Maziko a Ulamuliro Waumodzi m’Maulamuliro a America

Unansi pakati pa maulamuliro a boma ndi a boma uli umodzi wa mbali zolongosola kwambiri za dongosolo la ndale zadziko la United States. Kapangidwe kameneka, kodziŵika monga boma, kamagaŵa ulamuliro pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma a dziko, uliwonse wokhala ndi malo akeake a chisonkhezero. Ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi ofuna kuzindikira mmene malamulo a boma, kusungidwa kwa lamulo, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ufulu watsiku ndi tsiku, kumvetsetsa kuseŵera kumeneku sikuli kokha maphunziro. Kulinganiza pakati pa ulamuliro wapakati ndi maufumu a dziko lonse lapansi, kulikonse kuyambira pa maprogramu a upandu, ndi kuchokera ku ku kulowa kwaumoyo ku chivomerezo cha kuvotera.

Federalism sanadzikhazikike mwangozi. Okonza malamulo a Malamulo, ataona zofooka za Nkhani za Confederation, anapanga dala dongosolo limene likasungitsa ulamuliro wa boma pamene akupatsa boma mphamvu zokwanira zothetsera mavuto. Malamulo aŵiri ameneŵa asintha kwambiri mwa kusintha kwa malamulo a malamulo, zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba, ndi kusintha kwa mikhalidwe yandale. Lerolino, kudutsa kwa maboma ndi maboma kumakhala kolimba, kaŵirikaŵiri kumapikisana ndi malo kumene malire a ulamuliro amayesedwa nthaŵi zonse.

Kuzindikira unistism kumafuna kusuntha kuposa malembo osavuta. Siubale wamphamvu wosonkhezeredwa ndi ndalama, kumasulidwa, ndi kumasulira kwachiweruzo. Kupenda kofutukukaku kumapereka kusanthula kothandiza kwa mmene mphamvu za boma ndi za boma zimagwirizanirana, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo alamulo, malamulo aakulu, ndi kufufuza kwa dziko kumene kumasonyeza kupsinjika ndi kugwirizana kwa maulamuliro a ku America.

Kumvetsetsa Mafuko

Federalism imatchula za kugaŵikana kwa malamulo a boma lapakati la dziko ndi maboma ambiri a chigawo. Mosiyana ndi dongosolo la mgwirizano, kumene ulamuliro wonse uli m'boma lapakati, kapena mgwirizano, kumene maboma asunga mphamvu yotheratu, boma limapanga milingo iŵiri ya boma imene imagwira ntchito panthaŵi imodzi pa dziko limodzi ndi anthu amtundu umodzi. Mlingo uliwonse uli ndi malamulo ake, akuluakulu a boma, ndi mabungwe a zachiweruzo, ndipo uliwonse umatenga ulamuliro wake ku Malamulo osati ku mlingo wina.

Chochititsa chipani cha boma chiri kulinganiza kufunika kwa umodzi wa dziko ndi kusungidwa kwa mitundu ya kumaloko. Oyambitsawo anakhulupirira kuti maboma akakhala ovomereza kwambiri zosoŵa za nzika, kutumikira monga malaboratori a demokrase, ndi kuchita monga chitetezo kwa okhoza kuchenjeredwa ndi boma. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, boma lamphamvu linali lofunikira kulamulira malonda a mayiko, kuchita malamulo akunja, kupereka chitetezo cha dziko, ndi kutetezera ufulu ku tsankho la kumaloko.

Pazaka mazana ambiri, kumasulira kwa boma kwasintha. Lipabuliki yoyambirirayo inaona kuchepa kwa lingaliro la ulamuliro wa dziko, ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FLT: 0] Mcloch v. Maryland (1819)) ikukhazikitsa chiphunzitso cha maulamuliro olingaliridwa koma kusungitsa ulamuliro wa boma. Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni ndi kukonzanso zinthu zogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa boma, makamaka ufulu wa anthu. Mbadwo wa New Decrate inabweretsa kukula kodabwitsa kwa mphamvu ya dziko pansi pa Commercial Claus, ndi maprogramu a Great Society owonjezereka ndi kuyang'anira boma. M'zaka makumi angapo posachedwapa, Rehinstquist ndi Roberts Courtsss zakhala ndi malire a mphamvu za boma, zazikulu kwambiri mu [FLT.NUniced].[195]

Lerolino, boma lidakali lotsutsanabe ndi lingaliro lotsutsa, ndi makambitsirano onena za ukulu woyenera wa ulamuliro wa boma umene ukuchitidwa m’Malamulo, m’makhoti, ndi m’mabwalo a malamulo a boma. Kumvetsetsa malamulo a mkhalidwe ofunika a kugaŵiridwa kwa ulamuliro ndiko sitepe loyamba lotsogolera ku njira yocholoŵana imeneyi.

Kusamuka kwa Malamulo ndi Mphamvu

Lamulo la U.S. limapereka mapulani a kugaŵiridwa kwa maulamuliro pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma. Kugaŵiridwa kumeneku sikuli kokwanira koma kumadalira pa makonzedwe ndi mbali zingapo zazikulu zimene zimazindikiritsa zimene mlingo uliwonse wa boma ungachite ndi zimene sungachite.

Mphamvu Zokhalako

Mfundo I, Chigawo 8 cha Malamulo amandandalika mphamvu zapadera zoperekedwa ku Congress. Maulamuliro ameneŵa otchulidwa akuphatikizapo mphamvu ya misonkho ya levy, kubwereka ndalama, kuyang'anira malonda apakati pa dziko ndi dziko lina, kukhazikitsa malamulo amodzi a kukonza chilengedwe ndi kulephera kwa zinthu, ndalama, kukhazikitsa mamaofesi a post , kuyambitsa nkhondo, kukweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, ndi kugaŵira kwa oyendetsa sitima zankhondo. Maulamuliro ameneŵa ali okha ku boma, matanthauzo mwachisawawa sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, boma silingaloŵe m'pangano ndi dziko lachilendo kapena ndalama zake.

Mphamvu Zotsala

Demendment ya khumi imasungidwa mwachindunji ku maboma amene mabomawo sanagawidwe ku boma la boma kapena kuletsedwa. "boma" limeneli limatheketsa maboma kukhazikitsa kaamba ka thanzi, chisungiko, makhalidwe, ndi ubwino wa nzika zawo. Pansi pa ulamuliro umenewu, boma limakhazikitsa ndi kuyang'anira sukulu za boma, akatswiri a laisensi (oyang'anira, maloya, ometa tsitsi), kukhazikitsa malamulo aupandu, kukhazikitsa masankhoti (olamulidwa ndi boma), kuyang'anira ntchito ya dziko, ndi kuyang'anira maboma a dziko. Nthaŵi zambiri boma la Khumi Demendment limathandizira kutsutsa malamulo a boma.

Mphamvu Zomwe Zilipo

Boma la boma ndi maboma a boma onse aŵiri angagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu zina panthaŵi imodzi. Izi zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kukhazikitsa makhoti, mabanki a malamulo a malamulo alamulo, ndi kusungitsa malamulo. Komabe, pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma atsutsana, Supremacy Claus (Article VI) amatsimikizira kuti lamulo la boma ndilo lalikulu, ndipo makhoti a boma ayenera kulichirikiza. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti m'madera a ulamuliro wa nthaŵi imodzi, kachitidwe ka boma kangachotse lamulo la boma.

Mphamvu Zogwiritsiridwa Ntchito ndi Zofunika ndi Zoyenera za Claus

Chithandizo cha Claus ndi Seader (Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, Classia 18) chimapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo onse omwe ali "ofunika ndi oyenera" pochita maulamuliro ake otchulidwa. Mawuwa amasuliridwa mokulira kupatsa mphamvu zotchulidwa . Mphamvu zosandandalika koma zogwirizana bwino ndi kuphedwa kwa oŵerengedwa. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu zolamulira malonda a mayiko agwiritsidwa ntchito kulungamitsa malamulo a boma pa ntchito ya ana, ufulu wa anthu, kuteteza zachilengedwe, ndiponso ngakhale malamulo a mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mphamvu zotchulidwazo zakhala nkhani yokhudzana ndi kuweruzidwa kwa Khoti Lapamwamba.

Mphamvu Zotengedwa

Milingo yonse iŵiri ya ziletso za boma. Boma la boma, pakati pa zinthu zina, silingapereke msonkho kumaiko ena, kupereka maina aulemu, kapena kuchotsa mahabeas shopus kusiyapo mu chipanduko kapena kuukira. Maboma amaletsedwa kuloŵa m'mapangano, kupanga ndalama, kutumiza mafaindi a wolandira, kuchotsa malamulo a pambuyo pake, kapena malamulo olepheretsa mapangano. Kuwonjezerapo, Kusintha kwa 1443 kumaletsa kukana njira iliyonse yoyenera kapena kutetezera malamulo ofanana, kupatsa makhoti a boma kupendanso malamulo amene amaswa zoyenera.

Malo Oloŵeramo

Kugawana kwa mphamvu kongoyerekezera kumakhala kotsimikizirika m’malo alamulo amene maboma a boma ndi boma amagwirizana. Magawo atatu . . kusungitsa lamulo, maphunziro, ndi chisamaliro cha zaumoyo .

Kukakamiza Lamulo

Kusungitsa malamulo ku United States kuli kwakukulukulu chipani ndi ntchito ya kumaloko. Pafupifupi 85% ya apolisi a boma akugwira ntchito pa mlingo wa boma kapena wa kumaloko, ndipo unyinji wa malamulo aupandu ndiwo malamulo a boma. Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake a chilango, khoti, ndi mabungwe osungitsa. Apolisi apolisi, apolisi a m'dzikolo akufufuza milandu m'maboma, ndi maloya a boma akuweruza kuswa malamulo a boma.

Komabe, boma la boma limachitanso mbali yaikulu kupyolera mwa mabungwe onga Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Inforcement Administration (DEA), ndi Bureau of Alcohol, Toba, Firemorsives ndi Explopasitives (ATF). Malamulo a Federal amakhudza kwambiri milandu imene imadutsa malire a boma, kuphatikizapo katundu wa boma, kapena malamulo a boma, monga kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, cybercrime, uchigaŵenga, kuba kwa mayiko, ndi chinyengo kwa boma la United States. Ozembera mlandu wa boma mu U. Attoney's ayang'nkhani za milandu ya boma pansi pa lamulo la boma.

Kugwirizanitsa malamulo a boma ndi a boma kumayambitsa mgwirizano ndi kusagwirizana. Ntchito yogwirizana imaphatikiza ndalama za kumaloko ndi za boma kuti zithetse kugulitsa mankhwala ndi upandu wolinganiza. Komabe mikangano imabuka pa ulamuliro, chuma, ndi zofunika zoyambirira. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo lolamulira limaletsa chamba pansi pa Substances Act , ndi chigwirizano, ndi malamulo ena a boma amene akhazikitsa malamulo a boma pamene agwirizana ndi maulamuliro a boma kuti oweruza athane ndi malamulo a boma m’malo mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Mofananamo, lamulo la kampani ya kampani ya ku kampani imaphatikizapo ulamuliro wa boma (pansi pa kuyendetsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a Nationaligration) ndi kugwirizana, ndi malamulo ena okhazikitsa malamulo akuti akuluakulu a boma athandize kuthandizira maulamuliro a boma pamene akukhazikitsa malamulo ena a boma pamene akutsatira malamulo a "ancuary" akugwirizana.

Maphunziro

Maphunziro ndi udindo wa boma ndi malo. Kusintha kwa maulamuliro a apolisi kumaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa ndi kuyendetsa masukulu a boma. Boma lililonse lili ndi dipatimenti ya maphunziro, mabungwe a sukulu, ndi njira yopezera ndalama. Maboma amakhazikitsa maphunziro, zikalata zoperekera mameseji, ndi miyezo yomaliza maphunziro. Maboma a m'dziko amayang'anira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku, kulipira antchito, ndi misonkho ya levy kuti asonkhetse sukulu.

Komabe, boma la boma lawonjezera chisonkhezero chake kupyolera mwa zisonkhezero za ndalama ndi zofunika zalamulo. Mbali yaikulu ya boma imabwera kupyolera mwa Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), yomwe inakhazikitsidwa poyambirira mu 1965 ndipo posachedwapa inavomerezedwa monga Secondary Foundations Act (ESA). Kupyolera ku ESEA, boma limapereka Masheyansi a Sukulu kwa Sukulu ya I yotumikira ophunzira otsika, posinthana ndi zofunika zina. Malamulo a ufulu wa anthu amalamulo amalamulo amalamulo amalamulo amalamulo amalamulo oletsa kusankhidwa pa maphunziro ozikidwa pa fuko, kugonana, kupunduka, ndi kubadwa kwa dziko, kulamulidwa ndi Departmenteration of facture of fatial Edultism Act (IA) ikufuna maphunziro abwino kwa ana ndi kulephera kwa ufulu waungwe.

Chisonkhezero cha boma chimafikiranso ku maphunziro apamwamba kupyolera mwa Pell Grants, ngongole za ophunzira, ndi malamulo olamulira kusungika kwa koleji ndi chisungiko cha koleji. Kuphatikizidwa pakati pa zifuno za boma ndi boma ndi ulamuliro / maloko kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsogolera kutsutsana pa nkhani zonga ngati kuyesa koikidwiratu, miyezo ya maziko onse, ndi mbali ya malamulo a boma pa zosankha za maphunziro. Otsutsa amanena kuti kuchenjera kwa boma kumawononga kuyambika kwa malo, pamene kuli kwakuti ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti miyezo ya dziko ili yofunikira kutsimikizira kulondola ndi kuŵerengera mlandu.

Chithandizo cha Zaumoyo

Kusamalira thanzi ku United States kumasonyeza kugwirizana kocholoŵana pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma. Pasanathe zaka za zana la 20, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo chinali nkhani yaumwini yosakhudza boma kwambiri. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Medicare ndi Medicaid mu 1965 kunazindikiritsa kuloŵa kwakukulu kwa boma m'zopereka zaumoyo, kupanga dongosolo la boma limodzi lomwe likupitirizabe kukhala lachisinthiko.

Medicare[[FLT :1] ndi programu ya inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo yoperekedwa ndi boma makamaka kwa anthu a zaka 65 ndi kuposapo, limodzinso ndi anthu ena achichepere okhala ndi kupunduka. Boma limakhazikitsa kuyenerera kwa kuchuluka, mapindu, ndi malipiro, ngakhale kuti opereka ndalama zachinsinsi amayang'anira Palata B ndi Part D. United States ali ndi mbali yochepa yachindunji mu Medicare, ngakhale kuti angawonjezerepo kupyolera mwa maprogramu a chithandizo cha boma cha mankhwala.

[[FLT: 0] Madeki ndi pulogalamu ya boma yogwirizana yopereka thanzi kwa anthu ndi mabanja otsika. Boma la boma limakhazikitsa zofunika zazikulu, limapereka ndalama zofanana (kuyambira pa 50% mpaka 80% kudalira pa ndalama za boma pa woloŵayo), ndipo limavomereza makampani osonyeza maprojekiti. Maboma amapanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maprogramu awo a Medicaid m’mitengo ya boma, kukhazikitsa miyezo (ndipo) yophikira, mautumiki ophikira, mayeso, ndi kutumiza katundu. Afford Carect (AC) ya 2010 yowonjezereka kuchuluka kwa anthu achikulire, koma yoposa m'Chigawo chachikulu mu [Fonjezero:], yosagwirizana ndi yosafunika, yosagwiritsidwa ntchito yoposa, ngakhale kuti ikufalikira, mayiko ena 202.

Malo ena a chithandizo cha zaumoyo a boma ndi monga kuthandizira anthu pangozi (m’mphindi), malamulo a inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo (kuchokera kumayiko amene amalamulira kwambiri, ACA amene amakhazikitsa miyezo ya boma pa mapulani ena), ndi kuyang'anira zipatala (kulimbana ndi maboma a kuloŵerera kwa mankhwala a m'dzikolo ndi kubwezera chithandizo cha mankhwala). Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu za zaumoyo kumakhalabe kotsutsana, ndi makambitsirano otsalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi tsogolo la ulamuliro wa anthu onse.

Maphunziro a Nkhani a Federal- State Interaction

Kupenda nkhani zenizeni kumapereka lingaliro lomvekera bwino la mmene mphamvu za boma ndi zachigwirizano zimagwirira ntchito. m’munsimu muli zitsanzo zitatu zochititsa chidwi zimene zimasonyeza mbali zosiyanasiyana za unansiwo.

Kulembetsa Mwalamulo

Mwinamwake palibe nkhani imene ikusonyeza bwino kutsutsana pakati pa chiletso cha boma ndi kulekerera kuposa lamulo la chamba. Pansi pa lamulo la Gueged Substances Act (CSA) la 1970, chamba chimaikidwa kukhala chinthu cholamuliridwa ndi Sedyuli, kutanthauza kuti boma limachilingalira kukhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kwa kuchitiridwa nkhanza, kusagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mankhwala kovomerezedwa tsopano, ndi kusoŵeka kwa chisungiko chovomerezedwa kaamba ka kugwiritsira ntchito pansi pa uyang'aniro wa zamankhwala. CSA imachipangitsa icho kukhala chosalolekani kutulutsa, kugaŵira, kapena kukhala ndi chakumwaŵira moŵa mu United States, ndi chilango chowopsa cha kuswa lamulo.

Komabe, kuyambira ndi Proposition ya California 215 mu 1996, funde la maboma lalola kugwiritsa ntchito chamba. Pa 2024, 38 madera ndi ku District of Columbia aloledwa ndi boma la Cannabis, ndi maboma 24 pamodzi ndi D.. zakhala zikulola kuti anthu achikulire azigwiritsa ntchito mocheza. Zimenezi zachititsa nkhondo: malamulo a boma amalola malamulo a boma amene amaletsa. Oweruza boma angakakamize kuti CSA ndi boma lolimbana ndi boma ndi olima ndi ogulitsa katundu, koma kuyambira 2013, Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo cha Chilamulo chakhala ndi kugamula kwa oweruza, kusumika ntchito zazikulu ndi mapangano a upandu kapena malonda a boma m'dziko osati malonda ogwirizana. Robachrahjolah . Amalimenti a za za za zachipatala (oyendetsa ndalama za za za za za za chipatala) zatetezeredwa kuchokera ku boma la 2013, koma oyendetsa ntchito yamwambirira kuyambira chaka ndi chaka cha 2014, koma ayenera kukonzedwanso.

Khoti Lapamwamba linasamalira mkanganowo mu Gonzales v. Raich (2005]), likumakhulupirira kuti Commerce Claus analola boma la boma kuphwanya ndi kugwiritsira ntchito chamba ngakhale pa zifuno za mankhwala, ndipo ngakhale ngati chamba sichinadule mizere ya boma. Khotilo linavomereza kuti lamulo la boma silingateteze anthu ku mlandu wa boma. Ngakhale kuti chigamulo chimenechi chikhale, kuima kothandiza kumapitiriza. Kuŵerenga Gonzales v. Raich[FLT: 4.]

Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza malire a mphamvu ya boma poyang’anizana ndi ulamuliro wa boma, mbali ya kugamula mlandu, ndi kuthekera kwa kusintha kwa malamulo (monga ngati SAFE Banking Act kapena kuyesayesa kwa boma kokhazikitsa) kuthetsa kulephera. Imasonyezanso mmene maboma angachitire monga malaboratori a demokrase, kusonkhezera lamulo la boma kulinga ku kusintha kupyolera mwa malingaliro a anthu ndi kuyesa kothandiza.

Kuvomereza Ufulu

Lamulo la chisankho ndilo thayo la boma pansi pa Konsichushoni. Mfundo I, Gawo 2 loika ulamuliro wa kuika "Nthaŵi, Malo ndi Mani kusankha kwa Oimira," ndi Congress akusunga mphamvu ya kusintha malamulo amenewo. Mofananamo, boma limasankha pansi pa lamulo la boma, pogonjera malamulo a boma. Chilamuliro chimenechi chimaphatikizapo njira zovomerezera kuvota, malo, ziŵiya zovotera, ziwiya zolozera, zophonya ndi malamulo opeka, ndi mapulani a boma.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, boma la boma lakhala ndi mbali yokangalika m’kutetezera zoyenera za kuvota, makamaka kukondera. Mpando wa 15 umaletsa kukana kuvota pafuko, Demendment ya 19th Amendment imaletsa tsankho la kugonana, Ma 20 - anayi Amendment imaletsa misonkho ya kusanthula m'masankho, ndipo Programme imachititsa kusanthula kukhala ndi zaka makumi aŵiri ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi zolondola pa 18. Malamulo a ufulu wa kuvota a boma, okhala ndi malamulo oletsa kupima ufulu wa kusuta ubongo (monga mayeso a kuwerenga) ndi kufuna malamulo oletsa kuyang’anirana ndi mbiri yakale ya kusankhana kuti apeze lamulo la boma lisanasinthe kugamula (Vection 5).

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Selby County v. Hoker (2013) adagonjetsa njira yodziŵira maulamuliro amene anali oyenera kuikidwa pasadakhale, kuchotsa Chigawo 5 , mpaka Congress ikupereka njira yatsopano. Kuyambira pamenepo, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo otsendereza malamulo oletsa kusankhidwa, kuchepetsa masiku ovota, kuvota mavoti, ndi kutsekereza makalata. Makhoti a boma achirikiza malamulo ena ameneŵa pamene akugamula ena omwe anapezeka kuti asiyane mwadala pa maziko a fuko. John Leactive Orgation Active, anakhazikitsa ndi kukonzanso malamulo opanga.

Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza kusagwirizana pakati pa uyang'aniro wa boma ndi ulamuliro. Ochirikiza kusinthika kwa boma akutsutsa kuti maboma ali ndi malo abwino koposa kugwirizanitsa malamulo a chisankho ku mikhalidwe ya kumaloko ndi kuti oloŵerera a boma akulimbana kuti popanda chitetezo champhamvu cha boma, maboma adzakhazikitsa malamulo amene adzatsutsira osankha ochepa ndi kupeputsa kutengamo mbali kwa demokrase. Kuŵerenga Shelby County [FF:2] chigamulo pa Cornell LII .

Kupititsidwa M’dziko Lina

Lamulo la kusamutsidwa ndi lamulo ndilo mbali ya ulamuliro wa boma wokha pansi pa Konsichushoni. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala ndi chikhulupiriro mobwerezabwereza kuti mphamvu yolamulira kusamuka yachokera mu ulamuliro wa dziko lonse ndi kuti maboma sangakhazikitse malamulo awo oloŵeramo amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo a boma. Immigration ndi Nationality Act (NA) imalamulira, magulu a chivomerezo, kuchotsa, ndi kukonza chilengedwe. Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security (DS), kupyolera ku U.S. U.

Komabe maiko akhala oloŵetsedwamo mowonjezereka, ponse paŵiri m'kugwirizana ndi kusungitsa lamulo kwa boma ndi kutsutsa. Maboma ena, mofanana ndi Arizona, apereka malamulo (mt., SB 1070) amene afuna kuti boma ndi lamulo la kumaloko afufuze za malo akusamuka panthaŵi ya kuima kololedwa ndi kuchirikiza kuyesayesa kwa boma. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Arizona v. United States adakantha makonzedwe angapo a SB 1070 monga momwe anapatulidwa ndi lamulo la boma, koma anachirikiza "kuonetsani mapepala anu", nkhani yokhudza kupitirizabe kuchirikiza fuko. Mayi ena alandira "sclueartive" malamulo a m'deralo amene ndi kugwirizana ndi anthu otereka, monga otsutsa kutulutsa tsiku limodzi logwirizana ndi tsiku la kusamukira dziko.

Chisudzochi chimaphatikizaponso malamulo a boma a ntchito, kumene maboma angafunikire kukhazikitsa olemba ntchito onse (kupyola zofunika za boma), ndi makonzedwe a boma a mapindu (monga laisensi za dalaivala ndi kugamula kwa anthu osalembedwa). Kudalira kwa boma pa kugwirizana kwa boma kaamba ka kumangidwa (kupyolera m'ndende) ndi kudziŵikitsidwa kumayambitsa utokoma wovuta wa kukwaniritsa kogwirizana mosasamala kanthu za ukulu wa boma.

Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza kuti ngakhale kuti maboma sangalamulire mwachindunji za kusamuka kwa anthu, iwo angasonkhezere kwambiri kusungitsa ndi kugwirizana kwa osamukira m’dziko kupyolera mwa mphamvu zawo za apolisi ndi zosankha zawo za lamulo. Chigawo cha boma champhamvu m’kusamuka chakhala chotchuka ndi chomenyedwa mwalamulo.

Kumaliza

Kukumana kwa maulamuliro a boma ndi boma sikuli njira yolimba koma moyo, kukonza moyo umene umaumba moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa Aamereka. Kuyambira m’kalasi mpaka ku chipatala, kuyambira m'bokosi la pepala mpaka ku khoti, magaŵano ndi kugawana ulamuliro pakati pa boma ndi maboma kumayambitsa dongosolo limene limalimba ndi lotsutsana. Maboma amalola kuti malamulo osiyanasiyana apange njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera thanzi, maphunziro, kapena chiweruzo chaupandu (panopo kusungitsa dongosolo logwirizanitsa dziko lonse limene limatetezera ufulu wa dziko ndi mavuto amene amathetsa malire a boma.

Kuzindikira unansi umenewu nkofunika kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi nzika. Malamulo amapereka maziko a maziko, koma kugwira ntchito kwenikweni kwa boma kumadalira pa kumasulira kwa chiweruzo, kachitidwe ka malamulo, kuyang'anira maulamuliro, ndi kukambirana kwa ndale zadziko. Pamene nkhani zonga ngati kuvomereza mwalamulo, kuvota, kusamuka, ndi kusamala zaumoyo kupitirizabe, kulinganiza kwa boma ndi mphamvu ya boma kudzakhalabe mutu wa maziko a ulamuliro wa Amereka. Mwa kuphunzira malamulo, malo ofunika a kudutsa njira, ndi kufufuza, munthu apeza zida zopimira motsutsana ndi kupenda motsutsana motsimikiza kuti apitirize kulowa m’dziko, ndi kukhala ndi phande m’dongosolo la democracy.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, U.S. Commission ya National Archives ndi chuma kuchokera ku Conference ya University of State Legistratures imapereka mfundo zabwino zoyambira zodziŵira zenizeni zenizeni za boma.