Kusintha kwa Zinthu Pakati pa Omenyana ndi Opaleshoni ndi Opaleshoni

Chikalata chachinayi chotchedwa Confrincition ku United States chimapereka ufulu woteteza anthu kuti asatengeke ndi umisiri, makhoti ndi opanga malamulo ayamba kuvuta kwambiri. M'nyengo ino, chitetezo chimenechi chimadalira nyumba, mapepala, ndi zotsatira zake. Koma masiku ano, chidziŵitso chathu chomvetsa zinthu chimakhala pa foni, olemba mazira, ndi kudutsa madera ena obisika. Pamene mphamvu zolamulira za boma zakula ndi luso la zopangapanga, makhoti ndi opanga malamulo akakamizidwa kubwerezanso mafunso ofunika kwambiri: Kodi ndi liti pamene boma lifunikira chilolezo chopezera umboni wamakono?

Zofunika Zosapeŵeka: Maziko a Malamulo

Chiyeneretso cha lamulo ndi chimodzi cha zitetezero zazikulu za Geneth Amendment. Kuti apeze chilolezo chofufuzira, lamulo liyenera kukwaniritsa zinthu zitatu zazikulu: chochititsa, kuonekera, ndi chilolezo chachiweruzo. Chochititsa choyenera chimafunikira kuthekera kotsimikizirika kuti umboni wa upandu udzapezeka pamalopo kuti ukafufuzidwe. Mawu amafuna kuti chilolezocho chifotokozedwe ndi malo akutiakuti zikhale zofunikira kutengedwa. Pomalizira pake, majaji ayenera kupenda ntchitoyo asanafufuzidwe.

M'mbiri, chitetezo chimenechi chinaletsa zilolezo zachisawawa ndi zithandizo, zimene zinalola akuluakulu a boma la Britain kufufuza poyera. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likutsutsa mosasintha kuti kufufuza kosayenera kuli kosamveka, kochitidwa kokha ndi yosatsimikizirika [kusiyana ndi] kuvomereza, mikhalidwe yosatsimikizirika, kufufuza chochitika kuti chigwire, ndi chiphunzitso chomveka.

Kuyembekezera Koyenera kwa Kuyesa Kukhala Wekha

Mu Katz v. United States (1967), Khoti Lapamwamba linawonjezera chitetezo cha Four Amendment kupyola pa kulakwa kwakuthupi. Khotilo linanena kuti kumvetsera foni kwa boma kunali kufunafuna, kukhazikitsa “kuyembekezera chinsinsi kwa “chinthu chachinsinsi chotsimikizirika”. Pansi pa Katz , kufunafuna kuchitika ngati (1) munthu wasonyeza chiyembekezo chenicheni cha chinsinsi, ndi (2) chitaganya chiri chokonzekera kuzindikira kuti chiyembekezocho nchomveka. Makonzedwewa anakhala maziko a kupenda kwachinsinsi.

Ufulu Wokhala Wekha M’nthaŵi ya Makompyuta

Kukwera kwa Intaneti, zipangizo zamakono, ndi makompyuta apamwamba asintha kwambiri mfundo zimene boma lizipeza.

Chiphunzitso cha Mbali Yachitatu ndi Malire Ake

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, “chiphunzitso chachitatu” chinalola boma kugwiritsa ntchito mafashoni osungidwa ndi mabizinesi popanda chilolezo, pa chiphunzitso chakuti anthu amaulula modzifunira zinthu zina kwa anthu a mbali zitatu ndipo motero amalephera kuyembekezera zinthu zachinsinsi. Smith v. Maryland [1] , Khoti linakhulupirira kuti boma lingagwiritsire ntchito pepala (lolemba manambala otchulidwa) popanda chilo chifukwa chakuti ogwiritsira ntchito foni akuganiza kuti kampani ya foni idzatenga manambalawo. Momwemonso, [[FLT:] United States. Miller . [[FLT:] , [FL:] [FL:] [12]]

Komabe, kuphulika kwa magetsi kwawononga chiphunzitso chachitatu. Carbate . United States (2017), Khoti Lalikulu linakana kufutukula chiphunzitsocho ku malo a selo-sitiki (CSLI). Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts analemba kuti “masinthidwe a sayansi yamakono a zamakono [1] anapanga maselo achitatu “oyenerera ku msinkhu wa manambala. Khotilo linagamula kuti boma lipeze chilo chofikira masiku asanu ndi aŵiri kapena angapo a CSLI, kuzindikira kuti chidziŵitso chimenechi chimapereka“ mawindo a mawindo a moyo wa munthu.”

Nkhani Zosonyeza Kuloŵa M’malo kwa Alendo ndi Aluso

Carpbate v. United States (208)

Mosakayika, FBI inagwiritsa ntchito masiku 127 a CSLI ya foni ya Timothy Carpenter kuiika pafupi ndi malo a mbala. Boma linatsutsa kuti mafaleshoni anali mafaleshoni a malonda a gulu lachitatu (wonyamula manyukiliya) ndipo motero sanamvere malamulo. Khoti Lalikulu linatsutsa chigamulo cha 5-5.64, likugamula kuti “munthu amayembekezeradi zachinsinsi zomveka m’zolemba za zigamu zake za CSLI. Khoti linagogomezera [FL:] kuŵerengera ndi mbiri yakale [FFOL:]

[1] Karplent [[FLT :1] sanaletse kulamulira .SMT kapena Miller [1] koma anangotseka kufunsira kwawo kutulukira luso la zopangapanga. Chigamulocho chinali ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu za mmene malamulo ayenera kufikira malo, ndi makhoti ambiri aang'ono akugwiritsira ntchito nzeru zake ku mitundu ina ya chidziŵitso cha mbiri ya GPS kuchokera ku magalimoto kapena mamita ake ochenjera.

Riley v. California (2014)

Mu . California , Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti apolisi satha kufufuza zinthu za foni ya m’manja zimene zachitika popanda chilolezo. Khotilo linazindikira kuti mafoni amakono ndi “mafoni a“miniputestey” osunga chidziŵitso chaumwini, ndi kuti kufunafuna kokhala ndi malo otsendereza, kumene kumalola apolisi kutetezedwa ndi kusungidwa kwa umboni, sikumalungamitsa kufunafuna kwa foni. Chilungamo cha Chikulu Roberts chinazindikira kuti “chidziŵitso chosungidwa pa foni ya meseji sichingagwiritsiridwe monga chida chovulaza apolisi omanga kapena kuchititsa kumangidwa.

Jones (202) ndi United States

Mu United States v. Jones . [FLT , khotilo linalingalira ngati kuika chipangizo cha GPS choyendera njira kwa galimoto ndi kuyang'anira kayendedwe ake kwa masiku 28 kukupanga kufunafuna kwa Fournce Amendment. Khoti linagamula kuti limatero, koma pa maziko ocheperapo a kulakwa kwakuthupi. Zoweruza Sotomayo zimapangitsa kuti Soctive’s contence, ngakhale kuli tero, kudzutsa mafunso aakulu ponena za chiphunzitso chachitatu ndi kuyang'aniridwa kwa masamu, kuimira [[FLT:] Carplated [[FL:3]].

Ntchito Zopanga Zifukwa Zoposa Malamulo

Chikalata cha Genetic Commergation chimapereka mfundo yogwirizana ndi mfundo zachinsinsi za boma. Chikalata cha Electronic Communications Ancy Act cha 1986 ndi mbali yake, Telled Communications Act (SCA), chinakhazikitsa malamulo a boma ogwiritsa ntchito njira zolankhulirana ndi zolembetsa. Pansi pa SCA, boma lingafunikire chilolezo cha zimene zilimo (monga mamesei) zomwe zinasungidwa kwa masiku 180, koma zolembedwa zakale kapena zosakhala ndi zolembedwa zikhoza kupezeka ndi foni kapena mafaketi a khoti omwe ali ndi malamulo osakhwima.

ECPA yasulizidwa kukhala yachikale, yopangidwa isanakhale yofunika pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Magulu ambiri a anthu ophunzitsa, kuphatikizapo [[FLT: 0] Erectronic Foundation Foundation , adafuna kusintha. Mu 2018, Nyumba za Malamulo zinapasa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malamulo Okhala ndi Malo Ozungulira Kuzungulira, Act, yomwe inalembedwa ndi anthu achitatu koma sinaiiitsendere ndandanda ya malamulo a pa foni. Mayiko ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo awo achinsinsi a pa foni, monga ngati njira za California zolankhula ndi chinsinsi (CECPAC), yofuna chilolezo cha chidziŵitso chopezeka ndi anthu achitatu.

Mavuto Amene Alipo Masiku Ano Okhudzana ndi Malamulo

Kulemba Malemba Mobisa ndi Lamulo la Nkhondo

Kumaliza kulembedwa mawu olembedwa pa pulatifomu monga chizindikiro, Whats App, ndi i Message zapanga mkangano pakati pa kupezeka kwachinsinsi ndi kutsata lamulo. Boma lawonjezera kutsutsa kuti makampani ayenera kulinganiza madongosolo olola kulowa mwalamulo, ngakhale ndi chilolezo. Komabe, otsutsa amatsutsa kuti chitseko chilichonse chakumbuyo chifooketsa chitetezo kwa ogwiritsira ntchito onse. Nkhondo ya FBI ya 2016 ndi Appleat kutsegula San Bernardo flaser’s iPhone inabweretsa vuto limeneli kutsogolo. Pamene kuli kwakuti mlanduwo unathetsedwa popanda lamulo lolamulira, [FLT:] “kupitira pa mdima wa [1].

Zinthu Zothandiza Kuti Zinthu Zikhale Zamoyo ndi Zothandiza

Pamene zipangizo zambiri zigwiritsira ntchito zitsulo za minwe, kuzindikira nkhope, ndi mawu otsimikizira, makhoti akulimbana ndi ngati boma lingakakamize munthu kutsegula chipangizo. Chitetezero cha Find 5 Amendment chingagwire ntchito ku chinsinsi cha munthu mwini koma kaŵirikaŵiri si ku miyoyo, imene imalingaliridwa kukhala mikhalidwe yakuthupi mmalo mwa kutsimikizira kulankhulana. Makhoti ena akhulupirira kuti apolisi angakakamize munthu kutsegula foni ndi chida cha madensi, pamene kuli kwakuti liwu lachinsinsi lingafunikire chilo kapena chigawo chapamwamba cha makompyuta. Makhoti ameneŵa amatsalabe.

Kuchuluka kwa Mawu a Aligoliti ndi Kusonkhanitsa Mawu a Chilembo cha Bulk

Mabungwe a boma amagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri maajensi oneneratu ndi zolemba zambiri kuti afufuze. Maprogramu a bungwe la NSA a metacial monga ndandanda ya metadata (yoperekedwa ndi Edward Snowden) adadzutsa mafunso akuti kaya zopereka zosakwanira zikuswa Lamulo Lachinayi. USA Freedom Act ya 2015 inathetsa programu ya foni yokhudza anthu ambiri koma inalola kusonkhanitsa koikiridwa pansi pa chilo cha malamulo kuchokera ku bungwe la mayiko ena la Surveillance Court. Kulinganiza pakati pa chitetezo cha dziko ndi zachinsinsi kumayesedwabedwa m'nkhani zonga [[FLT: 0] United States v. Moaltin [FL:] 2020], kumene bungwe la ANCERFF] limakhulupirira kuti kusonkhanitsa mabolo ofunikira pa mapepala a boma a mapepala olembedwa pansi pa [FFF:]

Kuvuta kwa Chitaganya, Lamulo, ndi Zipangizo Zamakono

Kulimbitsa Miyezo ya Malamulo ya Kufufuza Makompyuta

Akatswiri a zamalamulo anena kuti “Chikalata chachinayi cha Lamulo” chizigwiritsa ntchito mfundo zofanana ndi zimene zikufunika ku kampaniyo, kaya zisungidwe m’deralo kapena zigawo zachitatu. Mayiko ena monga Utah ndi Washington, akhazikitsa kale malamulo ofuna kuti boma lizilandira malangizo alionse pa Intaneti.

Kusonkhezera Kusintha Zinthu m’Zifukwa za Chidziŵitso cha Boma

Makampani a zaumisiri amafalitsa malipoti obwerezabwereza ofotokoza chiŵerengero cha zopempha za boma zimene amalandira. Komabe, malamulo osasintha amaletsa makampani kudziŵitsa ogwiritsira ntchito pamene apeza chidziŵitso chawo. Malamulo monga Email Isclect, amene angafune chilolezo cha njira zonse zolankhulirana ndi magetsi osungidwa, aperekedwa koma sanaperekedwe. ACLU akupitiriza kuchirikiza kaamba ka zofunika zolimba ndi chitetezo cha magetsi.

Kusunga Zipangizo Zamakono Zolimbikitsa Kukhala Wokha

Kupanga luso la zopangapanga ndi mfundo zachinsinsi m’maganizo. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa “kusintha zinthu mwa kulinganiza [1] kungachepetse chidziŵitso champhamvu chimene akuluakulu angapeze popanda chilolezo. Mapeto-kumapeto, pomasulira, ndi kuchepetsa chidziŵitso ndi zitsanzo za maluso amene amayenderana ndi malamulo oteteza. Mabungwe onga Apple aphatikiza mbali zosiyanasiyana monga zachinsinsi ndi kuchepetsa njira ya device Siri kuchepetsa kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso cha zinthu.

Kuphunzitsa Anthu za Ufulu Woyenera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta

Anthu ambiri sakudziŵa mmene ntchito zawo za foni zingayang'anitsidwire popanda chilolezo. Mkupiti wa maphunziro apoyera ndi magulu onga ngati “Kudziŵa Ufulu Wanu” kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira pamene lamulo likhoza kusungidwa ndi kutetezeredwa. M'nyengo ya ukatswiri, kuvomereza kwaumboni kuli chinyengo chowonjezereka popanda kuzindikira.

Mfundo Zothandiza Kuti Tikhale ndi Tsogolo Labwino

Kulinganiza zofunika zoyenerera za lamulo ndi chitetezo champhamvu cha pambali kumafuna kusamala.

  • Kusintha ECPA: Congress iyenera kukonzanso Electronic Communitions Privacy Act kuti ifunikire chilolezo kaamba ka zonse zophatikizidwa, mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu, ndi kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa metam' popanda uyang'aniro wachiweruzo.
  • Adpt “oyenerera kaamba ka chidziŵitso” muyezo: Opanga malamulo ayenera kugwirizanitsa [ Kampani [ kuti pempho lililonse la boma la chidziŵitso cha manambala , thanzi, ziŵiya, kapena kulankhulana ndi zinthu] likhale muyezo wochititsa.
  • Mabungwe otetezera opanga zinthu: Ayenera kuikiza ndalama zofufuzira ndi kupanga njira zosungira zinthu zachinsinsi zimene zimalola kufufuza kochitidwa popanda kusonkhanitsa ndalama zambiri.
  • Akupanga uyang'aniro waumwini: Mabungwe oyendera anthu wamba kuti aone ngati boma likufuna kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyendera ndiponso kutsimikizira kuti lizitsatira malamulo oyenera.
  • Kuteteza ku kulemba mawu opatulika: Opanga malamulo ayenera kukana mafoni ofooketsa kulembedwa kwa mawu ndi kufunafuna njira zalamulo, monga malamulo a khoti otetezeka otsimikizira kuti ndi ovomerezeka, kuti afike mwalamulo.

Kumaliza

Kusiyana kwa zifuno zofunikira ndi zoyenera zachinsinsi m'zasayansi yamakono sikuli mbali yalamulo yalamulo yokhayokha, ndi chigamulo chilichonse chatsopano, khoti Lapamwamba lililonse, ndi kusintha kulikonse kwa malingaliro a anthu. Lamulo lachinayi la Amereka liyenera kukhalabe: boma liyenera kulungamitsa kuloŵerera kwake m'moyo wathu waumwini. Monga momwe khoti lapamwamba la U.S. ladziŵidwa mu Riley , Karpartent , ndi nkhani zina, chidziŵitso cha makono sichiyenera kutetezedwa chifukwa chakuti lasungidwa m’mitambo kapena kunyamula m’thumba.

Kupita patsogolo, thayolo siliri kokha kwa oweruza ndi opanga malamulo komanso kwa akatswiri a zaumisiri ndi nzika wamba.