Chiyambi: Maziko a Kugwiritsira Ntchito Chilamulo

Dongosolo la malamulo la ku America siliri bungwe lakutali losungidwa kaamba ka maloya ndi oweruza; liri dongosolo lamoyo limene nzika iriyonse imasonkhezera ndipo imasonkhezeredwa ndi. Kukhala ndi phande m'dongosolo la lamulo kumatanthauza zambiri kuposa kungomvera malamulo [1] kuphatikizapo kusanthula kwa opanga malamulo amene amapanga malamulo, kutumikira pa makhoti amene amagamula mfundo zenizeni, kumvetsera milandu yapoyera, ndipo ngakhale kutsutsa machitidwe a boma mwa kukhazikitsa. Milandulo ya Khoti Lapamwamba yakhala ikulongosola malire ndi kuthekera kwa kuchitako, kutsimikizira kuti dongosolo likhalebe lovomereza ndi kutetezera zoyenera zazikulu. Mwa kupenda zosankha zazikulu zimenezi, anthu apeza chidziŵitso chomveka bwino cha ntchito zawo m’nyumba za pangano ndi njira zofunikira. Nkhaniyi imapenda milandu ndi njira zambiri zofala ndi kukonza malo alamulo.

Kuyenera kwa Kulankhula Mwaufulu: Chikho cha Nkhani ya Onse

Kutenga mbali m’kutsutsana kwapoyera, kaya kupyolera mwa chitsutso, mawu ozoloŵereka, kapena ndemanga zosavuta, ndiyo njira yaikulu yoloŵera m’madongosolo a zamalamulo ndi andale. Milandu yosonyeza kuti kutengamo mbali kumeneku sikumalekeka pa khomo la sukulu kapena bokosi la chikalata.

.Des Moines Independent School District (1 969)

M’nkhani zina za ophunzira zotchulidwa kwambiri, Bwalo lamilandu linanena kuti ophunzira sataya ufulu wawo Woyamba Wowonjezera pa khomo la sukulu. Mu 1965, Mary Beth Tinker, mchimwene wake John, ndi bwenzi lake anavala mkono wakuda kusukulu kuti atsutse nkhondo ya Vietnam. Sukulu inatenga lamulo loletsa kumenyedwa ndi kuimitsa ophunzira. Khoti Lapamwamba linalamula kuti mawu ophiphiritsira a ophunzirawo adatetezedwa mwa zinthu zakuthupi ndi kusokoneza kwambiri ntchito za sukulu. Chigamulo chimenechi chinatsimikizira kuti achinyamata ali otenga mbali m'zolowezi zalamulo, osati anthu a ulamuliro okha. Sukulu sizingasiyane chifukwa chakuti amadana ndi uthengawo. [FLT:] [FLD:]

Brandenburg v. Ohio [1] (1 969)

Pamene kuli kwakuti Mtsogoleri wa gulu la andale adaimbidwa mlandu pansi pa kulankhula kwa ophunzira, Brandenburg Brandenburg [[FLT:]] anasinthanso malire a ndale zadziko. Mtsogoleri wa Klux Klan anaimbidwa mlandu ndi apandu a Ohio a upandu wa ku Ohio. “kachitidwe kolulu wa kusamvera malamulo konena za anthu akuda ndi Ayuda. Khoti Lapamwamba linasintha, likukhazikitsa mayeso amphamvu aŵiri: kalankhulidwe koletsedwa popanda (1) kusonkhezera kapena kupanga ntchito yosayeruzika ndi (2) kusonkhezera ntchito yoteroyo kapena kutulutsa kachitidwe kotero. Zimenezi zikhoza kuchotsapo kuwopa kwakale ndi kuyesa kofala kwa kufalikira kwa kukambitsirana kwa ndale zadziko. Imene iko imachitanso kusonkhezera chidani chankhanza, ngakhale kutsutsa njira ya upandu wambiri m'malamulo, ndi kutsutsa kutsutsa kuwopana, kutsutsa kwa boma kwanthaŵi yaitali, kutsutsa motero, ngakhale kutsutsa kwanthaŵi yaitali, kutsutsa motero, kutsutsa motero, kutsutsa

Texas v. Johnson (1989)

Mwinamwake palibe nkhani imene imasonyeza bwinopo mphamvu ya mawu ophiphiritsira kuposa Texts v. Johnson . Woimbidwa mlanduyo anatentha mbendera ya ku America mkati mwa 1984 Republican National Convention kutsutsa malamulo a Pulezidenti Reagan. Khoti, m'chigamulo cha 5 764, linasunga kuti kutentha mbendera kunali kotetezeredwa ndi Complete. Chigamulo cha chiweruzo chinakwiyitsa anthu onse ndi kupempha kuti lamulo lithetse, koma chinalimbikitsa mfundo yakuti boma silingaletsenso mfundo yakuti likhoza kuletsa chifukwa chakuti n’kuipidwa. Kuphatikizapo pa njira yalamulo nthaŵi zina kumatanthauza kuteteza ufulu wa anthu amene sitikugwirizana nawo. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza kuti nthambi yachiweruzo ndi yomaliza yonena za anthu ambiri.

Chitetezo pa Kufunafuna Kopanda Nzeru ndi Kulephera: Zoyenera za Lamulo lachinayi pa Ntchito

Kutenga mbali m’zochitika za lamulo kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna kudziŵa pamene lamulo lingafufuze kapena kulanda katundu, ndi kuti ndi mankhwala otani amene alipo ngati malamulowo aswedwa. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhazikitsa lamulo lolimba lopatsa mphamvu anthu kutsutsa kufufuza koletsedwa ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu kutsutsa ndi kuweruza maulamuliro.

Mapp v. Ohio [1] (1961) ndi Ulamuliro wa Exclussion

Dollree Map anaimbidwa mlandu wa kukhala ndi zinthu zonyansa pambuyo pa kufufuza kwa apolisi kunyumba kwake popanda chilolezo chomveka. Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti umboni wopezedwa mwa kuswa Lamulo lachinayi SuperFramend uyenera kuchotsedwa ku milandu ya boma. “lamulo la boma” linali litagwiritsidwapo ntchito m'makhoti a boma. Mwa kuipereka ku maboma, Mapp anapanga chiletso champhamvu choletsa kufufuza kosaloleka lamulo. Kwa nzika, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti kutenga nawo mbali m'malamulo kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kutsutsa kusamvera kwa apolisi pamlandu. Ngati umboni woletsedwa, mlandu ungagwe, kutsimikizira lingaliro lakuti mfundoyo siilungamitsa. Chigamulocho chimakhala chotsutsana, koma chidakalibe chida chachikulu cha kutsutsa lamulo loletsa lamulo loletsa lamulo loletsa lamulo.

Terry v. Ohio [1] (1968) ndi Smart- and-Frisk

[[FLT: 0] Udindowu . .[FT:] Udindo umakhala wochepa kwambiri. [[FT:] Unyinji woposa . "Wodwalayo] ukhoza kuimitsa munthu ndi kuumirira kuti asungitsa zida ngati ali ndi kukayikira kuti upandu uli woyenda pansi ndipo munthuyo ali ndi zida. Umenewu “ima ndi frisk] ulamuliro ndi wochepa kwambiri kuposa wochititsa, koma woposa khutu , koma woposa jasing'onong'ono. Wowonetsa kuima pakati pa munthu ndi lamulo angafunikire kufunafuna zida, kumvetsetsa [[[FLT:] TFFF] [FF] mu , ngakhale mkati mwa zoyesayesa zopimira. [F4]

Katz v. United States (1967): Kuyembekezera Koyenera kwa Kubisika

Asanaikidwe Katz . Khoti Lalikulu linasunga kutchinjiriza katundu : ngati munthu ali ndi malo ofufuzidwa, anali ndi ufulu; apo ayi, mwina, Charles Katz anaimbidwa mlandu wochokera ku malo a foni a anthu. Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti Malamulo Aakulu amateteza anthu, osati malo. Kuyesako kunakhala ngati munthu ali ndi “chiyembekezo chomveka cha kukhala yekha . . Kusintha kumeneku kunachititsa chitseko cha mafoni a anthu, GPS kuyang'ana, ndi masamu. Kutengamo mbali m'zochitika za lamulo lerolino kutanthauza kutetezera anthu odzitetezera monga maluso a sayansi, mwa kutchula kuti ndi kupenda zinthu zamakono, mwa kutchula [FLT]

Kuyenera kwa Kuzenga Mlandu Wabwino: Kulingana ndi Kukhoza Kupeza Chilungamo

Kuzengedwa mlandu koyenera ndi malo a dongosolo la milandu. Popanda kutero, kutenga nawo mbali m’dongosolo la zamalamulo kuli kopanda tanthauzo. Mtengo wa Sixth Amendment umatsimikizira ufulu wosiyanasiyana: kuzenga mlandu kofulumira ndi kwapoyera, juli yopanda tsankho, kudziŵitsa milandu, kuyenera kwa kuyang'anizana ndi mboni, ndi chithandizo cha uphungu. Zosankha za pa malo ochitira umboni. zatsimikizira kuti ufulu umenewu ugwire ntchito kwa onse, mosasamala kanthu za chuma kapena udindo.

Gideon v. Wainwright [1] (1963): Kuyenera kwa Uphungu

Clarence Earl Gideon adapatsidwa mlandu wa kuswa malobolo. Sanathe kulipira loya ndipo anakakamizidwa kudziimira. Iye anaimbidwa mlandu ndi kuweruzidwa kukhala zaka zisanu m’ndende. M’selo yake, iye anapereka pempho ku Bwalo Lapamwamba, akumanena kuti Konsichushoni inafuna kuti boma lipereke loya wa oimba mlandu. Khoti livomereza kuti, kugwetsa [[FLD:] ndi kugwetsa [FFF:] ndi chimodzi cha milandu yambiri ya ku America. Ilo limakhudza ndi kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu kwa chilungamo ndi kugwira ntchito kwa mabwalo la milandu yosanja la . [FFFFFF:]

Brady v. Maryland [1] (1963) ndi Kuyenera kwa Kutulukira

Ziyeneretso zabwino zozenga milandu zimaphatikizaponso kupezeka kwa umboni. mu Maryland v. , Bwalo Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti oweruza ayenera kuvumbula umboni wa zinthu zoperekedwa kwa wodzitetezera. Ngati mlanduwo utsendereza umboni wovomerezeka kwa woimbidwa mlandu, chitsimikizo chingagwedezedwe. “Ulamuliro wa Brady" ndi wofufuza motsutsana ndi mphamvu ya oweruza. Nzika zimene zimatumikira pa majuji kapena monga ofufuza amapindula ndi dongosolo limene limafuna kuwonekera; maloya ndi ochirikiza angagwiritsire ntchito [[FLT:] Brady kutsimikizira kuti oimba mlanduwo alandire ndi mpata wokwanira kwa nthaŵi yawo.

Duncan v. Louisiana (1968): Kuyenera kwa Mlandu wa Jury

Pafupifupi chigawenga chilichonse chili ndi ufulu woweruza milandu ngati chilango chikhoza kupitirira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Duncan v. Louisiana . anaphatikiza mlandu wa juli ya sikisith Commistment pa maboma. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti kutenga nawo mbali m'malamulo sikungakhazikitsidwe ndi maloya ndi oimba mlandu ngati nzika za boma. Mlandu wa boma ndi kugamula mlandu kapena kulakwa. Utumiki wa Jury ndi umodzi wa mitundu yachikole yachindunji cha boma. Duncan [1] [FL:3] kuyenera kumeneku sikukanidwa ndi lamulo la boma. Mlandulo wopatsidwa mphamvu yofuna kuweruza mlandu m’malo mwa woweruza, kuyang’anira boma.

Kuchitapo Kanthu M’malamulo Masiku Ano: Kupitirira Bwalo la Makhoti

Milandu yosonyeza ufulu wa anthu imasonyeza malire akunja, koma kukhala ndi phande m’malamulo tsiku ndi tsiku kumachitika m’njira zambiri.

Kuvomereza ndi Kupangana ndi Malamulo

Malamulo amapangidwa ndi oimira osankhidwa, ndipo kuvota ndiko njira yaikulu imene nzika zimathandizira malamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likulankhula mobwerezabwereza za ufulu wovota, kuchokera ku Reynolds v. Siml:1 [1964] (1964]) kukhazikitsa “munthu mmodzi, chisankho chimodzi” kwa Shelby County v. Khoti la Raker . . . (2013) Kugawana, anthu m'malamulo la Malamulo, oweruza, oweruza, ndipo ngakhale malumbiro. Njira yalamulo si chabe ya zimene khotilo koma amagamula.

Utumiki wa Jury: Ntchito ya M’mudzi

Monga momwe taonera, oweruza ndi chipangizo chachindunji chogamula mlandu. Kutumikira pa khoti la oweruza kumapereka mphamvu kwa anthu wamba yomasulira mfundo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo pansi pa malangizo a woweruza. Mlandu wa Dinton [1] imatsimikizira kuti ndi woyenerera. Makhoti amadalira pa nzika kuchita ntchito imeneyi, ndipo amene amatumikira apeza chidziŵitso chaumwini m'dongosolo la chilungamo. Kulephera kupereka lipoti la ntchito ya ajuli kumachepetsa mkhalidwe wa kugamula kwa lamulo.

Ndemanga za Onse, Maprojekiti, ndi Amicus Achidule

Asanapereke malamulo a boma, iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amavomereza ndemanga zapoyera. Nzika zingapange malo okhala, thanzi, ndi malamulo a chisungiko mwa kupereka ndemanga zopekedwa bwino. Makalata ndi zitsanzo, zotetezedwa ndi . . . . . . . . . . . . [[FLT: 1] [] Brandenburg [[FL:] [[FLT: 3]], kusonkhezera malingaliro a anthu ndipo kuchititsa kusintha malamulo. Mtundu wina wapadera wa kutengamo mbali ndiwo mayeso [“ Bwenzi a khoti”]. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuperekedwa ndi mabungwe, anthu okhala ndi chidziŵitso chapadera kapena chikondwerero champhamvu m'nkhani yapamwamba ya Bwalo lapamwambalo nthaŵi zina angagwirizane ndi mfundo yachidule. Anthu wamba ameneŵa angalolere kugawana m'nkhani yalamulo.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo ndi Maphunziro a Malamulo a M’chitaganya

Nzika zina zimatengamo mbali mwa kubweretsa milandu imene imatokosa malamulo kapena zochita. Nkhani zofotokozedwa pano [1] Gedeon , Map[, [[FLT:], [[FLT]] , [[FLT]] Kant [[4] Katkhazik [[[FLT]]] [okha] [osavuta] anthu] kuyamba pamene anakana kulandira boma mochenjera. Kusintha kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna kugwirizana ndi mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu onga ACLUU kapena NaACP, koma kumakhala mtundu wamphamvu wa kutengamo mbali. Maphunziro alamulo ndi njira ina: pamene nzika zawo, iwo amazindikira bwino kwambiri. [FLT: [F] [F7] Chikalata cha Malamulo: [F]

Kumaliza: Choloŵa Chamoyo cha Milandu ya Pansi

Kutengamo mbali m'zochitika zalamulo kuli ponse paŵiri kuyenera ndi thayo. Milandu ya Khoti Lapamwamba imachita zambiri kuposa kuthetsera mikangano [1] imaphunzitsa mtundu ponena za mapindu ake. . . . . . . . . kulimba mtima kwa kukana kuli chinjirizidwa; Mapepala] amaphunzitsa kuti boma liyenera kulemekeza chinsinsi; [[FLT: 4.] Gedeon [[FL:5] amaphunzitsa kuti chilungamo sichingadalire pa chuma. Zosankha zimenezi zidakali zofunika chifukwa chakuti nzika zikupitirizabe kuzigwirizanitsa m'nkhani zatsopano. Kaya kupyolera ntchito yovota, yotsutsa, kapena yotsutsa, munthu aliyense, ingakhale wogwirizana ndi anthu. Khoti lalikulu la anthu otchulidwa ndi mlandu, ndi malamulo a m’maungwe, ndi zigamu za malamulo a m’malamulo a Chilamulo cha dziko lonse. Zilungamo ndi chigamulo cha chigamule cha chile cha lamulo.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa milandu yachizindikiro ndi mmene mungachitire ndi oweruza, fufuzani zinthu pa malo alamulo a Khoti Lalikulu , SCOTBlog kaamba ka kufufuza kwaposachedwapa, ndi magulu a a anthu amene amasumika maganizo pa maphunziro alamulo. Kumbukirani: lamulo ndi la anthu, ndipo kutengamo mbali kumawasunga kukhala amoyo.