Mabwana a mizinda ali ndi malo ake okha opangira zinthu zakuthupi, chikhalidwe, ndi malo okhala. Zosankha zopangidwa m'holo ya mzinda tsiku lililonse kuyambira pa malamulo a zoyendera ndi kulinganiza ndalama za anthu oyandikana nawo . Kugwirizana kwa anthu okhala m’mizinda ndi thanzi la anthu kaŵirikaŵiri kumaonedwa kukhala ngati mfundo yapambuyo poganizira za moyo wawo, osati mfundo ya maziko a kukonza. Bungwe lomakula la kufufuza ndi kuchita zinthu limasonyeza kuti zotsatira za moyo pa kulinganiza kulikonse n’zopindulitsa komanso n’zofunika. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza za kudutsa kwaumoyo wa anthu onse ndi kumanga mizinda, ikumapereka maluso okhoza kupanga mizinda yathanzika, yolimba kwambiri.

Mbiri Yosagwirizana Pakati pa Kulinganiza ndi Thanzi

Kulinganiza malo ndi thanzi la anthu kunali kogwirizana kwambiri. M’zaka za zana la 19 ndi la 20, nkhaŵa za matenda opatsirana onga kolera ndi TB zinapangitsa kusintha kwakukulu, kuphatikizapo kukonza njira zochotsera zimbudzi, malamulo a zaukhondo, ndi malamulo a zaukhondo. Komabe, pamene kupita patsogolo kwa zamankhwala ndi zaumisiri kunachepetsa upandu wa mwamsanga wa matenda opatsirana, minda iŵiri yopatuka. Oyendetsa ndege anayamba kuyang'ana m’dziko, kuyendetsa bwino zinthu, ndi kutukuka kwa zachuma, pamene akatswiri a zaumoyo anasumika maganizo pa zachipatala ndi makhalidwe a anthu. Kupatuka kumeneko kunali ndi zotsatirapo zokhalitsa. Mizinda yamakono yopangidwa kuti ikhale ndi galimoto zothandizira kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa moyo, kuwonongeka kwa magalimoto, mphepo, ndi kutha mphamvu za anthu.

Kugwirizanitsa thanzi la anthu ndi kulinganiza tauni kumafuna kusintha mwadala kuchoka ku kuchiritsa thanzi monga mbali ndi kulipereka monga mtengo wowombera. Mabwana a mzinda, monga akuluakulu a boma amene amayang'anira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kugwirizanitsa madipatimenti, ali m’malo abwino kutsogolera ntchitoyo.

Malo Opangira Malo a Malo Omanga Auganda Amakhudza Thanzi

Kuyenda ndi Magulu a Anthu Ochita Zinthu Movutikira

Zoyendera ndizo kulinganiza kwa malo ndi zotsatira zaumoyo. Magalimoto amene amaika patsogolo magalimoto pa oyenda pansi ndi okwera njinga amathandizira kuvulala kwa msewu, kuchepa kwa mpweya, ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito yathupi. Bungwe la Zaumoyo la World Health Organization ( WHO []) amayerekezera kuti kusagwira ntchito kumapha anthu 3.2 miliyoni padziko lonse chaka chilichonse. Kupanga zinthu zoyenda, njinga ya njinga, ndi kuyendera bwino kwa anthu a m'madera ena kumalimbikitsa kuyendetsa zinthu, zimene zingachepetse ngozi ya matenda a mtima, matenda a stroko, 2 matenda a shuga, ndi matenda ena a kansa.

Mabwana a mizinda angachirikize malamulo athunthu a m’misewu amene amapatsa malo ogwiritsira ntchito onse, osati magalimoto okha. Malo otetezereka monga misewu ya njinga yotetezeka, kukwera mabogi odutsa m’misewu, ndi zilumba zothawiramo anthu . Kuwonjezera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuchepetsa kuvulala. Kupereka ndalama pa ulendo wa anthu kumathandizanso kukhala ndi thanzi labwino mwa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ndi kuipitsa kwa mpweya. Kafukufukufukufuku amene apeza kuti anthu okhala m’madera achuma amayenda amayenda amayenda kwambiri 8 mpaka 15 mphindi patsiku kuposa amene ali m’madera oyenda pagalimoto.

[[MLT:0] Malo:[[FULT:1] [[MLT:2] WHO Ntchito Yathupi [

Mtundu wa Nyumba ndi Kuchepa kwa Madzi

Nyumba ndizo njira yaikulu yochepetsera thanzi. Nyumba zosafunika kwambiri . Nyumba zokhalamo ndi malo otsika, nkhungu, utoto, utoto wa mtovu, ndi kuchepa kwa kutenthetsa kapena kuziziritsa [1] matenda a asima, matenda a mtovu, matenda a m’mapapo, ndi kuvulala. Kukhoza kwa nyumba kumayambukiranso thanzi: mabanja amene amawononga ndalama zawo zoposa 30 peresenti pa nyumba zokhala, alibe ndalama zokwanira za chakudya chomanga thupi, zaumoyo, ndi zina zofunika, ndipo amavutika kwambiri ndi kupsinjika maganizo.

Zigamulo za kulinganiza malo okhala, kulemera, malamulo a nyumba zoikidwa, ndi malamulo omanga zimaumba mwachindunji nyumba. Mamanejala a mizinda angagwire ntchito ndi madipatimenti olinganiza kutengera miyezo ya nyumba yabwino, kusungitsa malamulo amakono, ndi kuchirikiza maprogramu amene amasunga ndi kuwongolera nyumba zosagulika. Kusintha zinthu monga kulola malo okhala (ADU) kapena kuchepetsa ukulu wa malo ochepa kwambiri a nyumba popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zazikulu zosungiramo zinthu, zimene zimathandiza kusungitsa nyumba kukhala zosawonongeka.

[[MLT:0] Malo abwino – Nyumba ndi Thanzi [[FULT:]

Malo Obiriwira ndi Thanzi Lamaganizo

Kupezeka ku mapaki, maluŵa, ndi malo achilengedwe kuli kogwirizana kwambiri ndi thanzi labwino la maganizo, kupsinjika maganizo, ndi kuchuluka kwa kagwiridwe ka ntchito. Kufufuza nthaŵi zonse kumasonyeza kuti kuthera nthaŵi m'malo obiriŵira kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa cortisol, kumawonjezera kukondwa, ndipo ngakhale kuwonjezera mphamvu ya kuteteza thupi. Kwa ana, kupezeka m’malo oseŵera otetezeka kunja kumachititsidwa ndi kutsika kwa ADHD ndi kunenepa mopambanitsa.

Komabe malo otsika opezekapo ndi anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana kaŵirikaŵiri samakhala ndi malo obiriŵira kwambiri kuposa madera olemera . Ndi choloŵa cha madongosolo a mbiri yakale monga kupenta . Mabwana a mzinda angapange malo oyenera opezeka paki mwa kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso cha malo osungidwa ndi kusungidwa m'mapaki a m'makhwalala, ma alley obiriŵira, ndi kutembenuza sukulu. Zopanga za mapulogalamu a Greening zimaperekanso malo osungirako madzi, monga ngati kuyendetsa madzi ndi kutentha kwa chisumbu.

Mpweya Wabwino ndi Chilungamo cha Malo Okhala

Ulendo wa ku University umapanga kuipitsa mpweya. Kusintha kwa misewu yaikulu, madera a maindasitale, ndi madoko kumaika anthu okhala m’madera owonjezereka a zinthu (PM2.5), nayitrogen dioxide (NO2), ndi zinthu zina zoipitsa zimene zimayambitsa chifuwa cha asima, kansa ya m’mapapo, ndi kubadwa kwa mwana. Mtolowo umagwera kwambiri anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi otsika.

Kubzala mitengo, kukonza malo oteteza misewu ya m’misewu ndi malo okhala anthu, kukhazikitsa magalimoto amagetsi, ndiponso kuletsa njira za dizilo m’madera ogona anthu, zonsezo ndi njira zopangira njira zothandizira kuti mpweya ukhale wabwino.

Kupeza Chakudya ndi Ulimi M’matauni

Malo omangidwa amaumba kadyedwe kabwino. Malo amene alibe masitolo okwanira a zakudya koma ali ndi malo ambiri osungirako zakudya, masitolo a m’makona, ndi masitolo a moŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa "madambo a chakudya". Anthu m'madera ameneŵa ali ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha kunenepa ndi matenda oyambika ndi chakudya. Zolipi zingachirikize kapena kuwongolera kusakhazikika kumeneku.

Malamulo amene amathandiza minda ya m'dera, misika ya alimi, ndi masitolo abwino abwino amathandiza kuwonjezera njira zopezera zotulutsira zinthu zatsopano. Mabwana a mzinda angalimbikitsenso masitolo ndi ogulitsa zakudya zathanzi kuti apeze m'madera osungidwa kupyolera mwa zisonkhezero za nthaka, monga ngati kuchepetsa ndalama zololedwa kapena kuchepetsa zija. Urban . Makamaka maere opanda ndalama . Malonda auganda [1] Samapatsa chakudya komanso amapanga malo obiriwira ndi osonkhanira.

Mabungwe a Oyang’anira Mizinda

Kugwirizana kwa Mapemphero

Thanzi si udindo wa dipatimenti ya zaumoyo. Imafuna kuti agwirizane pa kulinganiza, zoyendera, mapaki, nyumba, ntchito za anthu onse, ndi kutukuka kwa chuma. Mabwana a mizinda angakhazikitse "kuchiritsa m'malamulo onse" (HIAP), kumene dipatimenti iliyonse imalingalira za thanzi m'maprojekiti ake ndi malamulo. Komiti ya HiAP imaphatikizapo kuyendetsa mtanda wa gulu la agulu loga, kuchititsa kuyendetsa maphunziro a zaumoyo kwa antchito, ndi kuphatikiza ma mitapeto ya zaumoyo m'mabudiresi ogwirira ntchito.

Kuthandizana ndi Anthu ndi Kugwirizana pa Zaumoyo

Kulinganiza kwapamwamba kwakhala ndi midzi yopatulidwa, yotulukapo zotsatira zoipa. Kutomerana kowona kumatanthauza kupyola pa kuweruza kwa anthu . Kukopa kokha mawu amwayi kwambiri . Ndi kugwiritsira ntchito ziŵiya zonga mabodi otchuka a chitaganya, kupanga ma frepers, maulendo, ndi bajeti yoperekera ndalama. Mabwana a mzinda ayenera kutsimikizira kuti mapangano a m'chinenero ndi amwambo ali ofikirika, kulipira ziŵalo za mudziwo kaamba ka nthaŵi yawo, ndi kugawana mphamvu ya kupanga zosankha.

Kuika pambali za thanzi labwino kumatanthauza kupereka chisamaliro ku zigawo zimene zimathodwetsa kwambiri ndi kuloŵerera m’njira zoyenerera. Kuchotsa chidziŵitso choperekedwa ndi fuko, fuko, ndalama, ndi malo okhala kumasonyeza kusiyana kumene kukanaphimbidwa ndi avareji ya mzinda wonse.

Kupanga Chosankha Chofunika Kwambiri cha Chidziŵitso

Mabwana a mizinda safunikira kukhala akatswiri a za kufalikira kwa malo, koma ayenera kudziŵa mmene angagwiritsire ntchito chidziŵitso podziŵitsa zosankha. Zida zosavuta zimaphatikizapo njira zodziŵira malo (GIS) zoika mapu imene imayambitsa matenda (m’chitsanzo, maulendo amwadzidzidzi) okhudza malo okhala (m’magazi, pafupi ndi misewu kapena kusoŵa kwa mapaki). Kufufuza kwaumoyo (Mmene kulili) kumapereka njira yolinganizidwira bwino yopendera zotsatira za moyo wa njira yolingaliridwira, mapu, kapena ntchito. Ziwiro zambiri zaulere kapena zochepetsera HIA zilipo, kuphatikizapo CD CD CD CD , magetsi a magetsi [HMFLD .[FLD:1]

Kutumiza chidziŵitso cha zaumoyo wa anthu ku pulogalamu ya mumzinda , monga ngati Directus, stecture yoyang'anira zinthu zopanda mutu yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi mizinda kuyang'anira ndi kugawana maseti otseguka a chidziŵitso . Mwachitsanzo, mzinda ungapange Directus kupangira ndandanda ya anthu onse yosonyeza zizindikiro za thanzi la malo okhala mphepete mwa matelect metric onga kukwera kapena kuphimba kwa mitengo.

Zipangizo Zogwiritsa Ntchito Popanga Malamulo

Malamulo a zoni ndi amphamvu koma osagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti athandize anthu kukhala ndi thanzi labwino. Mabwana a mizinda angalimbikitse malo osiyanasiyana amene amapanga masitolo, mautumiki, ndi nyumba pakati pa kuyenda kwa mphindi 15. Malamulo ogwirizana ndi njira zomanga zimene zimalamulira mikhalidwe ya kumanga mmalo mwa kugwiritsira ntchito malo okha angatulutse misewu yambiri ya anthu. Malamulo a zachuma asintha zinthu zatsopano zomwe zimaphatikizapo chigawo cha mathithithi okhoza kugulitsidwa, kuthandiza kusungitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zachuma.

Mabwana a mizinda ayenera kupenda malamulo awo okhala ndi malire a malo ndi malamulo a m’makwalala, malamulo a misewu abwino osungiramo mitengo, ndi malamulo owonjezera oletsa kukwera galimoto ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa malo amene alipowo.

Kupereka Ndalama ndi Kugwirizana

Mabwana ambiri okonza zaumoyo amalephera kukwera mtengo poyerekezera ndi ndalama zimene amasunga. Mwachitsanzo, kusungitsa m'misewu ndi m’manjinga, kuwonongetsa ndalama zochepa kwambiri kuposa kuchiritsa matenda osatha amene amaletsa kufooka kwa thupi. Mabwana a mzinda angapereke ndalama kuchokera ku zinthu zambiri: ndalama za boma (m., CDC's RAC's Approates to Community Health, kapena RGE), madipatimenti a za zaumoyo, ndalama (m.g., Federal Highway Administrations program), ndi phithroic .

Mabwenzi a anthu onse angapangitsenso zonulirapo za thanzi. Zipatala, zimene zili makampani aakulu osungiramo mahangedi, zikuika ndalama zambiri pa kuwongolera thanzi la anthu, monga kumanga mapaki kapena kuchirikiza malonda a zakudya zathanzi. Mabwana a mizinda angapereke mabwenzi ameneŵa pa zinthu zofanana, monga ngati kuchepetsa kunenepa kwa ana kapena kuwongolera mkhalidwe wa mpweya pa khomo lapadera.

Kufufuza za Matenda: Mizinda Iyamba Kuyenda Bwino

Mzinda wa Oklahoma, ku Oklahoma

Mu 2010, mzinda wa Oklahoma City unatengera pulojekiti ya Metropolitan Accounting Projects (MAPS 3) yomwe inaphatikizapo paki yapakati ya 70 yaumoyo wapamwamba ndi malo osungirako bwino, njira zoyendera sitima, ndi makilomita atatu. Dongosololi linayendetsedwa ndi msonkho wa kanthaŵi kogulitsira ndi wovota. Mzindawo unachita dala malondawa monga kupita patsogolo kwa thanzi, ndipo chidziŵitso chotsatira chinasonyeza kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito yathupi pakati pa anthu a m'dzikolo. Paki yapakati inakhala njira yopezera zitukuko zatsopano ndi zochitika za m'mudzi, kusonyeza kuti thanzi ndi moyo wachuma zikuyenderana.

Portland, Oregon

Pulani ya Portland, yodziŵika ndi 2035 Plan, imagwirizanitsa zolinga za thanzi ndi zinthu zonse, kuyambira pa ulendo wa kuyendera mpaka kumanga tauni. Mzindawu umagwiritsira ntchito chipangizo cha Health Impact Assessment (HIA) kujambula mapulani onse ndi kukonzanso malo ena. Portland imaikanso mfundo za "malo abwino ogwirizana ndi anthu ena" kumene nyumba, ntchito, ndi mautumiki zimaikidwa pamodzi pakati pa ulendo woyenda mobwerezabwereza. Monga chotulukapo chake, Portland imakhala pakati pa mizinda ya umoyo wozizira ndi yoyenda kwambiri mu United States.

Bogotá, Colombia

Bogotá wakhala chitsanzo cha padziko lonse cha kugwirizanitsa thanzi m'makonzedwe a m'tauni pansi pa malo a mameya a m'malo a masomphenya onga Enrique Peñalosa. TransMilenio system ya basi yoyenda mofulumira, madongosolo aakulu a ma njinga (Ciclovía), ndi lamulo la kuchepetsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa galimoto mkati mwa maola apamwamba, zonsezo zikuthandizira kuchepetsa kuipitsa mpweya ndi ntchito yathupi. Bogotá anayambiranso upainiya "Sunday Ciclovía," kumene misewu imatsekedwa ndi galimoto Lamlungu lililonse kuti ilimbikitse kuyenda, bicking, ndi mayanjano a anthu amene tsopano akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mizinda yambiri padziko lonse.

Kugonjetsa Zopinga Zofala

Madipatimenti Opangidwa ndi Malo

Mwinamwake chopinga chofala kwambiri ndicho kugaŵanikana kwa madipatimenti a zaumoyo ndi madipatimenti olinganiza. Mabwana a mizinda angagwetse silos mwa kupanga gulu la ntchito limodzi "Healthy Cities" limene limakumana mwezi uliwonse, kufunikira chinenero cha thanzi polinganiza RFP, ndi ogwira ntchito mozungulira pakati pa madipatimenti a ntchito za kanthaŵi kochepa. Kusintha kwa mapulani a zaumoyo ndi mapulani a m'tauni omwewo kungayambitsenso kugwirizana kwamwayi.

Kuganiziridwa Kwachidule kwa Ndale Zadziko

Makampani a mizinda angathetse zimenezi mwa kukonza zinthu mwa kukonza zinthu mwauve , kuchepa kwa katundu, kapena kutsika kwa upandu, ndipo mwa kukonza mayeso a zaumoyo a m'mizinda, kuti pakhale malipoti a chaka ndi chaka.

Kusoŵa Chidziŵitso Kapena Njira Zogwiritsira Ntchito Umisiri

Mizinda yaing'ono ingakhale yosoŵa zothandizira kuchita ndi HiA kapena GIS yocholoŵana. Kugwirizana ndi mayunivesite apafupi kungathandize. Ophunzira audongo m'zaumoyo wa anthu onse, kulinganiza za m’matauni, kapena malo adziko angapange kufufuza monga mbali ya maphunziro awo kapena maprojekiti a miyala. Mawu a m'mapulatife monga ngati County Health Ranals & Roadmap angapereke poyambira kudziŵa zofunika za thanzi la kumaloko.

Ntchito ya Tekinoloji m’Kulinganiza Zaumoyo

Oyang'anira zokhalamo ndi mapulatifomu amakono onga Directus [1] Angathandize mabwana a mizinda kukonza mfundo za thanzi. Directus amalola mizinda kupanga mabolobodi amwambo, kuyendetsa masamu, ndi kugawana chidziŵitso ponse paŵiri cha mkati ndi kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda ukhoza kupanga zisonyezero za malo okhala bwino zoikidwa [1] kuphatikizapo kuyenda, kupata, kukwera kwa mlingo wa chakudya, ndi kuchikonza bwino panthaŵi yeniyeni. Kuwonekedwe kumeneku kumathandiza kukulitsa chichirikizo chapo kaamba ka thanzi lokhala ndi malamulo odziŵika ndi olola mapulaniwo kuyendera zotsatirapo.

Mabwana a mizinda ayenera kuchirikiza malamulo aumboni a zaumoyo amene amapangitsa kuti ofufuza, ochirikiza, ndi ziŵalo za mudzi apeze mosavuta chidziŵitso. Anthu ambiri amene angapende ndi kuyerekezera mayanjano aumoyo, amalimba kwambiri.

Mapeto ake: Thanzi Lili ndi Phindu la Mzinda Wonse

Mabwana a mizinda, ali ndi mwayi wozindikira kuti chosankha chilichonse chokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito malo, zoyendera, nyumba, ndi mapaki ndi chigamulo cha thanzi la anthu. Mwakuganizira kwambiri za thanzi la munthu ndi kulinganiza zinthu zamasiku onse, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, kugaŵa, ndi kuswa mabwana a mizinda ingachepetse matenda osatha, kuwongolera moyo, kukonza bwino zaumoyo, ndi kupanga malo okhalamo kumene anthu onse angayendere bwino.

Umboni ngwachionekere: thanzi siliri chinthu chimene chimachitika kokha m'zipatala ndi zipatala. Chimachitika m'makwalala, m’mapaki, m’nyumba, ndi m’mphepo zimene anthu amapuma. Mabwana a mizinda ali ndi zipangizo, ulamuliro, ndi thayo la kukonza mikhalidwe imeneyo kukhala yabwino. Njira ya patsogolo ndi yogwirizana, yatsopano, ndi yosagwedera ku ubwino wa nzika zonse.