boma la boma, limasonyeza kudzipereka kwa liwo lokha, ufulu, ndi kuletsa ulamuliro wauchiŵembu, ndi kugaŵira ulamuliro wauchiŵembu kuzungulira madongosolo ladziko lonse la dziko lonse lapansi, kudalira pa kulinganiza kwake kwa kuyenera kukwaniritsa mikhalidwe yake yapadera ya dziko lonse lapansi. Kuzindikira kwake kwa ufulu wa dziko lonse, kufalikira kwa dziko lonse, kuwonjezera kwa mayiko ambiri, kuwonjezera kwa dziko lonse, kuwonjezera, kuwonjezera, kudalira kwa ufulu,

Kumvetsetsa Mafuko

Federalism si kakonzedwe kandale chabe; ndi njira yolinganiza chitaganya imene imavomereza ponse paŵiri umodzi ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa mtundu. M'dongosolo la boma, uchifumu umagawidwa mwalamulo pakati pa ulamuliro wapakati ndi magulu a ndale zadziko . Kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa maboma, zigawo, nzika, kapena Länder. Magaŵano ameneŵa amaloŵetsedwa m'malamulo olembedwa omwe sangasinthidwe ndi mlingo uliwonse wa boma. Malamulo a boma ali m’mphamvu yawo yosamalira zikondwerero, miyambo, ndi mikhalidwe ya zachuma m’dziko limodzi, pamenenso amasunga malamulo a m'zigawo apamwamba a dzikolo. Posiyana ndi malamulo a boma, pamene boma lalikulu lingapange kapena magulu a boma a boma, amakhazikitsa maboma a m'chigawo chonse, kutetezera kwake kwachikhalire, kutetezera kwake kopanda lamulo la madera adziko.

Mbali Zazikulu za Kulimbana

Kumvetsa zinthu zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri poganizira mmene mphamvu zimakhalira ndi anthu ena.

  • Directus of Leaguets :[FT:1] Federalism imagaŵanitsa mwachindunji mphamvu pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi maboma. Magawo ameneŵa amandandalitsidwa mofala m'malamulo olembedwa, amene amatumikira monga lamulo lalikulu. Boma lalikulu limasamalira nkhani za dzikolo monga ngati chitetezo, nkhani zachilendo, ndi malonda a maiko ena . Pamenepa maboma a m'madera osiyanasiyana amalamulira malo onga maphunziro, malamulo a dziko, ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa magawo.
  • Ufulu: [[FLT :1] Mlingo uliwonse wa boma umagwira ntchito modzifunira mkati mwa chigawo chake cha malamulo. Maboma kapena zigawo zingakhazikitse malamulo awo, misonkho, ndi kupereka mautumiki popanda kudodometsedwa ndi boma, malinga ngati iwo akhalabe m'malamulo. Ufulu umenewu ndiwo maziko a ufulu wa boma.
  • Intergovernmental Relations: Mosasamala kanthu za kudzilamulira kwawo, milingo yosiyanasiyana ya boma mobwerezabwereza. Madongosolo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo njira zamwambo ndi zamwaŵi za kugwirizana, kukambitsirana, ndi kukhazikitsa nkhondo. Maunansi a boma ameneŵa angasiyane kuchokera ku kugwirizana kwa ntchito zapadera zogwirizana kukhazikitsa nkhondo za m'mabwalo amilandu pa malire a dziko.
  • Constigational Supremacy : Malamulo aakulu amene amasunga milingo yonse ya boma n’ngofunika. Siingasinthidwe ndi unyinji wa malamulo wamba; kusintha kwakukulu kumafuna kutchuka kapena chivomerezo kuchokera ku chiŵerengero chachikulu cha maboma a chigawo.
  • Kuchinjiriza kwa Ufulu Waung'ono: Federalism ingatetezere magulu ang'ono mwa kuwalola iwo kusonyeza kuyesayesa kwawo kwakukulu m'madera awo. Izi nzofunika kwambiri makamaka m'maiko okhala ndi zinenero, mafuko, kapena chikhalidwe, monga ngati Canada (Quebec) kapena India (maiko ozikidwa pa zinenero).
  • Bicameral Legislature: [[FLT ] maiko ambiri a boma ali ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya dziko kumene chipinda chimodzi chimaimira anthu (m’chitsanzo, Nyumba ya Oimira) ndi chinzake chimaimira maboma mofanana (m’njira, Khoti la U.S.). chipinda chachiŵirichi chimapatsa maboma mawu apadera m’malamulo a dziko lonse.

Mabungwe Olimbana ndi Unitary ndi Confederal System

Kuimvetsa bwino kwambiri boma, imathandiza kuyerekezera ndi mitundu iŵiri ya boma. M'dongosolo la boma , uchifumu wonse walamulo umakhala m'boma lapakati. Mabungwe (magawo, zigawo, zigawo, magawo) amakhala ndi chimwemwe cha boma ndipo angalengedwe, kapena kuchotsedwa ndi lamulo. Mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo France, Japan, ndi United Kingdom, amagwira ntchito pansi pa madongosolo a dziko. Posiyana, [[FLT:] [FLD:] [FOLT]] ndi mphamvu yodzitetezera imene imapanga maboma odziimira okha, amene ulamuliro wapakatiwu uli wofooka ndi mphamvu kuchokera ku anthu ake, ndipo sagwirizana ndi mphamvu zake ku United States. Chigawo chachiŵirichi. Chikhoterero chachikulu chimapangitsa mphamvu ya boma lamphamvu kwambiri.

Mbiri Yakale ya Federalism

Ngakhale kuti lingaliro la kugaŵa mphamvu pakati pa milingo yosiyanasiyana ya boma lakhala ndi mizu yakalekale . "kulimbana kwa mafuko ndi mapangano a chigawo chamzinda kunalipo m'nthaŵi zakale kwambiri . Chiphunzitso chamakono cha unistism chinayambitsidwa kwambiri kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, makamaka panthaŵi imene kukhazikitsidwa kwa United States. Mabungwe a malamulo a U. Malamulo anali odera nkhaŵa kwambiri ndi vuto la ulamuliro wankhanza. Kulimbana ndi ulamuliro wa boma la Britain, anaopa kusumika mphamvu kwambiri m'gulu limodzi. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, anazindikira kuti mgwirizano wofooka pansi pa Mfundo za Confederation unali wolephera kupereka chitetezo cha dziko, chitetezero, chitukuko, ndi ulamuliro wogwira ntchito bwino. Kuthetsa kwawo kunali kugaŵana ulamuliro pakati pa boma la dziko lonse, ndi boma limodzi ndi mphamvu zake.

Mafuko ku United States

Malamulo a U.S., ovomerezedwa mu 1788, anakhazikitsa dongosolo la maboma aŵiri limene likukhalabe chitsanzo chachikulu cha boma lamakono. Lamulo la malamulo limaika maulamuliro onse a boma m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, kundandandalika maulamuliro enieni [[FLT: 0] [a] opangidwa [[FLT:]] monga kukhazikitsa ndalama, kukhazikitsa nkhondo, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu za mayiko. Mpambo wa Tentith umaika maulamuliro onse osaperekedwa ku maboma a boma kapena kwa anthu. Mabungwewa anapanga mphamvu yoonekera bwino, ngakhale kuti anapikisana, malire. Kuposa zaka mazana aŵiri, kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa boma ndi maboma a dziko lapansi, kwasintha kwambiri, ndi kusokonezedwa ndi zigamu za Supreme, nkhondo, zachuma, ndi zitsanzo za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro wa bungwe la Clauk Klasmos. Mount, nthaŵi zambiri, boma logwirizana ndi kuchirikiza ufulu wa boma la boma logwirizana ndi malamulo aunyinyinyiriridwa ndi boma lamphamvu kwambiri.

  • Mphamvu za manambala: Mphamvu zoperekedwa mwachindunji ku Msonkhano m'Bungwe la Malamulo, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kuyendetsa malonda, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kusungitsa asilikali.
  • Maulamuliro osungidwa : Sapatsidwa boma la boma kapena kuletsedwa ku maboma amasungidwa kunsi kwa Demendment ya Khumi. Maulamuliro ameneŵa kwenikweni amaphatikizapo mphamvu ya apolisi (kuchiritsa, chisungiko, makhalidwe), maphunziro, ndi boma lakwawo.
  • Maulamuliro a Nthaŵi zonse: [[FLT :1] Mphamvu zogawana ndi milingo yonseyi, monga ngati mphamvu ya msonkho, kumanga misewu, ndi kukakamiza malamulo. Pakachitika mikangano, lamulo la boma kaŵirikaŵiri limatsatiridwa pansi pa Supremacy Claus.
  • Maulamuliro ogwirizana ndi prothited: Maulamuliro anakanidwa ku mlingo uliwonse, monga ngati kudutsa malamulo a papositipo cono kapena kupatsa maina aulemu apamwamba.

Mafuko Oposa United States

Pamene kuli kwakuti United States inapanga ulamuliro wamakono, maiko ena ambiri atengera ndi kugwirizanitsa chitsanzo ndi mawu awo. SSWItzland ndi imodzi ya maboma akale a boma, okhala ndi dongosolo la macanton 26 amene ali ndi ufulu wodzisankhira ndi wolunjika. [[FLT:] Canada [[FLT]] [FLT]] [ka] adatenga malamulo a boma mu 18679], kugawa maulamuliro pakati pa nyumba ya malamulo ndi nyumba zoyambo, ndi zigogomezero zazikulu zotetezera Quebec Quebec. [mabungwe a , makampani a , makampani ndi makampani achiŵiri a boma, amagaŵana ndi mapangano amphamvu kwambiri a dziko lonse. [magawonjeze a , ndipo a madera ambiri a .]

Mitundu ya Mafuko

M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, akatswiri apeza zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana zimene zimafotokoza mmene mphamvu imagaŵidwira ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m’nyengo ndi maiko osiyanasiyana. Mitundu iŵiri yodziŵika bwino ndiyo maufumu aŵiri a boma ndi aunistism ogwirizana, koma mitundu yamakono monga ngati chigwirizano chatsopano cha boma ndi chigwirizano cha boma iri yofunika mofananamo.

Kugwirizana kwa Magulu Amodzi

Dual university, kaŵirikaŵiri imaonedwa monga "yaler keke," imaika kulekana kowonekera ndi kosasinthika pakati pa maulamuliro a boma la dziko ndi maboma. Chiyeso chilichonse chimagwira ntchito m'malo ake, popanda kutsagana. Chitsanzo chimenechi chinali champhamvu mu United States kuyambira kuyambika kwa nyengo ya New Deal . Pansi pa maufumu a boma aŵiri, boma la boma linali ndi malire ake oikidwa, ndipo maboma anali kuchita malamulo ambiri apanyumba. Khoti Lapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri linakantha malamulo a boma amene analoŵerera pa ulamuliro wa boma. Mwachitsanzo, mu United States ndi E. C. Coct. Cocted . [FLD: 9]], khoti la boma lokhala ndi mphamvu yochepetsetsa mphamvu zake posiyanitsa malonda. Pamene kuli kopereka kumveka kwa boma ndi kutsutsa kwa gulu la boma la boma lakwanitsa kuyendetsa zinthu.

Kugwirizana

Counifism, yofanizidwa ndi "keke yogwirizana," imasokoneza mizera ya ulamuliro pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo chimenechi, milingo yonse iŵiri imagwira ntchito pamodzi kusamalira mavuto ovuta, kugawana mathayo, kuthandizirana ndi ntchito zauyang'anira. Maprogramu a New Deate ya ma 1930 anazindikiritsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa mgwirizano wa boma ku United States, monga boma lopereka mphatso ya boma kuti lipereke zothandizira mayiko m’madera monga kusoŵa ntchito, maziko, ndi ubwino wa anthu. Chikhoterero chimenechi ndi Lyn Jason's Society Great Society mu 1960, chomwe chimaphatikizapo kuthandizira maphunziro a zaumoyo, ntchito zaumoyo (Medica), ndi chitukuko kaŵirikaŵiri chimaphatikizapo kupatsa boma, kupereka boma linzalo ladziko. Pamene kuli kwakuti mkhalidwe umenewu ukhoza kuwongolera maprogramungwe a za ufulu ndi kuwongolera malamulo a dziko.

Chipani Chatsopano

Kuyambira m'ma 1970 ndi kuwonjezereka kwa Pulezidenti Nixon ndi Reagan, chigwirizano chatsopano (kapena "evolution") chinafuna kubwezera mphamvu ndi thayo ku maiko. Cholinga chinali kuchepetsa ukulu wa boma ndi kuwonjezera kusinthika kwa boma. Malamulo apadera anaphatikizapo ziphaso, zimene zinapereka kugamula kwakukulu pa ndalama za boma m'madera monga ngati kutukuka kwa anthu, mmalo mwa kulamuliridwa kwambiri. Chipani cha Katolika chinaonanso Khoti Lapamwamba mu 1990 (Pansi pa Chilungamo Chapamwamba Rehnst) ndi kubwezeretsanso malire a mphamvu ya boma pansi pa Commust Claus Christmaska ndi Deme Reaced Reactived Reastion, pamene chikhoza kubwezeretsa kuyendetsa malonda konga [FLD: 0] ndi kuwonjezera kuyendetsa ntchito yothandiza anthu ambiri.

Chipani cha Fiscal

Fiscalism imafufuza maunansi a zachuma pakati pa milingo yosiyanasiyana ya boma. M'dongosolo lililonse la boma, kugawiridwa kwa maulamuliro akukhoma msonkho ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama nkofunika. Boma lalikulu limasonkhanitsa ndalama zambiri (misonkho yolandira, misonkho ya kampani) pamene maboma ali ndi ntchito yaikulu yowonongera ndalama (maphunziro, thanzi, zigwirizano). Kusalinganiza kumeneku kumafunidwa pakati pa boma ndi kusamutsira zinthu za boma, kugawana ndalama, ndi kukongoletsa ndalama. Maboma onse angachititse mautumiki ofunika kwambiri. Kuchepa kwa maboma achuma ndi osauka kukhozanso kufala. Nthaŵi zambiri, monga momwe maboma angaipirire mikhalidwe ya boma yokhudzana ndi kuyendetsa zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, ku India, Komiti ya za za za zachuma imalimbikitsa mmene ndalama zingapatsidwire ndi kufalitsa mgwirizano pakati pa mgwirizano wandale, ndi kuchuluka kwa mayiko. [F.]

Mapindu a Kulimbana ndi Maboma

Mapindu ameneŵa ndi othandiza ndiponso a nzeru za anthu, zimene zimachititsa kuti ufumu wa demokalase ukhale wolimba, kuti anthu ayambe kuchita zinthu zatsopano, ndiponso kuti ufulu wa munthu utetezedwe.

  • Kuvomereza Kutengamo Mbali Kwandale: [[FLT: 1] mwa kupanga miyalo yambiri ya boma, boma limapatsa nzika mipata yambiri ya kudziloŵetsa m'dongosolo la ndale zadziko. Masankho a kumalo ndi boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi zopinga zochepera zoloŵa, kulola ziŵalo za mudzi kuthamangira ku ntchito kapena kusonkhezera malamulo pa nkhani zimene zimakhudza miyoyo yawo ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Kugwirizana kumeneku kungawonjezere kugamula ndi kuvomerezana kwa maboma.
  • Fosters Information: [[FLT :1] Maboma ndi zigawo zingatumikire monga "mabungwe a demokrase," kuyesa ndi malamulo atsopano popanda kuika pangozi mtundu wonse. Kuyesa kwachipambano monga kusintha kwa zaumoyo ku Wisconsin, kusintha kwa zaumoyo ku Massachusetts, kapena njira za malo okhala zatengedwa pambuyo pake pa mlingo wa dzikolo. Kuyesa koyenera kumeneku ndi kuyendetsa molakwika kumalola kusintha mikhalidwe yakwawo ndi kuchepetsa mtengo wa kulephera.
  • Promotes Local Governance : Maboma achigawo kaŵirikaŵiri amapatsidwa malo abwinopo kumvetsetsa ndi kulabadira zosoŵa zachindunji za nzika zawo. Njira imodzi yothandiza kuchokera ku likulu lakutali inganyalanyaze mfundo za chikhalidwe, zachuma, kapena za dziko. Federal imapatsa atsogoleri a kumaloko mphamvu yopanga njira, kuyambira pa maphunziro mpaka kulinganiza kayendedwe, kuyendera zinthu zimene anthu amakonda.
  • Kupatula maulamuliro kwa Power: Mwa kuchotsa ulamuliro pakati pa malo ambiri opikisana, unistism ndi chitetezero champhamvu pa ulamuliro wankhanza. Palibe munthu mmodzi amene angalamulire mbali zonse za ulamuliro. Kulekanitsa kumeneku kwa maulamuliro kumachirikizidwa ndi chenicheni chakuti boma ndi akuluakulu a boma amasankhidwa mopatukana ndi kukhala ndi ma consituence. Dongosolo limakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kaamba ka mfundo yaikulu ya kukhazikitsa chifuniro chake pa anthu ochepa, monga momwe mphamvu imagaŵidwira.
  • Accommodays Mistyre: M'mafuko osiyanasiyana, m'zinenero zosiyanasiyana, kapena m'zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana, unistism ingakhale mphamvu yogwirizanitsa. Imalola magulu osiyanasiyana kusungitsa malamulo awo, zinenero, ndi miyambo m’madera awo, pamene adakali a dziko lalikulu. Mwachitsanzo, boma la India, limazindikira kusiyana kwa zinenero za maboma ake, ndi la Canada limakhala ndi dongosolo la malamulo a anthu a ku Quebec ndi chinenero cha ku French.
  • Akupanga Redundancy ndi Resilience: Dongosolo la boma lapanga projekiti yosintha zinthu. Ngati mlingo umodzi wa boma ulephera kulabadira mogwira mtima, monga mwachitsanzo, pa nthaŵi ya tsoka lachilengedwe, mlingo wina ungaloŵere. Kulamulira kumeneku kungawonjezere kulimba kwa mavuto, monga momwe kuwonekera pamene maboma ndi a kumaloko atenga mtsogoleri m’kuyankha kosakaza kotsatira zoyesayesa za boma.

Mavuto a Mafuko

Ngakhale kuti pali zinthu zambiri zimene zingathandize kwambiri, boma la boma lili ndi mavuto ena ake.

  • Kutsutsana pakati pa Mafuko a Boma: kusagwirizana pa malire a malamulo nkosapeŵeka m'dongosolo la boma. Maboma angatokosa malamulo a boma m'khoti, ndipo boma lapakati lingaike mlandu wa kusagwirizana. Kumenyana kumeneku kungatsogolere ku lamulo, malamulo ochedwetsa, ndi kusokonezeka kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, boma ndi maboma adziko atsutsana ndi malamulo a boma a boma, kuletsa kusamuka kwa chamba, ndi malamulo a za malo.
  • Osasintha ndi osalingana: Chifukwa chakuti boma lililonse lingakhazikitse malamulo ake, malamulo angasinthe kwambiri. Izi zingakhale zothandiza kusinthika koma vuto la kuchuluka. Maboma a Wisterier angapereke sukulu zabwino, zosamalira zaumoyo, ndi zigwirizano, pamene maboma osauka akulimbana. Nzika m'maiko osiyanasiyana zingakhale ndi ufulu wosiyana kwambiri ndi chitetezo, mwachitsanzo, kukhoza kuchotsa mimba, njira zokokera, kapena milipiro yochepa. Ntchito imeneyi ingachititse kusokonezeka maganizo a mabizinesi ndi anthu amene amayendetsa ntchito m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.
  • Nkhokwe ya Masinthidwe: [[FLT: 1] Si madera onse amene ali ndi chuma chofanana. Federalism ingawonjezere kusiyana kumeneku ngati maboma olemera akhoza kupereka mautumiki abwino ndi kukopa ndalama zambiri, pamene maboma osauka amalephera kwambiri. Popanda njira zoyendera, mpatawu ungakule. Imeneyi ndi nkhani yosatha m'mayiko monga India ndi Brazil, kumene maboma ena amatukuka kwambiri kuposa ena.
  • Kusintha ndi Kusoŵeka kwa Kuŵerengera: Malo otsatizana a boma m'dongosolo la boma angapangitse nzika kukhala zovuta kumvetsetsa amene ali ndi liŵongo. Pamene mavuto abuka "monga ngati dongosolo lasukulu lolephera, madzi oipitsidwa, kapena kulephera kusungitsa misewu, mavoter sadziŵa mlingo wa boma limene liyenera kuŵerengedwa. Kucholoŵana kumeneku kungachepetse kuonekera ndi kulola akuluakulu kuchititsa kusuliza mlandu, kuchepetsa mlandu wa democrase.
  • Nkhani za Friglock : [[FTL:1] Madongosolo a Federal kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna kugwirizana pakati pa maboma ambiri a ochita kanema [1] muumboni wa boma, makhoti, ndi makhoti okhazikitsa malamulo. Zimenezi zingachepetse kupanga zigamulo, makamaka m'nthaŵi za mavuto. Kufunikira kwa kugwirizana kapena kutchuka kungasokoneze kusintha kofulumira. Mwachitsanzo, U.S. dongosolo la boma likuyesayesa kupanga yankho logwirizana la mliri mu CHOVID-19 chifukwa cha mikangano pakati pa maulamuliro a boma ndi boma.
  • Maboma a chigawo angaike patsogolo zinthu zochepera pa ubwino wa dziko. Maboma angapikisane ndi malonda mwa kuchepetsa malamulo kapena misonkho, kutsogolera ku "kuloŵa pansi" m'madera monga ngati kuteteza malo okhala kapena miyezo ya ntchito. Iwo angatsutsenso njira za dziko zimene (mpaka zili zotheka) zimafuna kuchepetsa boma lawo, kutsogolera ku ufulu kapena kutsekereza.

Kugwirizana m’Zaka za Zana la 21: Zotengera ndi Zosinthasintha

Contemporary federalism is evolving in response to globalization, technological change, and shifting political dynamics. Several trends are reshaping how federal systems operate. First, intergovernmental relations have become more institutionalized, with regular meetings between state and federal leaders, as well as formal councils like the Council of Australian Governments or the German Bundesrat. Second, the rise of asymmetric federalism recognizes that not all constituent units need have the same powers. Special status is granted to some regions (e.g., Quebec in Canada, Jammu and Kashmir in India before its reorganization) to accommodate unique historical or cultural circumstances. Third, fiscal pressures from aging populations,Kusamalira zaumoyo, ndipo kusintha kwa nyengo kukukakamiza madongosolo a boma kupendanso kugaŵiridwa kwa chuma ndi mathayo. Chachinayi, chipani cha boma chakhala chotchuka kwambiri monga makhoti owonjezereka kutsutsana kwa mphamvu ya maulamuliro, makamaka m'madera onga ngati lamulo la kusamuka ndi malo okhala. Potsirizira pake, European Union imapatsa dongosolo la boma longa la boma limene limatsekereza muyezo pakati pa gulu lapadziko lonse ndi boma la dziko lonse, kudzutsa mafunso onena za ulamuliro ndi demokrase.

Kumaliza

Federalism idakali lamulo lofunika ndi lamphamvu la kulamulira m'zaka za zana la 21. Luntha lake lakulola kukhala ndi moyo wofanana: kukhoza kutengera ku zochitika zosiyanasiyana za m'mbiri, chikhalidwe, ndi zandale pamene akusunga chigwirizano chachikulu cha kugawana mphamvu. Mwakugawa ulamuliro pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi zigawo, boma limatetezera kuyang'anira, kulimbikitsa kutengamo mbali, ndi kulola anthu osiyanasiyana kukhala ndi dongosolo la malamulo alamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti kumakhala ndi mavuto enieni [“kulolerana, kusalingana, ndi kuvutana kofala, ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndipo kuchuluka kwa anthu, sikuli kusagwirizana kopitirizabe kumene kumafuna kuyang'anizana ndi maulamuliro apadera. Ophunzira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kopindulitsa, sikumapatsanso mpata kwaumoyo kwaunyinjika kwaunyinji waunyinji wandale zadziko: Kugwirizana ndi kugwirizana ndi kugwirizana kwa mgwirizano kwa mgwirizano wa m'dziko lonse lapansi: U. [F1]