Kuvina kochititsa chidwi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi zitsogozo za boma kumafotokoza zambiri za ulamuliro wa Amereka. Boma lililonse lili ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene zimapanga zosoŵa zosiyana . Koma lamulo la boma kaŵirikaŵiri limafuna miyezo yofanana. Kulimbana kumeneku sikuli chiphano koma mbali ya ulamuliro wa America, wolinganizidwa kulola kuyesa pamene akusunga mgwirizano wa dziko. Kumvetsetsa mmene maboma amachitira zimenezi kumavumbula kulinganiza kothandiza kwa ulamuliro ndi kukambitsirana kopitirizabe pakati pa zolinga za dziko ndi dziko.

Ntchito ya Federalism ya Malamulo

Bungwe la United States Lolamulira limakhazikitsa dongosolo la uchifumu lamitundu iŵiri limene limapatsa ufulu waukulu pamene likusunga mphamvu zina ku boma la boma. Bungwe la Tenth Amendment limanena mosapita m’mbali kuti mphamvu zosagawidwa ku United States kapena zoletsedwa ku maboma zasungidwa ndi maboma kapena anthu. Maziko alamulo ameneŵa amalola maboma kugwira ntchito monga malaboratori a demokrase . Malamulo oyesa boma limene lingadziŵitse njira za dzikolo.

Komabe, Supremacy Claus mu Mfundo VI imapanga lamulo la boma lapamwamba la dzikolo, kutanthauza malamulo a boma amene amatsutsana mwachindunji ndi malamulo a boma angathe kuthetsedwa. Makhoti nthaŵi zambiri amatsutsa chipani chimenechi, kuumba malire a boma. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lalikulu la Mabwalo la Malamulo linavomereza kuti likhale ndi chigamulo cha 2012 ku National Federation of Independent Business . Seberius [1] AFFford Carence Act , koma likuchepetsa mphamvu ya boma kukakamiza Mdica .

Kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka lamulo kameneka nkofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse chifukwa chake maboma a boma ayenera kuwongolera malamulo awo motsutsana ndi malamulo a boma. Si nkhani yokhweka ya kusamvera kapena kugonjera; m’malo mwake, ndi njira yopitiriza ya kukambitsirana, kumasulira kwalamulo, ndi kutengera mfundo zandale.

Kulakwa kwa Mathayo a Boma

Maboma amayendetsa ntchito zambiri zimene zimayambukira mwachindunji moyo wa anthu okhala m’deralo. Maphunziro kuchokera ku sukulu ya sekondale, mayunivesite a boma, polisi ndi maupandu, madipatimenti a zaumoyo, malamulo a malo okhala mkati mwa malire, ndi mabizinesi opereka zonse pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma. Boma limapereka ndalama ndi kuika miyezo ya maziko a madera ambiri ameneŵa, koma maboma amasunga nzeru zazikulu pokwaniritsa.

Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la United States la United States la Fource Selfives Act (ESA) linalowa mmalo mwa No Child Lead Behind ndi kupatsidwa ufulu wa kusintha kwambiri pokhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro ndi kuŵerengera. Kusintha kumeneku kunasonyeza kuti njira imodzi yoyenerera yokha yokha siingafotokoze chifukwa cha nkhani za m'chigawo. Mofananamo, Cane Water Act imalola maboma kukhazikitsa miyezo yawoyawo ya madzi abwino ngati agwirizana ndi malamulo a boma. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira chitsanzo cha boma lamakono la boma logwirizana lomwe lili ndi maulamuliro ambiri.

Komabe kupatsidwa ulamuliro kumeneku kumaphatikizapo zingwe. Kaŵirikaŵiri ndalama zoperekedwa zimafuna maboma kuvomereza malamulo kapena nyumba za boma kuti alandire ndalama. Zimenezi zimapereka chisonkhezero champhamvu cha kugonjera ngakhale pamene zinthu za boma zisintha. Chotulukapo chake ndicho kulinganiza kosalekeza: mayiko ayenera kupenda mapindu a ndalama za boma ndi mtengo wa kutsatira malamulo amene sangagwirizane bwino ndi zosoŵa za kumaloko.

Mavuto Opitirizabe Polinganiza Zosoŵa za Malo ndi Zosoŵa Zapamgwirizano

Kulephera Kupereka Ndalama Ndiponso Kulephera Kugula Zinthu

Federal ndi ndalama sizimasintha. Maprogramu onga Medicaid, magwero aakulu koposa a ndalama za boma ku maiko, amafuna maboma kubisa anthu ena ndi mautumiki kapena kutaya ndalama zofanana. Pamene ziyeneretso za boma zisintha . Monga ngati lamulo la Affordal Care Act la kuwonjezera Medicaid . Maboma ena anasankha kusafutukula, kutchula mtengo ndi kutsutsa kwa filosofi, kusiya mamiliyoni a anthu otsika opeza m'kawonekedwe. Zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene nyumba zothandizira ndalama zingayambire mavuto pakati pa zinthu zenizeni za dziko ndi zolinga za boma.

Kugonjetsa ndi Kuyesa

Kumenyana kwa boma ndi boma kumachitika pamene malamulo a boma akambirana nkhani imodzimodziyo koma asinthasintha. M'bwalo la malo ozungulira, ulamuliro wa California kukhazikitsa miyezo yokhwima ya galimoto pansi pa desiki la Ceat Air Paraver wachititsa kuti adziwitse. Oyang'anira Trump adachotsa kuwalako; kukonza Biden kukubwezeretsa. Kuwomba mtima kotereku kumayambitsa kusatsimikizirika kwa mabizinesi ndi maboma mofanana. Mofananamo, kukangana pa ukonde wa khomo, malamulo owonjezera, ndipo machinsinsi cha boma chakhala ndi zikhumbo zotsutsana ndi maluŵa a boma.

Kugawanikana kwa Zandale ndi Zandale

Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito pansi pa mphamvu zosiyanasiyana za ndale zadziko kuposa boma la boma. Boma lokhala ndi ambiri opita patsogolo likhoza kukhazikitsa malamulo osiyana kwambiri ndi boma losasintha, ndipo mosiyana. Kukangana kwa malingaliro kumeneku kumawonekera m'madera onga kuchotsa mimba, kuvota, kuletsa mfuti, ndi kukhazikitsa chamba. Maboma angagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu zawo za apolisi kukakamiza malire, kuyesa kuti afike pati asanayang'anizane ndi kutsutsidwa kapena kupatsidwa ndalama. Lingaliro la anthu m'boma lingatsenso olamulira ndi opanga malamulo kutsutsa chitsogozo cha boma, makamaka nkhani zachitukuko.

Ntchito Zopondereza Ndiponso Zovuta

Kukwaniritsa maprogramu a boma kumafuna udindo wa boma. Maboma aang'ono kapena osalemera kwambiri angavutike kukwaniritsa zofunika zopereka lipoti zovuta, zopereka za chidziŵitso, kapena madeti oikidwa ndi mabungwe a boma. Pamene maboma achedwa kugonjera, amaika zilango, kuchepetsa ndalama, kapena ngakhale boma kutenga ntchito zina. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, maboma okhala ndi mabotolo amphamvu angayesedwe bwino kukambirana za opanga maprogramu opanga mapangano a mikhalidwe ya kumaloko, kupanga kusayenerana kwa mayanjano a boma.

Zitsanzo Zodziŵika za Kukwera kwa Boma

Mbiri njodzala ndi zitsanzo za maboma otsutsa ulamuliro wa boma.

Kusamalira Thanzi: Kuwonjezeka kwa Saga

Pangano la Affordlable Care Act linafuna kuti dziko la Medicaid lifutukule pafupifupi anthu onse amene alandira ndalama zochepa. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba linapanga kufutukuka modzifunira, kuchititsa ntchito yotsatizana. Pa 2025, maboma khumi sanakulebe, ngakhale kuti boma linathandiza kwambiri anthu oyenerera. Maboma monga Texas ndi Florida atsutsa kuti kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu kungachititse mavuto aakulu m’tsogolo ndi kuti angakonde kugula zinthu zina zogwirizana ndi . Panthaŵiyi, akunena kuti, monga Kentucky ndi Arkansas, aona kuti mitengo yosatsalira koma yotsatikana ndi kukhazikika kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Kutsika kumeneku kukusonyeza mmene malamulo a boma angapangirire kwambiri zotsatira zake zosiyanasiyana zogwirizana mogwirizana ndi kusankha zinthu.

Kusintha Kwachilengedwe: Ulamuliro wa California wa Mahaiver

Kukhoza kwa California kukhazikitsa miyezo yolimba ya galimoto pansi pa Diec Air Act yayambira mu 1970. Boma lagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro umenewu kuchepetsa mpweya wotenthetsa dziko mwamphamvu, kusonkhezera opanga magalimoto m'dziko lonse ndi kusonkhezera maboma ena kutengera miyezo yofanana. Kufunitsitsa kwa boma kukhazikitsa kapena kuchotsa kuti kuletsa kwa kachilombo kwayambitsa SEAN. Mu 2019, EPA pansi pa Pulezidenti Trump inachotsa chiwopsezo ndi kuuza mphamvu yokha ya kukhazikitsa malamulo a zachuma. Californiaeded, ndipo pambuyo pake boma la Biden libwezeretsanso nkhondo yalamulo ndi ya ndale zadziko kuyang'anira za kutetezera chilengedwe. (Mwakambiri ya California, onani mbiri, [FL: 0]

Kuloledwa Kwalamulo: Malamulo a Boma

Ngakhale kuti boma lakhazikitsa bwino kwambiri chamba monga Sedynal I Office (Indeunce pansi pa Substances Act ), kuyambira 2024, 24 ndi maboma a Columbia alola kugwiritsa ntchito chamba, ndipo ambiri amalolanso zamankhwala. Magulu alamulo otsutsana ameneŵa amanena kuti ayang'anira malamulo amene amaswa malamulo a boma. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo yaletsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za boma pansi pa ntchito ya boma (Cole Metrinande, rescision, ndi chitsogozo chake chotsatira), koma kulephera kwa lamulo la boma kukana kutumikira mabizinesi chifukwa cha malamulo a boma. Malamulowa amakana kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma popereka ndalama ndi kuopsa kwa anthu. Kulimbana kwa boma pamene likuyendetsa ulamuliro wa boma.

Kusamuka: Chigwirizano Chamwambo ndi Kukakamiza

Kusungitsa kusungidwa kwa boma kumalamulidwa ndi boma, koma maboma angasankhe kuti agwirizane motani. “Kusamalira mizinda ndi maboma kumaletsa ntchito ya lamulo ya boma yokhudza kusamukira m'dziko, kutsutsa kuti kukhulupirirana pakati pa anthu osamukira m’dziko ndi apolisi n’kofunika kuti anthu atetezedwe. Boma la boma loyang'anira magawo osiyanasiyana latsala kukana kupereka ndalama kuchokera ku mizinda ndi mayiko ena. Kuletsa malamulo a boma otero, makamaka kupitirira 8 U.SC. . . . . . .7137133, lafika ku Khoti Lapamwamba. Likulephera kukhazikitsa lamulo la Demendensi ya boma loletsa lamulo loletsa kuyendetsa ntchito za boma zaungwe loyendetsa za kusamuka.

Zolinga Zogwirizanitsa Boma ndi Zonulirapo za Federal

Ngakhale kuti mayiko ambiri akukumana ndi mavuto, njira zimenezi zingathandize kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito malangizo a boma pa nkhani ya zinthu zofunika pa moyo.

Kufunafuna Maseŵera ndi Zochita Zosonyeza Kupembedza

Mabungwe a Federal ali ndi ulamuliro wopatsa opalamula amene amalola maboma kupatuka pa ziyeneretso zamwambo ngati afuna njira zatsopano zimene zikugwirizana ndi zolinga za pulogalamu. Pansi pa Social Security Act, maboma angapemphe kuti Chigawo 1115 cha oimba ayese njira zatsopano mu Medicaid. Maboma onga Oregon agwiritsira ntchito opimira otere kuwonjezera kufutulira kochitidwa ndi mabungwe ogwirizanitsa chisamaliro cha chisamaliro. M'maphunziro, maboma angapemphe ozemba otsa malonda kuchokera ku makonzedwe akuti ESA. Ziwiro zimenezi zimapereka njira yolinganizidwa yothandizira maprogramungwe a boma kuyendera mapulogalamu a boma ku chigawo chakuno.

Kugwirizana ndi Magulu Ogwirizana

Akuluakulu a boma nthaŵi zambiri amasonkhezera mabungwe a boma ndi Congress kuti asinthe malamulo. Olamulira a National Association, National Conference of State Legislatures, ndi Council of State State Council amatumikira monga mapulatifomu a kugwirizanitsa ntchito zaupapa. Pamene maboma ambiri ayang'anizana ndi mavuto ofanana, kukakamiza kogwirizana kungatulutse zotsatira. Mwachitsanzo, maboma alimbikitsa EPA mwachipambano kupereka chitsogozo pa maprogramu a malonda apamwamba a madzi amene amalola oyendetsa zinthu kuyenderana bwino kwambiri. Mabungwe a boma ndi mabungwe a boma angatulutsenso njira zothandizira, monga magulu antchito amodzi pa kuyendetsa ntchito zaumoyo kapena kuchitapo kanthu koopsa.

Kuthandiza Anthu Onse ndi Kuonetsa Malo Oyera

Kusintha anthu okhala m’dzikolo kuti apange malamulo kumathandiza maboma kulinganiza zosankha ndi malo akwawo. Kumvetsera kwapoyera, nyengo zopereka ndemanga pa Intaneti, ndi misonkhano yokhudza anthu kulola anthu kufotokoza mmene ndalama za boma zimagwiritsidwira ntchito kapena mmene malamulo a boma amalinganizidwira. Njira zoonetsa bwino zinthu zingachititse kudalirana ndi kuchepetsa kusagwirizana kwa ndale zadziko pamene zochita za boma zisemphana ndi malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera akuyendetsa ntchito za makampani a za zopanga malo apamwamba oyendetsera zinthu za boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga mapulani amene amasonyeza mfundo za kumaloko pamene akukwaniritsa zofunika za boma ndi malamulo.

Kulankhulana Monga Njira Yomalizira

Pamene kukambitsirana kwalephera, zinenezo zingapereke chigamulo kwa boma kuti litsutse ochenjeredwa kapena kulandidwa. Milandu yambiri ya boma yotsutsana ndi malamulo a boma njofala; Obama-Erai Clean Power Plan inawona 27 ikumatsutsa kulakwa kwake. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, imanenanso kuti iyang'anira ntchito ya boma, monga ngati pamene California ndi maboma ena anazenga EPA chifukwa cha kulephera kuletsa mpweya wotentha. Pamene kuli kwakuti adversarial, ligiganizalo limalongosola malamulo ndipo lingatsogolere ku mipando imene imapanga kulolera kusweka. Attorney authractive kudutsakosources ndi maluso a zalamulo.

Kupenda Matenda Mokhutiritsa

Programu ya Cap- and-Trade ya California ndi Chigwirizano cha Federal

California anayambitsa programu yake yochepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wotenthetsa dziko, lamulo lomwe linalipo pasanapangidwe dongosolo lofananalo. Bomalo linasunga chipambano kuchokera ku EPA kusungitsa malire ake otulutsa magalimoto, ndipo programu yagwirizana ndi dongosolo la Quebec pansi pa pangano logwirizana. Mwakuphatikizana ndi zisonkhezero za boma zonga misonkho ya msonkho ya mphamvu zobwezeretsedwa, California imasonyeza mmene utsogoleri wa boma angagwirizanire ndi [1] ndipo nthaŵi zina kusinthika kwa zinthu. Programu yapangitsa mabiliyoni ambiri kubweretsa ndalama za magetsi pamene akuyang'anizana ndi zikole za mlengalenga.

Kusintha Zinthu pa Zaumoyo ku Massachusetts

Massachusetts anasintha kwambiri zaumoyo mu 2006 zimene zinaphatikiza lamulo la munthu aliyense payekha, mainshuwalansi, ndi ndalama zothandizira ndalama zomwe zinatengedwa pa Affordible Care Act. Bomalo linagwira ntchito ndi akuluakulu a boma kuti apeze opalamula kuti apange masinthidwe ake pasadakhale. Atadutsa, Massachusetts anatha kusintha mosagwiritsa ntchito njira yake yosintha zinthu pamene akusunga zinthu za boma monga Connector Authority. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza mmene kuyesa kudziŵikitsa malamulo a boma ndi mmene boma lingadziŵire zoyesayesa zake popanda kusokoneza dziko. ([FLT: 0] Massachetts Health Convinence [FLF:1]] imapereka chithunzi cha webusaiti yamakono.

Banja Losauka la Washington

Washington adagwiritsira ntchito programu yoyamba ya dzikolo yolipidwa ndi tchuthi chamankhwala mu 2019, yochirikizidwa ndi antchito ndi abwana awo. Kuyesayesa kumeneku kunapyola lamulo la boma, limene panthaŵiyo linapereka tchuthi chosalipidwa pansi pa Family ndi Medical Let Act . Mwakupanga njira yakeyake, Washington adapanga masiteshoni opindulitsa ndi kuyenerera kwa chiŵerengero cha antchito ake. Programu yatamandidwa kaamba ka kugawana ndi kusokonezeka kwa mabizinesi aang'ono. Kupambana kwake kwasonkhezera makambitsirano a boma operekera malipiro osalipidwa, kusonyeza mmene maprogramu a boma angasonyezere kusoŵa ndi kudziŵitsa dongosolo la dziko.

Tsogolo la Maunansi a Boma

Zotsatirapo zingapo zidzaumba mmene maboma amalinganizirira zosoŵa za kumalo ndi zitsogozo za boma m'zaka zikubwerazi. Kuwonjezereka kwa ndale zadziko za America kungakulitse mikangano, monga momwe maboma olamuliridwa ndi zipani zosiyana kuchokera ku boma akugwira ntchito monga malo otetezera. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kuchepetsa mphamvu za ulamuliro [1] makamaka m'maiko okhala ndi anthu ochepa angatsogolere ku kudalira kwambiri pa chithandizo cha boma cha zopangapanga kapena mabungwe a chigawo.

Malamulo a khotili akuthandiza kuti anthu adziwe bwino malamulo a boma m’madera monga malamulo a zachilengedwe ndiponso a zamalonda a pa Intaneti.

Kuthandizana pa zipangizo zamakono komanso pa makompyuta kumathandiza kuti zinthu zizigwirizana bwino.

Mliri wa Covid-19 unavumbula ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi kufooka kwa boma m'vuto laumoyo wa anthu. Maboma poyamba anapikisana kaamba ka zopereka ndi kupereka ziletso zosasintha, koma mkupita kwa nthaŵi zoyesayesa zogwirizana mofanana ndi ntchito yoyesa ya boma zinatulukira. Chokumana nachocho chimasonyeza kufunika kwa njira zowonekera bwino zochitirapo kanthu mwamsanga zimene zimalemekeza ulamuliro pamene zikutsimikizira kugwirizana kwa dziko.

Malamulo osinthasintha zinthu monga kukhazikitsa malamulo opeka a luntha, kutsegulira zinthu, ndi kubisa chidziŵitso zidzayesanso unistism. Popanda kuchotsedwa kwa boma, maboma angapange malamulo opangidwa ndi zidutswa zimene zimasokoneza malonda a mayiko osiyanasiyana, koma kuyesa kwa boma kungapereke zitsanzo zogwira mtima. Kulinganiza bwino pakati pa kugwirizana ndi kusiyana kudzakhalabe vuto lalikulu.

Kumaliza

Maboma amagwira ntchito m’dongosolo la malamulo limene limawapatsa ulamuliro waukulu koma amafuna kugwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Kusagwirizana pakati pa zosoŵa za kumalo ndi zitsogozo za boma sikuli kokha kusagwirizana kwa ulamuliro; ndi mbali yaikulu ya ulamuliro wa Amereka imene imachirikiza kukonza zinthu ndi kuŵerengera. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto onga ngati kuchepetsa ndalama, mikangano ya malamulo, ndi kugaŵana kwa ndale zadziko kukupitirizabe, maboma atsimikizira kukhala okhoza kuchirikiza kulolera, kugwirizana ndi mabungwe a boma, ndi kukonza mautumiki aupainiya omwe amatumikira ponse paŵiri zikondwerero za kumalo ndi dziko.

Zitsanzo za California, Massachusetts, ndi Washington zimasonyeza kuti kuli bwino kulinganiza zinthu pamene maboma akuphatikiza kukambirana koyenera ndi kuona bwino zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Pamene dziko likupitiriza kusintha, maboma adzafunikira kukhalabe maso ndi kukonza zinthu, kutsimikizira maulamuliro awo pamene akugwirizana pamene akutumikira anthu awo. Ofuna kugwirizanitsa utsogoleri ku United States, boma lokhala ndi chuma limapereka maphunziro osatha a luso la kulolera, kukonzanso zinthu, ndi kukambirana kwa democracy ndi kukambirana. [[FL: 0] U.U . Komiti ya bungwe la bungwe la United States imapereka chidziŵitso cha mmene ndalama zimayendera kulongosola, ndi [FLT: FUP] Boma: Converance ya [3]