Kugwirizana pakati pa maulamuliro a boma ndi a boma ndi maziko a dongosolo la malamulo a United States. Malamulo aŵiri ameneŵa a kulamulira amalongosola dongosolo lalamulo ndi landale la dzikolo, kukhazikitsa ulamuliro pakati pa boma lalikulu ndi maboma a boma. Kumvetsetsa mmene maulamuliro aŵiri ameneŵa amathandiza kumvetsetsa kuvuta kwa malamulo a Amereka, lamulo, ndi malamulo a anthu. Malamulo a U.S. amatumikira monga maziko a gawoli, koma zaka mazana ambiri a kumasulira kwa chiweruzo, kachitidwe ka ndale zadziko, ndi kusintha kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu kwasintha unansiwo.

Maziko a Chipani cha America

Federalism, pakati pake, ndi dongosolo la kulamulira limene mphamvu imagawidwa pakati pa boma la dziko ndi magulu a maiko. Mu United States, gawo limeneli limaikidwa m'Bungwe la Malamulo, limene limapatsa mphamvu zenizeni ku boma la boma pamene likusunga maulamuliro ena onse ku maulamuliro kapena anthu. Malamulo ameneŵa anabadwa mwa kulolera molakwa pakati pa awo ofuna ulamuliro wamphamvu ndi awo amene anaopa kuikidwa pa ulamuliro. Dongosololo linayambitsa mavuto aakulu amene akhalapo kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Ntchito ya Malamulo

Malamulo a U.S. amandandalika kakonzedwe ka boma m’makonzedwe ofunika angapo. Mfundo I imatchulanso mphamvu za malamulo a Congress, kuphatikizapo mphamvu yolamulira malonda a mayiko, ndalama zasiliva, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kukhazikitsa maofesi a papositi. Maulamuliro amenewa aikidwa molunjika. Maulamuliro a khumiwo amasinthanso makonzedwe: "Maulamuliro osaperekedwa ndi Malamulo a United States, kapena oletsedwa ndi iwo ku United States, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu." Zimenezi ndi maziko alamulo a ulamuliro wa boma m'madera onga maphunziro, apolisi, ndi ulamuliro wa kumalo akumalo akumalo.

N’koyenera ndi koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mawu (Mfundo I, Chigawo 8, Classia 18) imapatsa Nyumba za Malamulo zonse zimene zili "zofunika ndi zoyenera" zoperekera maulamuliro ake otchulidwa. Mawu ameneŵa akhala magwero amphamvu a ulamuliro wa boma, kutheketsa kufutukuka kwa mphamvu ya dziko pa nthaŵi. Kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane makonzedwe ameneŵa, onani Contitution Anutection kuchokera ku laibulale ya Congress [Foct:3]].

Mfungulo Yoyambirira: McCulloch v. Maryland ndi Gibbons v. Ogden

Khoti Lapamwamba linachita mbali yofunika kwambiri polongosola kulinganiza pakati pa boma ndi mphamvu za boma. Mu Mclulloch v. Maryland (1819) [1], Bwalo Lamilandu linavomereza kuti Courts inatchula mphamvu pansi pa mphamvu zofunikira ndi zoyenera zoperekera banki ya dziko. Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall analemba motchuka kuti "mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho imaloŵetsamo mphamvu ya kuwononga," kudula msonkho wa boma pa banki ya boma. Mlanduwu unakhazikitsa mwamphamvu ukulu wa lamulo la boma ndi kukulitsa ukulu wa mphamvu za boma. Nkhani yachidule ikupezeka kuchokera ku . [FLT:]

Mu Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) , Bwalo lamilandu linamasulira Commercial Claus , kugamula kuti mphamvu ya boma ya kulamulira malonda a dziko lapansi otsutsana m’malo mwa malamulo a boma. Chigamulo chimenechi chinayala maziko a malamulo a boma a zachuma m’tsogolo ndipo chimakhalabe maziko a ulamuliro waukulu wa boma. Onse pamodzi, milandu yochititsa mapangano imeneyi inakhazikitsa judiary monga mfungulo wa boma ndi kulimbikitsa Suprey Claus of Artic VI.

Kusiyana Pakati pa Boma ndi Maulamuliro Aakulu

Kumvetsetsa bwino magulu a mphamvu nkofunika popenda mfundo za boma lamakono. Maulamuliro amaikidwa m’magulu monga oŵerengedwa, osonyezedwa, a nthaŵi imodzi, kapena osungidwa.

Kulimbikitsidwa, Kugwiritsiridwa Ntchito, ndi Mphamvu Zoimirira

[[FLT : 0] Maulamuliro a manambala ndi aja ondandalitsidwa bwino m'Malamulo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa ndalama, kuyendetsa malonda a dziko, kuyendetsa maunansi achilendo, ndi kusungitsa asilikali. Mphamvu zogwiritsa ntchito sizikutchulidwa mwachindunji koma zachokera ku mawu oyenerera ndi oyenerera, kulola Nyumba za Malamulo kukhazikitsa malamulo oyenera owonjezera ntchito zake zoŵerengedwa. Mwachitsanzo, kulengedwa kwa Federal Reserve system kuli kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mphamvu yoyenerera yokhudza ndalama.

Maulamuliro osungidwa ali okha ku maboma, madera osagawidwa ku boma kapena kuletsa maboma. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo malamulo a malonda a boma, kukhazikitsa masankho, kukhazikitsa maboma, ndi kuyang'anira thanzi la anthu ndi chitetezo. Magwero a malamulo a mphamvu zosungidwa zimenezi, kutsimikizira kuti maboma akusunga ulamuliro wofunika pa nkhani za dziko.

Mphamvu Zamakono ndi Claus Wotchuka

Maulamuliro ambiri amagawana ndi maulamuliro onse aŵiri, odziŵika monga anthaŵi zonse. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kukhazikitsa makhoti, ndi kusungitsa malamulo. Pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma akutsutsana pa nkhani za mphamvu zapanthaŵiyo, [[FLT:] Sixlective Claus ya Mfundo VI] imalengeza kuti lamulo la boma ndilo "Chilamulo cha Dziko. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti malamulo a boma amatsutsa malamulo amene amatsutsa. Legiction Institute pa Cornell Law School

Komabe, ukulu wa chiwomboledwe umatsutsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri. Khoti Lapamwamba layambitsa ziphunzitso zonga "kuwomboledwa kwa munda" (pamene lamulo la boma lifalikira kwambiri kotero kuti likhale ndi mbali yonse) ndi "chipulumutso" (pamene kugwirizana ndi malamulo onse aŵiri kuli kosatheka kapena lamulo la boma limakhala chopinga ku zolinga za boma). Ziphunzitso zimenezi zimaumba malire a ulamuliro wa nthaŵi imodzi.

Chisinthiko cha Maunansi a Boma

Unansi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma wakhala ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana, uliwonse wodziŵika ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu.

Dual Federalism (Layer Cake Federalism)

Kuyambira kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, chitsanzo chofala chinali chipani cha boma. Lingaliro limeneli linaona mphamvu za boma ndi za boma kukhala zolekanitsidwa kwambiri, monga mitu ya keke. Boma la boma linali ndi mphamvu zake zoŵerengedwa, pamene maboma anali ndi ulamuliro waukulu m'malire awo. Khoti Lapamwamba linali kuswa malamulo a boma amene anapitirira malirewa, makamaka asanachite New Deal. Mwachitsanzo, mu United States v. E. C. Copt .[FL:3] (185), khoti lochepa la boma loletsa kumanga malamulo mwa kusiyanitsa pakati pa kukonza (kujambula) ndi (kuyendetsa).

Kugwirizana kwa Mabanja (Kulimbana Kosatha kwa Kape Federali)

Great Depression and the New Decreat inazindikiritsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa chigwirizano cha boma [1] . Pansi pa chitsanzo ichi, maboma a boma ndi boma amagwira ntchito pamodzi kuthetsera mavuto ovuta, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera mwa kupereka ndalama ndi kugawana maprogramu. Maulamuliro ndi mathayo anayamba kuyendera pamodzi ngati mabuluu mu keke. Programme zonga Social Security, Médicaid, ndi kuchirikiza njira ya misewu ya boma zimatsimikizira njira imeneyi yogwirizana. Boma la boma limagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yake yoperekera ndalama pansi pa kaganizidwe ka I kukwaniritsa malamulo a dziko, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi mikhalidwe yogwirizana.

Chipani Chatsopano ndi Chisinthiko

Kuyambira m'ma 1970 ndi kufulumirira pansi pa Pulezidenti Nixon ndi Reagan, gulu lotchedwa [FLT: 0] New Federalism [1] Linafuna kubwezera mphamvu ku maboma. Cholinga chinali kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa boma ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo osintha kwambiri pogwiritsira ntchito ndalama za boma. Khoti Lapamwamba pansi pa Justice William Rehnquist (1986-2005) lijanso lokhalanso ndi malire a boma, kugwetsa mbali zina za Chiwawa pa Akazi ndi Thumba za Sukulu za Gun-Act ndi Acts Act (2) m'nkhani zoimira zapadera monga [FL:] United States. Lopez [FLFLF:3]. [5] [5]

Komabe, boma la boma lidakali lamphamvu. Affordble Care Act (ACA) inapulumuka chitokoso chachikulu cha Zamalonda mu NFIB v. Sebelius (202], ngakhale kuti Khoti linachepetsa mphamvu ya kugwiritsa ntchito pamlingo wofanana yowonjezera Medicaid. Kulimbana pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ufulu kukupitirizabe kumasulira ulamuliro wa Amereka.

Mikangano ndi Kugwirizana

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, madera ambiri a malamulo akhala malo odziŵirapo mavuto a boma, akumasonyeza mphamvu ya dongosolo la kachitidwe ka zinthu ziŵiriziŵiri.

Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Kuchitapo Kanthu Kosavuta

ACA amaimira chitsanzo chachikulu cha mgwirizano wa boma wophatikizapo kulimbana. Pamene boma la boma linakhazikitsa dongosolo ndi ndalama zothandizira, maboma anapatsidwa chosankha cha kufutukula Medicaid pansi pa lamulo. Maboma ambiri anasankha kufutukula, koma ena anakana, kutsogolera ku ntchito yotsatizana. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu NFIB v. Sebelius anapanga Medicaid kufutukuka modzifunira, kusungitsa chosankha cha boma. Maboma adayesanso ndi ma a ravers kugwiritsa ntchito zina zopereka zisonyezero zaumoyo, monga zifuno za Mdidimoni. Zimenezi zikusonyeza malire onse aŵiri a mphamvu za dziko ndi kusintha kwa maulamuliro.

Lamulo Lotumiza Anthu ku Dziko Lina

Kusintha kuli ulamuliro wa boma wamwambo, komabe maboma ayesa kuloŵerera mowonjezereka. Malamulo onga ngati SB ya Arizona 1070 (2070) anafuna kusungitsa malamulo a boma kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma oloŵera ku boma, kutsogolera ku zitokoso zalamulo. Arizona ndi. United States [1] (202) Khoti Lapamwamba linakantha malamulo angapo monga otsekeredwa ndi boma, koma linachirikiza makonzedwe olola apolisi kuyang'anira malo osamukira panthaŵi ya kuima kololedwa ndi lamulo. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza kutsutsana pakati pa zikhumbo za boma kuti zigwirizane ndi lamulo lokhudza dziko. Posachedwapa, boma lakhazikitsa "Nantactive" malamulo ogwirizana ndi bungwe logwirizanitsa anthu oloŵa m'dziko, kukhazikitsanso malamulo.

Kulembetsa Mwalamulo

Mwinamwake chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha kusokonezeka kwa boma ndicho lamulo la chamba. Mosasamala kanthu za kugaŵiridwa kwa mbanje monga Sedynal I ndi kuletsa mankhwala pansi pa Chikalata cha Substances Act, maboma ambiri alola kuloledwa ndi chamba kuti agwiritse ntchito zamankhwala kapena zosangalatsa. Department ya Chilungamo chasala kwambiri kuweruza boma ndi malamulo ovomerezeka poyang'anira ntchito (m'onom., Cole Menyarrandum), koma lamulo limeneli likusintha ndi boma lililonse. Mkanganowu wakhala wosagamulapo pa malamulo a boma a boma kwa zaka khumi, ndipo sumalitsa lamulo la lamulo la boma loletsa lamulo loletsa lamulo lolamulira dziko. Mkhalidwewu umasonyeza kutsutsana kwa malamulo a boma ndi maulamuliro a boma.

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Maboma akhala malaboratorio otetezera malo okhala, makamaka pamene ntchito ya boma yaletsa. California ili ndi malo apadera pansi pa Ceake Air Act kukhazikitsa miyezo yokhwima yotulutsa galimoto, imene maboma ena angaitenge. Mkati mwa kuyang'anira Trump, California adatsutsa boma za mapulogalamu a zachuma, ndipo maulamuliro a Biden abwezeretsa ndi kulimbitsa malamulo a boma. Maboma alinso ndi ufulu wogwiritsira ntchito nthaka, mphamvu zokhalanso, ndi carbon prigning, zomwe zimapangitsa njira zosiyanasiyana za kusintha kwa nyengo. Mwachitsanzo, Regionalgious Greenhouse Gativetive (RGI) ndi chikalata chapakati pa 11 a boma la kumpoto cha kummaŵa kwa dziko lakuya kwa dziko kuti achepetse mphamvu ya mphamvu ya carbon. Kudziwitsa kwamphamvu kumeneku kukambirana kwa mphamvu za m'dziko.

Maunansi a Kugwirizana kwa Dziko ndi Konsichushoni

Mfundo IV ya Konsichushoni imalamulira maunansi pakati pa maboma, kuchirikiza umodzi ndi ulemu wa onse. kaŵirikaŵiri makonzedwe ameneŵa amanyalanyazidwa koma ali ofunika kwambiri m’dongosolo logwira ntchito la boma.

Chikhulupiriro Chokwanira ndi Kupatsidwa Mlandu

Chikhulupiriro Chokwanira ndi Claus chimafunikira boma lililonse kuzindikira machitidwe a anthu onse, mafashoni, ndi milandu ya boma lina lililonse. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti laisensi ya ukwati, laisensi ya oyendetsa galimoto, kapena chigamulo cha khoti lina chilemekezedwa m'boma lina. Komabe, chigamulocho sichikufuna malamulo okakamiza malamulo awo a boma amphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, mikangano yokhudza kuvomereza ukwati wa anthu a mtundu umodzi pakati pa maboma inakhala yogwirizana ndi chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FLT: 0]. Hodge wbble v. Hotges[FL:1] (20).

Mabungwe Ogwirizana ndi Mabungwe a Dziko la United States ndi Mabungwe Ena

Mfundo I, Chigawo 10, Classia 3 ikufuna kuti pakhale chivomerezo cha msonkhano uliwonse kapena mgwirizano ndi boma lina. Mabungwe ambiri a mayiko akumeneku alipo kuti ayendetse zinthu, zoyendera, ndi kutsatizana kwa lamulo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Port Authority of New York ndi New Jersey ndi Colorado River Communict . Malamulo amalamulanso kuti pakhale kuwonjezera chigamulo m'Chigawo IV, Chigawo 2, chikufuna kuti maboma abwerere ku boma kumene anachita upandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuwonjezera kuyendetsako kumakhala chizoloŵezi, mikangano ikhoza kubuka pa milandu yotsutsana, monga imene imakhudza milandu yaupandu ndi ndale.

Kuchepa kwa Mphamvu m’Mtsogolo

Zinthu zikasintha kwambiri pa nkhani ya ndale, zachikhalidwe ndiponso zaumisiri, mgwirizano wa pakati pa boma ndi mayiko ena upitirirabe kusintha.

Mavuto Amene Angakumane Nawo: Kumwa Moŵa ndi Kungonyengezera

Kuwonjezereka kwa kugaŵikana kwa ndale zadziko kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsogolera ku mkangano wowonjezereka pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma, makamaka pamene kulamulira kwa White House ndi malumbiro a boma kukuswa. Maboma angayese kuchotsa malamulo a boma kapena kukana kuwasungitsa m'madera onga ngati kulamulira mfuti, kuchotsa mimba, ndi malamulo a malo okhala. Khoti Lapamwamba lingakhale litaitanidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kuti lithetse mikangano imeneyi. Kuwonjezerapo, kukula kwa luso la zopangapanga ndi kuwonjezera maulamuliro a boma pa Intaneti, machinsinsi a zachinsinsi, ndi nzeru za kulinganiza zinthu. Pamene chuma chikhala cha mlingo wowonjezereka, kulinganiza kwa mphamvu za boma zapolisi ndi malamulo a zamalonda a zamalonda kufunikira kubwezeretsanso.

Mwayi: Ntchito za Demokalase

Mosasamala kanthu za mikangano, boma limakhazikitsa maziko ofunika oyeserapo kuti ayambitse malamulo. United States angayese njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera chithandizo chaumoyo (m'chitsanzo,, zosankha za boma zogwirizana ndi boma), zolipiridwa pa matchuti a banja, kukonzanso chilungamo cha upandu, ndi kuthandizira anthu. Malamulo achipambano a boma angasonkhezere ntchito ya boma, pamene kulephera kungapezeke popanda kuvulaza dziko lonse. Maluso ameneŵa a demokrase", olinganizidwa ndi Justice Louis Brandeis, adakali chigomeko champhamvu chosungira ulamuliro wa boma. Mwachitsanzo, kuyendetsa kwalamulo kwa Coloradoradoy kwa mabizinesi a m’ma odziŵitsa zaumoyo wa anthu onse pamlingo wa dziko lonse. Momwemo, miyezo ya California ya kutulutsa zaumoyo yasonkhezera ntchito ya zamakono m'makampani a galimoto.

Chigwirizano cha boma chimaperekanso njira zothetsera mavuto onse. Ndalama za magetsi, chithandizo chatsoka, ndi njira zaumoyo wa anthu kaŵirikaŵiri zimadalira pa kukwaniritsidwa kwa boma ndi chichirikizo cha boma. Mliri wa Covid unasonyeza zonse ziŵiri nyonga ndi zofooka za dongosolo la zinthu ziŵiri: chitsogozo cha boma ndi ndalama zinali zovuta, koma kupanga chosankha chapamwamba kunatsogolera ku zotulukapo zosiyanasiyana. Kupita patsogolo, vuto la opanga malamulo nlolinganiza kugwirizana kwa dziko ndi kusintha kwa malo.

Pomaliza, kugwirizana kwa maulamuliro a boma ndi a boma sikuli mbali yosasintha ya ulamuliro wa Amereka koma unansi wamphamvu umene ukuvomereza ku nkhani za mbiri yakale, kumasulira kwachiweruzo, ndi chifuniro cha ndale zadziko. Kuchokera ku mkangano woyambirira pa Convention ya Konsichuration yamakono kufikira ku nkhondo za umoyo, kusamuka, ndi malo ozungulira, dongosolo la kachitidwe kaŵiri ka kulamulira limakhala ponse paŵiri magwero a chipsinjo ndi njira yothetsera mitundu mkati mwa mtundu umodzi. Kumvetsetsa kukambitsirana kumeneku kuli kofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kuwongolera kuvuta kwa malamulo, zigawo, ndi malamulo a anthu.