Unansi pakati pa boma la boma ndi boma umapanga maziko a ulamuliro wa Amereka. Maboma amphamvu ameneŵa, okhazikitsidwa ndi Malamulo a United States, amapatsa mphamvu pakati pa maulamuliro a dziko ndi boma, kukhazikitsa dongosolo la ulamuliro wogaŵikana lomwe lakhala losintha kwambiri pazaka zoposa mazana aŵiri. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kumvetsetsa mmene zisonkhezero za boma za boma . . . . . . . Nkhaniyi imafufuza maziko a mbiri yakale, malamulo a , ndi mikangano yamakono imene imamasulira maunansi a boma, kupereka kufupikitsa komvekera bwino kaamba ka makambitsirano a sukulu ndi phunziro laumwini.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Mafuko

Malamulo, amene anavomerezedwa mu 1788, anapanga dongosolo la boma logwirizana ndi amene anafuna boma lalikulu ndi amene anaopa mphamvu. Olemba malamulowo anatengera kulephera kwa nkhani za Servetution of Confederation, zimene zinasiya boma lopanda mano. Mwa kugawa maulamuliro, iwo analinganiza kuti asunge ufulu wa boma ndi kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wa dzikolo. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti boma la boma likhale ndi mphamvu zoimira, ndipo maboma ali ndi mphamvu zosungidwa .

Kutsutsana Kokulira pa Msonkhano wa Malamulo

Zithunzi ziŵiri zopikisana zinatuluka pa Msonkhano wa 1787. AFEDALIS , otsogozedwa ndi Alexander Hamilton ndi James Madison, anatsutsana kaamba ka boma lamphamvu lokhoza kulipira, kuyang'anira malonda, ndi kukweza magulu ankhondo. Antianterist [Féderalist [1], kuphatikizapo Patrick Henry, anaopa kuti mphamvu zoterozo zingameza ulamuliro ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Kulolera molakwa kunatulutsa boma lamphamvu zokhala ndi Bill of Rights limodzi ndi mphamvu zoikidwiratu zosakhala za boma kapena anthu. Kupsinjika kumeneku kudakalipobe m’maumoyo lerolino m’matsutsano a boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

Kusinthika kwa Mafuko

Federalism siisintha. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, kumasulira kwa Khoti Lapamwamba kwa Malamulo kwasintha kulinganizika. Lipabuliki yoyambirira inawona [[FLT:] chipani cha boma, chokhala ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana a boma ndi dziko. Pambuyo pake, maprogramu a New Deal ndi Great Society a New Society abweretsa [[FLT:] university [[FLT:] [3], kumene miyezo iŵiri imagwira ntchito pamodzi pa mavuto amodzi, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi ndalama za boma zogwirizana ndi chivomezo. Posachedwapa, Bwalo labwezeretsanso malire ena pa zochitika zaunyinjiko monga [FLT:] United States. . . .[FLT]

Mphamvu za Boma la Federal

Malamulo amapatsa boma la boma mphamvu zonse ziŵiri zokhala ndi mphamvu [1] [1] [1] . Zija zondandalikidwa mwachindunji m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8 , ndi [] mphamvu zogwiritsidwa ntchito, zochokera ku maulamuliro Ofunikira ndi Oyenerera Claus. Maulamuliro ameneŵa amapereka ulamuliro wa boma pa nkhani zimene zimakhudza dziko lonse, kuyambira kutetezera dziko ndi ndalama.

Mphamvu Zokhalako

Mfundo I, Chigawo 8 chindandalika mphamvu zodziŵika 18, kuphatikizapo:

  • Commerce Claus: Kulamulira m'mayiko ndi malonda a mitundu yonse. Mawu ameneŵa akhala maziko a lamulo la boma lonse la ufulu wa anthu, chitetezo cha malo okhala, ndi chisamaliro cha zaumoyo.
  • Affairs: Akuchita mapangano, kupanga mapangano (ndi chivomerezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo), ndi kutetezera dziko.
  • System ya Postal : Kukhazikitsa maofesi a positi ofesi ndi misewu ya positi.
  • Umboni: Kukweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, kusungitsa sitima zankhondo, ndi kuitana asilikali.
  • [[ML:0] Ulemu: [ Kusintha ndalama ndi kuwongolera phindu lake.

Maulamulirowa amatheketsa boma la boma kuchita mofanana pa nkhani zimene zimafuna mgwirizano wa dziko. Mwachitsanzo, Commerce Claus adagwiritsiridwa ntchito kulungamitsa Chilamulo cha Chisamaliro cha munthu aliyense, ngakhale kuti Khoti Lalikulu linachichirikiza pansi pa mphamvu ya msonkho mmalo mwa malonda. (Onani NFIB v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. 519 (202).

Mphamvu Zogwiritsiridwa Ntchito ndi Zofunika ndi Zoyenera za Claus

Chigawo chomaliza cha Mfundo I, Chigawo 8 chimapatsa mphamvu “kupanga Malamulo onse amene adzakhala ofunika ndi oyenerera kuchititsa Maulamuliro otchulidwawo.” Mawu ameneŵa akhala magwero a mkangano waukulu kuyambira Mkloch v. Maryland [1819] [a], kumene Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall analemba kuti “mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho imaphatikiza mphamvu ya kuwononga. Khoti linkakhulupirira kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ingathe kukhazikitsa banki ya dziko ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma sanaivomereze, chifukwa chakuti bankiyo inali “yoyenera ndi yoyenera ndi yoyenerera ya zachuma. Kumasulira kumeneku kunalola boma kusinthira ku mavuto atsopano, kuchoka kumanga ku ikulu ya pa Intaneti.

Mphamvu ndi Kulamulira kwa Maboma

Pansi pa Tenth Amendment, “Maulamuliro amene sanapatsidwe ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena kuletsedwa ndi United States, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu. Maulamuliro osungidwa amapanga mtima wa ulamuliro wa boma. Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa nkhani zawo, nchifukwa chake timaona kusiyana kwakukulu m'malamulo pa maphunziro, thanzi, ndi malamulo m’dziko lonse.

Udindo wa Boma

Mayiko akulamulira kwambiri:

  • Kuphunzitsa: Miyezo ya Curricuum, ndalama za sukulu, ndi zikalata zauphunzitsi. Palibe maboma aŵiri amene ali ndi njira yophunzitsa yofanana.
  • [[FLT :0] Kumanga ndi kukonza misewu ya boma, milatho, ndi thumwi. Boma la boma limapereka ndalama kudzera ku Dipatimenti ya Zoyendera koma kaŵirikaŵiri limagwirizanitsa mikhalidwe.
  • Uloza: Programu yoyang'anira Medicaid mogwirizana ndi boma la boma, kuyang'anira misika ya inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, ndi kuyang'anira ngozi zaumoyo wa anthu.
  • Uloya: apolisi a boma, malamulo a upandu, ndi makhoti amasamalira upandu wochuluka (kusiyapo mizera ya boma kapena boma lina).
  • Mapulogalamu: [[FL:1] Zoning, kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka, ndi ntchito za anthu onse.

Mayiko alinso ndi mphamvu za apolisi zotetezera thanzi la anthu, chitetezo, ndi makhalidwe abwino.

Malire a Ulamuliro wa Boma

Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo ali ndi ufulu waukulu, Malamulo amaika malire. Mfundo I, Chigawo 10 chimaletsa kuloŵa m'mapangano, kupanga ndalama, kapena kutumiza dziko lachilendo kapena ntchito zochokera ku dziko popanda chilolezo cha boma. Sirnacy Clause [ [] [I], imalengeza kuti lamulo la boma ndi “Chilamulo chapamwamba cha Dziko,” malamulo a boma amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo a boma kapena malamulo alamulo. Lamulo limeneli, lodziŵika monga [[FLT:] [FLT], ndilowera nkhondo yofala m'malembapo, makamaka m'madera ngati (sewera [FLD: 4.5]

Kugwirizana kwa Mayiko: Kugwirizana ndi Kukangana

Malamulo a m’bungweli ali ndi mfundo zingapo zokonzedwa kuti zigwirizane m’mayiko osiyanasiyana ndiponso kuti pakhale dziko logwirizana.

Chikhulupiriro Chokwanira ndi Kupatsidwa Mlandu

Mfundo IV, Chigawo 1 chimafuna kuti boma lililonse lizindikire machitidwe a anthu onse, zolemba, ndi milandu ya boma lina lililonse. Izi zikutanthauza laisensi ya ukwati yoperekedwa ku Vermont iyenera kulemekezedwa ku Texas, ndipo chigamulo cha khoti la California nchoyenera kusungidwa ku Florida. Komabe, kusiyapo, maboma safunikira kuzindikira maukwati amene amaswa malamulo a boma amphamvu (Kuchokera ku Khoti Lapamwambalo [FLT: 0]] kuswa lamulo la [FLT:]bergefell v. Hodges [1] (20.20.) Chigamulo cha ukwati chachimo chachikuphatikizapo cha dziko). Chikalatacho sichikutsimikizira kupitirizabe kwa lamulo la lamulo kupyola kwa boma, kuletsa phokosokoso la opikisana a maulamuliro a machitidwe a maulamuliro.

Mwayi Wosankha Wochita Zinthu ndi Claus

Mfundo IV, Chigawo 2 chimaletsa boma kusasankha nzika za maiko ena ponena za zoyenera zazikulu . Zonga ngati kufunafuna chuma, kukhala ndi katundu, kapena kulowa m'makhoti. Mwachitsanzo, boma silingapereke ndalama zowonjezera za malaisensi a kusodza ngati cholingacho chili chotetezera. Komabe, maboma angasiyanitse nzika ndi anthu osaloŵa m'dziko pamene lichita chidwi kwambiri, monga kulamula ophunzira apamwamba a boma pa mayunivesite a boma. Msonkhoti imatsimikizira za chuma ndi kuyenda kwalamulo pakati pa Union.

Mabungwe Ophatikizapo Zipangizo za Interstate

The Extrandition Classias (Article IV, Gawo 2) imafuna kuti anthu othaŵa abwererenso kumbali za boma kuti ayang'ane ku chilungamo. Maboma amaloŵanso m'mapepala a boma [1] [1] Mapangano ovomerezedwa ndi Congress .to akusonyeza mmene mapanganowo angagwirizanirane mavuto monga ufulu wa madzi (m'mphindi, Coloradodora River Commone) kapena zoyendera (Port Authority of New York ndi New Jersey). Mabungwe ameneŵa ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo la boma ndipo amasonyeza mmene angagwirizanirane modzi.

Kusintha kwa Boma

Ngakhale kuti maboma ali ndi ufulu waukulu wodzilamulira, boma limagwiritsira ntchito zida zamphamvu kuti lisinthe khalidwe la boma.

Fiscal Federalism ndi Grants-in-Aid

Dongosolo lamakono limadalira kwambiri pa ndalama za kampani kuthandizira maprogramu a boma. Izi zimabwera m'mitundu iŵiri:

  • Mapilo a boma: Ndalama za zifuno zakutizakuti (m’ lekuatiso, kumanga misewu yaikulu, Medicaid) okhala ndi mikhalidwe yokhwima ndi uyang'aniro. Maboma ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma kulandira ndalama.
  • Malo otchinga: Malipoti a madera ambiri monga kupita patsogolo kwa chitaganya, kupatsa kusinthika kowonjezereka. Osuliza amatsutsa kuti zopereka zingachepetse kuŵerengera kwa boma.

Mu 2023, boma la boma ndi dziko linapereka ndalama zoposa $1 biliyoni, malinga ndi Office ya Bacteria , malinga ndi . Ndalama zimenezi zimalola boma kusonkhezera maboma kukwaniritsa zolinga za dzikolo mwachitsanzo, kukweza zaka za kumwa mwalamulo kufika 21 posinthanitsa ndalama zapamsewu. Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza ndalama zodalira pa malamulo ngati malamulo, malinga ngati mikhalidweyo yafotokozedwa bwino ndi kugwirizanitsa chifuno cha programuyo.

Malamulo a Maboma ndi Miyezo ya Dziko

Congress angakhazikitse malamulo amene amaika miyezo yaing'ono ya maboma. Act ya Mpweya woyera , , [[FLT]] Banja ndi Malamulo a Zamankhwala], ndi Child Behind Act [Kusafunikira] zonse zoikizidwa pa maiko, nthaŵi zina popanda ndalama, nthaŵi zina. Pamene malamulo a “alephera," amanena kanthu kena, kutsutsana, iwo akukakamiza kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zimene sanasankhe kuwonjezera. [FLT:] Mapangano a Chikalata cha Reformation [FLT:] [FLT]

Chiweruzo Choipa

Makhoti a Federal . Makamaka Khoti Lapamwamba limamasulira malamulo a boma ndi a boma mwanjira zimene zimayambukira mwachindunji lamulo la boma. Landmark monga Brown v. Bown ya Maphunziro [ (1954]) (masukulu a boma opatulidwa, ndi Roe v. [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [7773]]) amakhazikitsa malamulo a dziko lonse oletsa kuchotsa mimba (kuyambira pamene [FLT: 4.] Dobss v. Jack’s Organization of Health Organization [Ft:] [202] [2], kubwerera nkhaniyomba kulongosola kwa lamulo, lamulo logwirizana ndi malamulo a boma.

Nkhani za M’nthaŵi Yathuyi mu Federal Relations

Nkhondo zaposachedwapa za ndale zadziko ndi zamalamulo zikugogomezera kusamvana kopitirizabe pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma. Nkhani zimenezi ndi nkhani zambiri zokambitsirana m’kalasi, popeza kuti zimaphatikizapo mafunso a maziko a lamulo ndi zotulukapo zenizeni za dziko.

Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Kuchitapo Kanthu Kosavuta

Act ya Fact Care [FFfordal Care ) ya 2010 yofutukukira zaumoyo mwa ndalama zothandizira boma, kusintha kwa inshuwalansi, ndi kufutukuka kodzifunira kwa Medicaid . Maboma ena anatsutsa kufutukuka kwa Medicaid, kutsutsana kuti kunali kusokonezeka kwa mankhwala. Mu [FLT:] NFIB v. Sebelius , Khoti linalamula kuti silingakakamizidwe kufutukula, koma boma la boma lingaletse kukhala ndi ndalama ngati linakana. Monga 2024, maboma 40 awonjezerabe, osapanga mpata wa anthu achikulirewo.

Kulimbana kowonjezereka kumabuka pa mankhwala oletsa matenda, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi matenda ena. Mliri wa CoVID-19 unasonyeza kufunika kwa mgwirizano wa boma ndi kusemphana maganizo pamene maboma akhazikitsa malamulo osiyana oletsa ntchito ndi mabizinesi.

Kusamukira ku Dziko Lina ndi Kukakamizidwa kwa Boma

Malamulo a boma amachotsapo zoyesayesa zambiri za boma zolamulira kusamuka, koma maboma apeza njira zochitiramo mbali. SB S 1070 (2010) adafuna apolisi kuyang'anira malo oloŵa m'dziko panthaŵi yoletsedwa, kutsogolera ku khoti Lapamwamba (] Arizona v. United States ) imene inawononga zinthu zambiri koma inachirikiza “mapepala ovomerezeka. Mayiko ena, monga Texas, ayambitsa ntchito zachitetezo za kumalire, pamene ena, mofanana ndi California, adzilengeza okha kuti “maboma a boma, mogwirizana ndi maulamuliro a boma oloŵa m'dziko.

Malamulo a Zachilengedwe ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Mabungwe a Federal onga Environal Protection Agency (EPA) [FLT] amakhazikitsa mpweya ndi madzi abwino a dziko, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amalamulira kugwiritsa ntchito [1] ndi kukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo okhwima. California ali ndi ulamuliro wapadera pansi pa malamulo a boma la Ceally Air Act kukhazikitsa miyezo yake yotulutsa galimoto, imene yatsatira pa mayiko ena khumi ndi limodzi. Boma linayesa kuchotsa mphamvu ya California, koma boma linasintha. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, lasintha malamulo a boma pa zamphamvu ndi malo a dzikolo.

Kuletsa Mfuti ndi Kukonzanso Kwachiŵiri

Pambuyo pa zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba mu Direcuality of Columbia v. Heller . Helter (2008) ndi ] McDonald v. Chicago [1], Second Reformation imagwira ntchito ku maboma ndi malo. Komabe, imalamulirabe zida zankhondo m’njira zosiyanasiyana: zina zimafuna kuyesa kwa chilengedwe chonse, kuletsa zida zoukira, kapena kuika nyengo zoyembekezera, pamene ena apyola “malamulo oletsa kuweruza kwa mfuti. 2022 New York State Rhifle & Picrolson Association. Brum v [FFLD] inagalamula moyenerera, kupangitsa kulungamitsa mlandu, malamulo otsutsana ndi malamulo a m’mbiri ya kuyendetsa mtopoto.

Kuchotsa Mimba ndi Ufulu Wobalanso

Dobbs v. Jackson chigamulo chinasintha pafupifupi zaka 50 za chitsanzo cha boma, kubwezera lamulo la kuchotsa mimba ku maboma. Chiyambire pamenepo, pafupifupi theka la maboma aletsa kapena kuletsa kwambiri kuchotsa mimba, pamene kuli kwakuti ena apereka malamulo otetezera kulowa. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti nkhondo za mayiko zisamaliridwe, mlandu walamulo kwa opereka chithandizo, ndipo ngakhale kuyesa kutetezera madokotala ku mlandu wa boma. Ntchito ya boma ingakhalebe yolimbana: Nyumba za Ufumu zingapereke lamulo la dziko lonse, koma gawo landale lamakono limapangitsa kuti zikhale malo otetezerako ulamuliro wa demokrase.

Kumaliza

Ntchito ya boma pa nkhani za boma si kulinganiza koikika koma kukambitsirana kogwirizana ndi malembo alamulo, zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba, zitsenderezo za ndale zadziko, ndi zosoŵa za anthu. Kuchokera ku kupezedwa kwa Abambo mpaka nkhondo zamakono za zaumoyo, kusamuka, ndi mkhalidwe wa dziko, kulinganizika pakati pa mphamvu ya dziko ndi ulamuliro wa boma kukukhalabe mbali yolongosola ulamuliro wa Amereka. Kwa ophunzira, kuzindikira ubale umenewu kuli koposa chiŵiya cha maphunziro. Mwa kupenda mmene malamulo amapangira ndi kutsutsa milingo yosiyanasiyana ya boma, ophunzira angapende bwinopo, kutsimikizira bwino zotulukapo, ndi kutenga mbali yogwira nawo mbali motsimikizirika m’dongosolo la demokrase. Pamene dzikolo likupitirizabe kulimbana ndi mavuto ovuta, dziko la dziko la dziko lidzakhalabe ndi lidzakhalabe ndi linzake launzikulu la unzilo, mosaka