Chiyambi cha Malingaliro Oyambirira

Maziko a nzeru za chiyambidwe cha kuyambika kwa malamulo amakula kwambiri kuposa mmene ofufuza a zamalamulo ambiri amadziŵira. Pamene kuli kwakuti Woweruza Antonin Scalia anabweretsa malingaliro oyamba a lamulo la America, filosofi yeniyeniyo imachokera ku miyambo ya Anglo - America. Oweruza oyambirira kaŵirikaŵiri anagwiritsira ntchito "tanthauzo loyamba" la malamulo ndi malamulo, akumatsutsa kuti kukhulupirika ku zolemba kuletsa kuyang’anira milandu. Ku United States, mbadwo woyambitsa weniweniwo unatsutsana ndi mmene makhoti amtsogolo angafotokozere Malamulo. James Madison, kulemba m'kaumboni wa [[FLT: 0] No. [FLT:] [FLT: 1], anavomereza vuto la kumasulira matanthauzo a mibadwo yonse, pamene Alexander Hamilton mu [FL:] Filmed. Noctalgated'' adatsutsa ntchito ya "malemba khumi la lamulolo.

M’zaka za zana la 19, makhoti a ku America nthaŵi zonse anasonyeza zolinga za olemba malamulo pothetsa mafunso a lamulo. Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall anagamula za Marbury v. Madison (1803) anakhazikitsa kupenda kwachiweruzo m’lingaliro lakuti malembo a Malamulo olembedwa ali ndi malire omasulira bwino. Pambuyo pake, [FLT:] [MCulloch v. Maryland [1] [FLT:] [18], Marshall adagwirizana ndi kufufuza koyambirira kwa mphamvu za bungwe la countactive pansi pa Klaus. Zosankha zimenezi sizinagwiritsire ntchito chizindikiro cha "kuyambirira," koma zinakhazikitsa mwambo wa kuvomereza kumene anali kuvomereza kwawo.

Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, akatswiri a mbiri yakale anatsutsa mwambo umenewu, akumanena kuti oweruza mosapeŵeka anabweretsa makhalidwe a munthu mwini pa mafotokozedwe a lamulo. Khoti lenileni linapeza kugawa kwa malamulo m'nyengo ya New Deal, pamene Bwalo Lapamwamba linachirikiza mphamvu za boma pansi pa mfundo za malonda ndi mfundo zachikhalidwe. Otsutsa zosankha za New Deal, kuphatikizapo akatswiri a zamalamulo osunga mwambo, anayamba kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane yankho loyambirira. Iwo anatsutsa kuti Khotilo linasiya tanthauzo lotsimikizirika la malamulo a malamulo ochirikiza malamulo amene anali kusakhala ndi ufulu wa demokrase.

Ochirikiza Oyambirira ndi Kuyamba kwa Kuyambirira kwamakono

Gulu lamakono la oyambitsa linadziŵika bwino m'ma 1970 ndi ma 1980, losonkhezeredwa ndi kusakhutira ndi Warren ndi Burger Courts zomangira ufulu wa anthu. Katswiri wa zamalamulo Robert Bork adatulukira monga mawu otsogolera, kufalitsa nkhani zotchuka zotsutsa kuti kumasulira kogwirizana ndi malamulo kuyenera kuletsedwa ndi kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa malemba. Bork anakana lingaliro lakuti oweruza angapeze motsimikizirika ufulu wosakhala wovomerezeka kapena kukonzanso matanthauzo a malamulo amakhalidwe a anthu. Kwa Bork, chiphunzitso choyambirira sichinali chabe lamulo lovomerezeka ndi lamulo loyenerera la kulamulira kwa demokrase.

Chilungamo Paliam Rehnquist , woikidwa ku Bwalo Lapamwamba mu 1971 ndi kukwezedwa ku Chilungamo Chachikulu mu 1986, adalandiranso malingaliro oyamba m’malingaliro aakulu. Roe v. [1973] [7773] [I], Rehnstst adatsutsa, akumati kuzindikira kwa unyinji ufulu wa malamulo wa kuchotsa mimba sikumachirikiza kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa Lamulo la 1449 Confective. Komabe, iye sanavomereze [FLT: 4.] Roo [[FLT] adakhala chiyeso cha kuyambilira kwa choyambirira cha khoti la jubrist. Revnformist, ngakhale kulibe, iye anasintha mawu oyambirira, pamene anasintha kuchokera ku kutanthauza kwake.

Andale ndi maphunziro omwe anachirikiza kuyambika kwa zinthu zina zinakula m'ma 1980. Oweruza a Reagan anafunafuna oweruza odzipereka ku njira zoyambirira za sayansi. Attorney Edwin Meese III anapereka nkhani yaikulu mu 1985 ku Tulane University, kupempha "zoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito cholinga choyambirira. Meese adatsutsa kuti tanthauzo la Malamulo linakhazikitsidwa pa kutembenuza ndi kuti oweruza anapitirira ulamuliro wawo pamene analeka kutanthauza zimenezo. Mawuwo anabutsa mkangano waukulu, ndi Justice William Brennan akuyankha kuti Chiphunzitso choyambirira chinali "kuvekedwa monga kudzichepetsa. Zimenezi zinasintha mawu a malamulo a malamulo a mbadwo.

Kusintha kwa Kulemba

Pofika kumapeto kwa ma 1980, chiphunzitso choyambirira chinakula kwambiri. Akatswiri onga Randy Barnett ndi Lawson] Gearson [ ananena kuti kuyambirira kuyenera kusumika pa "tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira" la malemba alamulo m’malo mwa zolinga za munthu mmodzi. Zimenezi zinasintha mawu otsutsa kwambiri: kodi oweruza motsimikiza kuti ndi ochuluka motani a ma framers ndi ma ratifiers omwe afuna? Kufikira kwapo kwa anthu kuyang'ana kuti munthu woyenerera panthaŵi ya kuzoloŵerako amvetsetse malemba. Zimenezi zinapangitsa kuti mfundo yoyamba ya kuchotsa mfundo yake yoyenerera ndi yogwirizana ndi njira zake yomasulira.

Jasitisi Scalia ndi Kusintha kwa Masiku Ano

Kuikidwa kwa Woweruza Antonin Scalia ku Supreme Court mu 1986 kunazindikiritsa posinthira maganizo a katswiri woyamba. Scalia sanangobweretsa nzeru yowopsa ndi njira yolemba yokha komanso kudzipereka kosasintha ku njira zoyambirira za sayansi kupyola mitundu yonse ya malamulo a . Kutsimikizira kwake kunafotokoza mozama za nthanthi yake yomasulira, kusonyeza kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chinafika monga njira yachiweruzo yotchuka.

Kuyambirira kwa Scalia kunali kosiyana m’njira zingapo. Choyamba, anagogomezera malembo m'kumasulira kwa malamulo, akumatsutsa kuti oweruza ayenera kuyang'ana ku tanthauzo lomveka la mawu opangidwa ndi Congress mmalo mwa kupanga malamulo kapena cholinga cha malamulo. United States v. Taylor . (1987), Scalia analemba kuti "tikulamulidwa ndi malamulo, osati ndi zolinga za malamulo. Kufikira kumeneku kunagwirizana ndi mbiri yake yoyambirira ya malamulo ndi kupatsa jiniko maziko ake a njira zogwirizana.

Chachiwiri, Scalia anakana mfundo yakuti Konsichushoni ingasinthe kuchokera ku mafotokozedwe achiweruzo. M’buku lake la 1997 Matter of Translate , Scalia anatsutsa kuti malamulo ndi "lamulo" m’lingaliro wamba, kutanthauza kuti mawu ake ali ndi tanthauzo lotsimikizirika lakuti oweruza ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito. Iye anasiyanitsa kwambiri pakati pa "matanthauzo) ndi "kumasulira zinthu zatsopano. Ngakhale kuti anavomereza kuti kumanga kukhoza kukhala ndi nzeru, iye anatsimikiza kuti kuyenera kukhalabe ndi tanthauzo la mawu oyambirira.

Chachitatu, Scalia anagwiritsira ntchito kuyambika kwa malamulo ku makonzedwe enieni amene nthaŵi zina anadabwitsa openyerera. Kusagwirizana kwake mu Morrison v. Olson (1988) (kapena kuti lamulo la kudziimira linaletsa kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, malamulo otengedwa kuchokera ku ku kamvedwe ka poyamba ka mfundo II. Jelder [[FLT] [200:3]], Scalia analemba lingaliro la anthu ambiri lozindikira kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida, kupangitsa kufufuza kwake koyambirira kwa mbiri pa tanthauzo la Seconsolmer Reformation. Scaliat [FLD] [FLD] [FFFF:5]

Chiyambukiro cha Scalia chinafalikira kuposa malingaliro ake. Anaphunzitsa mbadwo wa alembi a malamulo amene anakhala oweruza, maprofesa, ndi ochirikiza malamulo. Nkhani zake ndi zolemba zake zotchuka ndi kukambitsirana kwa oimira boma ndi ochirikiza mwambo. Pofika nthaŵi ya imfa yake mu 2016, chiphunzitso choyambirira chinali chitachoka ku mfundo zapamwamba za lamulo la Amereka. Ngakhale otsutsa chiphunzitso cha Chisinthiko chophatikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi mfundo zake, chipangano cha Scalia.

Nkhani ya M’chikhalidwe cha M’lamulo

Mkati mwa kuchuluka kwake, Scalia adachita makani ndi ochirikiza " malamulo amoyo" a njira, imene imavomereza kuti tanthauzo la malamulo limasintha ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Jasitisi Brennan, Justice Thur Good Marshall, ndi Jasitisi pambuyo pake anachirikiza lingaliro limeneli, akumatsutsa kuti Chiphunzitso choyambirira chikaletsa malamulo otetezera pamiyezo ya 18 ya zaka zapakati ndi kuletsa Khoti kusamalira kusalungama kwamakono. Scalia adatsutsa kuti malamulo a moyo anapatsa oweruza mphamvu yosatsendereza miyezo yaumwini, kululuza demokrase governance. Kutsutsana kumeneku kumachititsa kutsutsana kwa zigamu za Khoti, kuchokera ku kuchotsa mimba kwa zaka za zana la 18 mpaka kuvomereza ulamuliro wa audindo.

Kuyamba Kulankhulana Ndi Ena Pambuyo Pokambidwa Chilango: Khoti la Roberts ndi Malo Ena Oposa

Justice Scalia mu 2017, anadzutsa mafunso onena za mtsogolo mwa woyambirira amene analingaliridwa pa Bwalo Lapamwamba. Donald Trump's kukhazikitsa Chilungamo [[FLT: 0] Neil Gor "mot mu 2017, motsatiridwa ndi Woweruza Brett Kavaugh [1] mu 2020], Brett Kayendedwe ka choyambirira pa Khoti la masiku ano. Chimodzi mwa zoweruza zimenezi chasonyeza kudzipereka ku njira zoyambirira za sayansi, ngakhale kuti zimatsatira njira zodziŵika bwino.

Jasitire Clarence Thomas, woyambirira wa zaka zambiri pa Bwalo lamilandu lamakono, wasonkhezera kuyambirira kwa Chigamulo chapamwamba. Thomas watsutsa kuti aperekenso zitsanzo zimene zimasiyana ndi tanthauzo lakale, kuphatikizapo m'madera onga ngati njira yofunikira ndi njira zamalonda. United States v. Lopez . (19595), Thomas analemba mopatulapo kutsutsa kuti mawu a khoti la jurisprificince asokera kutali ndi tanthauzo lake loyambirira. [[FL:] M5]. Vocdald. v[FLT] (20) (20) kumasulira kwachiŵiri kwa kumvetsetsa kwa ufulu wa ku Immagnome, ndi kuwonjezera mfundo za ufulu wa kulongosola mfundo za ufulu wa ku I - Claunik, imatsataponso kwambiri.

Woweruza Gor "amene anagogomezera kusiyanitsa malemba monga kugwirizana ndi kuyambirira. Malingaliro ake m'nkhani zonga Bostock v. Clayton County (2020]), kumene anagwirizana ndi anthu ambiri amene anali ndi mutu wakuti Thet VII imaletsa tsankho pa maziko a kugonana ndi chibadwa, amasonyeza kuti kusanthula malemba kungatulutse zotulukapo zimene akatswiri ena odziŵa bwino za kuyambitsa mawu a m'Baibulo amapeza kukhala zodabwitsa.

Jasitisi Barrett, yemwe kale anali malaliki, analemba zambiri zokhudza njira zophunzirira za kuyambika kwa zinthu. M'nkhani yopenda malamulo ya 2017, Barrett ananena kuti kuyambirira sikuyenera kusokonezedwa ndi "kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa poyamba. Olemba malamulowo angakhale atayembekezera kuti malamulo azigwiritsidwa ntchito m’njira zina, koma kuti omasulirawo ndiwo tanthauzo la malemba, osati matanthauzo enieni amene anayembekezera. Kusiyanitsa kumeneku kumachititsa akatswiri oyambirira kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a malamulo a kapangidwe ka zinthu zatsopano ndi mikhalidwe yawo popanda kutaya kudzipereka kwawo ku kumasulira.

Kuyambirira m’Makhoti Aang’ono

Kulingalira kwachiyambi kwafalikiranso m'mabwalo amilandu a boma a apilo. Oweruza onga William Prychor wa Holysth , Don Willett[ wa Komiti Yachisanu, ndi [FLT]] Lawnce Vancke wa Ninth Transsslyn jourcesss jources projectsssssss. Federalist Society, mayanjano ogwirizana alamulo, akhala ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri popititsa patsogolo malingaliro oyambirira kupyolera olankhula, misonkhano, ndi kusankha kwachiweruzo. Otsutsa kuti Federalist Society Society adasinthanist Society, kumasulira njira yosatsa kulongosola kwa kayendetseri.

Kutsutsana ndi Kusuliza kwa Patsogolo

Kutembenuza zinthu kumayang'anizana ndi zisulizo zopitirizabe zambiri zochokera kwa akatswiri ndi oweruza. Choyamba, osuliza amatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira sichingapereke tanthauzo loyambirira la anthu la makonzedwe alamulo kaŵirikaŵiri kumafunikira oweruza kupanga zosankha za kumasulira za magwero a mbiri yakale opezera chiwongola dzanja ndi mmene angapimire umboni wotsutsana. Judge Breyer, m’bukhu lake Prective Liberty [, anatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chimaphatikizapo kubisa zinthu mwanzeru ndi kupenda mbiri yakale. Chotsatira, chitsutsa kuti, ntchito zoyambirira monga chofufuzira kaamba ka zotulukapo zosasintha.

Chachiwiri, akatswiri ena amatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira n’chodzilamulira okha. Olemba malamulowo, malinga ndi kunena kwa buku lachikale limeneli, sanafune kuti malamulo atembenuzidwe mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo loyambirira. Iwo anayembekezera mibadwo yapambuyo pake kusintha mapulinsipulo a malamulo ndi kusintha kwa mikhalidwe. Ochirikiza maganizo ameneŵa a mfundo ya kugwiritsira ntchito chilankhulo chotseguka monga "kuyambika kwa nthaŵi yake" ndi " chilango chachilendo," potsutsa kuti mawu ameneŵa amapempha kumasulira mosintha. Omasulira mabukuwo anayankha kuti akonzere kuti azikhala ndi tanthauzo lotsimikizirika ndi kuti chinenero chotsegulidwa chiyenera kumvedwa m'mbiri.

Chachitatu, osuliza amanena kuti kuyambirira sikungapereke chifukwa cha chitsanzo. Khoti Lapamwamba lagamulapo milandu mazana ambiri imene imasiyana ndi tanthauzo loyambirira. Kumamatira ku kuyambiriro kukafunikira kutsendereza zambiri za zosankha zimenezi, kupangitsa kusakhazikika ndi kufooketsa zikondwerero. Okhulupirira m’malemba apereka mayankho osiyanasiyana: ena amatsutsa kuti chitsanzo chiyenera kugonjera ku tanthauzo loyambirira; ena amavomereza njira zolakwika zotsatizana pang’onopang’ono, kuwonjezera pa zotsatizana zolakwika pamene mtengo wa kuchita motero ukhoza kukwaniritsidwa.

Chachinayi, chiphunzitso choyambirira chikukumana ndi mavuto pothetsa mafunso amene anthu opanga malamulo sakanayembekezera. Zipangizo zamakono monga kuyang'anira zinthu zamagetsi, kupima majini, ndi nzeru zopanga zimapangitsa zinthu zimene sizikudziwika bwino poyamba. Akatswiri a maphunziro a kuyambiriro amanena kuti malamulo a boma, amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambirira, angasinthe zinthu zatsopano. Kuteteza kwa "ufulu wa kulankhula," mwachitsanzo, kungagwiritsidwe ntchito pa Intaneti popanda kufuna kuti anthu adziwe bwino njira zolankhulirana ndi kompyuta. Otsutsa mfundo za m'Baibulo amatsutsa mfundo yakuti kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi imafunika kuti ithetsedwe.

Kuphunzira kwa Kuyamba ndi Chisonkhezero cha Mabungwe

Chiphunzitso chasintha kwambiri m'kuyanja kuyambika kwa chiphunzitso chachikale m'zaka makumi atatu zapitazo. Sukulu zotsogolera za malamulo tsopano zimapereka maphunziro a njira zoyambirira, ndi akatswiri onga Randy Barnett [, [[FLT:] , [[FLT]] . Michael McConnell [FLT] , [[FLT]], [[FLT]], [[FFLT] ndi Relignetic , [Malamulo:] ndi: [Mafult ] a . [1]

National Constitution Center [[FLT :1] ku Philadelphia yakhala maziko a maphunziro oyambirira, makambitsirano osonkhezera, kufalitsa zinthu zothandizira, ndi kugwirizanitsa akatswiri kuchokera ku mbali zina zomasulira. Projekiti yake "Constitution yosasintha" imapereka malingaliro osiyanasiyana pa makonzedwe alamulo alionse, kuphatikizapo mafotokozedwe oyambirira. Mabungwe a gulu athandiza kusungitsa chiphunzitso cha chiyambi kusungitsa nzeru ngakhale monga momwe mikangano ya ndale zadziko yakulira.

[[FLT: 0] Chisonkhezero cha kuwonjezera pa maphunziro ndi makhoti . Mabungwe alamulo otchuka monga .Pactififial Legal Foundation [ ndi [FLT:] [Ufulu] wa Chigamulo cha Woweruza [[FLT:] [FLT]] wogwiritsira ntchito mfundo zoyambirira za boma zotsutsa boma zotsutsa boma. Kampaniyo yoyambirira [[FLT:] imatulutsa mayeso oyamba a milandu ya Khoti Lapamwamba ndi ochirikiza milandu ndi opereŵerapo kupyolerapo poyambirira. Maboma, makamaka kuchokera ku Republican, anawonjezera zigome, ndi kukambirana kwawo kwachidule kwalamulo.

Tsogolo la Malingaliro Oyambirira

Chiphunzitso cha chiphunzitso choyambirira chidzadalira pa mfundo zingapo. Choyamba, kupangidwa kwa Khoti Lalikulu kudzaumba mmene malamulo amakhalidwe abwino oyambirira amasinthira kukhala zosankha zenizeni. Ndi ambiri osunga mwambo amene amaphatikizapo oweruza anayi omwe amatchula kuti oyambirira, Bwalo lamilandu liyenera kupitirizabe kuloŵetsamo mfundo zoyamba za chiphunzitso. Komabe, oweruzawo amatsutsana ponena za mmene chiphunzitso choyambirira chiyenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito, ndipo kusagwirizana kumeneku kungatulutse zosankha zosokoneza zimene zimayambitsa kusatsimikizirika kwa chiphunzitso.

Yachiŵiri, makambitsirano aukatswiri a m'chiyambi adzakhudza kuyambika kwake. Gulu la "tsopano la kuyambika" lavomereza kusiyana pakati pa kumasulira ndi kumanga, likumati chiphunzitso choyambirira chimasankha tanthauzo la malembo alamulo koma chimasiya maziko a chiphunzitso mkati mwa tanthauzo limenelo. Akatswiri ena anenanso kuti kuyambirira kuyenera kuphatikiza mbali za malamulo alamulo onse, kuzindikira kuti chiphunzitso ndi kuchita zinthu zingaumbe ndi kulinganiza mwalamulo ngakhale pamene asiyana ndi tanthauzo lake.

Chachitatu, kugwirizana kwa anthu ndi ndale zadziko ndi kuyambika kwa chipembedzo kudzayambukira mphamvu yake yokhalitsa. Kutembenuza kwakhala mutu wankhani yaikulu m'mikangano ya ndale zadziko yonena za kuikidwa kwa oweruza. Oyang'anira amafunsa mafunso ponena za kudzipereka kwawo ku kuyambika kwa chibadwa, ndi kutsimikizira mamvedwe a nkhani zambiri za kumasulira njira. Andale ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chidzakhalabe nkhani ya mkangano wa anthu onse, komanso amaikanso pangozi kuchepetsa chiphunzitso choyambirira kukhala mawu otchuka m’malo mwa njira yolimba ya kusanthula malamulo.

Chachinayi, kukhoza kwa chiphunzitso choyambirira kuthana ndi mavuto amakono kudzayesa kufunika kwake. Mafunso okhudza zachinsinsi m'nyengo ya manambala, mphamvu ya ulamuliro pa zochitika zamwadzidzidzi, ndi malire a ulamuliro wa boma pansi pa mawu a malonda zonse zimafuna kusanthula koyambirira. Ngati akatswiri a Baibulo angatulutse mayankho okopa ndi osasintha ku mafunso ameneŵa, filosofi idzasunga chisonkhezero chake. Ngati mfundo zoyambirira zioneka kuti zikupotozedwa kapena zitulukapo zimene zimasokoneza kwambiri maganizo a anthu, njirayo ingataye chikhulupiriro.

Kuyamba Kulankhula ndi Boma la Uyang’aniro

Chimodzi cha zopangidwa zazikulu kwambiri m'zoyamba zamakono za akatswiri a Baibulo chinalingalira za boma loyang'anira. Akatswiri ndi oweruza ayamba kukayikira kwambiri kuyenera kwa malamulo a boma lamakono, akumanena kuti Congress sangaike mphamvu za malamulo ku mabungwe a boma popanda kuphwanya malamulo a maulamuliro. Chilungamo cha Gormoct's mu Gound v. United States (2010]) adatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso chosakhala cha mtsogoleri, chimene chimaletsa kugawa ulamuliro wa malamulo, chili ndi mizu ya kumvetsetsa koyamba kwa mfundo ya Chilamulo I. Mawu ameneŵa apeza gawo mu khoti lotsika ndi logonjera lamulo lovomerezedwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba.

Chiphunzitso chachikulu cha mafunso, chimene chimafuna kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ilankhule momvekera bwino pamene ikulamula bungwe lolamulira nkhani za kufunika kwakukulu kwa zachuma ndi ndale zadziko, chimatsatiranso malamulo oyambirira. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu West Virginia v. EPA [2022] anagwiritsira ntchito chiphunzitso chimenechi kuletsa ulamuliro wa Environmental Protection Agency kuletsa kutentha kwa mpweya wa mpweya. Oweruza oyambirira atsutsa kuti chiphunzitso chachikulu cha mafunso chimateteza malo alamulo a boma kwa bungwe la malamulo a boma ku Nyumba ya Malamulo mmalo mwa makampani auyang'aniro.

Kumaliza: Choloŵa Chosatha cha Chiphunzitso cha Mulungu

Kuchokera ku kujambula kwake koyambirira kwa Robert Bork ndi William Rehnquist kupyolera mwa Justice Scalia kutembenuza kwa Chigamulo cha nthaŵi ino, lingaliro loyambirira lasintha lamulo la malamulo a America. Chigogomezero cha filosofi pa kukhulupirika kwa malemba, mbiri yakale, ndi kuletsa kwa chiweruzo chapereka njira ina yamphamvu kukhalira ndi moyo wogwirizana ndi malamulo ndi njira zina zomasulira. Ngakhale osuliza chiphunzitso choyambirira amavomereza kulemekezeka kwake ndi chisonkhezero chake pa chiphunzitso cha Supreme Court.

Chitokoso chosatha cha chiphunzitso choyambirira ndicho kukhalabe wokhulupirika ku malamulo ake aakulu pamene akuyang'anira kuvuta kwa maulamuliro amakono a malamulo. Olemba mbiri ayenera kupitirizabe kukonza njira zawo, kugwirizana ndi umboni wa mbiri yakale, ndi kulimbana ndi kutsutsana pakati pa tanthauzo loyambirira ndi kukhazikitsa. Kulimba kwa nzeruzo kumadalira pa kukhoza kwake kutulutsa nkhani yogwirizana ndi yokopa ya kumasulira kogwirizana ndi kochititsa kuyenera kulemekezedwa ndi akatswiri, oweruza, ndi anthu.

Woweruza Scalia ananena kaŵirikaŵiri kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi "choipa pang'ono" m'kumasulira kwa lamulo, osati changwiro koma chalamulo kwambiri kuposa njira zimene zimapatsa oweruza nzeru zosatha. Kutetezera koyambirira kungakhale chopereka chake chokhalitsa: chikumbutso chakuti m'demokrase, tanthauzo la Malamulo liyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi awo amene amavomereza, osati ndi awo amene amangokhala pa ben. Kaya chiphunzitso choyambirira chingasunge lonjezololololololo poyang'anizana ndi chitsendereza ndale ndi kumasulira kusagwirizana kwake kwa zinenero ndi oweruza omwe amatsata mapazi a Scalia.

  • Maziko a chiphunzitso choyambirira m'zochita za malamulo a ku America ndi kugamula kwa kumbuyo kwa zaka za zana la 19
  • Zimene Robert Bork ndi William Rehnquist anachita pothandiza anthu amene anakhulupirira mfundo za m’Baibulo
  • Zimene Woweruza Scalia anachita pofufuza mmene mawu a m’Baibulo amagwirira ntchito komanso zimene anachititsa kuti khoti lalikulu lizenge mlandu
  • Chisinthiko cha kuyambirira kupyolera mwa Roberts Court ndi chisonkhezero cha Clarence Thomas, Neil Gorfo, ndi Amy Coney Barrett
  • Kutsutsana kwa mkati ponena za tanthauzo la anthu, kugwiritsira ntchito koyambirira koyembekezeredwa, ndi mbali ya chitsanzo
  • Kugwirizana kwa kuyambiriro ndi boma la boma ndi chiphunzitso chosagwirizana ndi
  • Malo apamwamba ndi amaphunziro ochirikiza maphunziro a akatswiri a maphunziro ndi kuchirikiza maphunziro a anthu oyambirira

[[FLT: 0] Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, onani Justice Scalia' [[FLT: 1] Nkhani ya Kumasulira [[FLT:] (Princeton University Press, 1997]), Randy Barnett's [ Kuchotsa Konsichurapo [Proferapo [[FLT:]] [Princeton University, 2004]), ndi [[FLT:] Constitution Center's Center [[FLT:] Constitution [Foctal] pa masinthidwe. [1]