Malingaliro a ufulu wa Miranda ali ngati chimodzi cha zitetezero zodziŵika kwambiri m'dongosolo la milandu ku America. Imatsimikizira kuti anthu amene ali m'ndende apolisi amadziŵa chitetezo chawo cha malamulo asanapanikizidwe. Zoposa njira yozoloŵereka yotchulidwa pa wailesi yakanema, ufulu umenewu umasonyeza njira yothandiza kwambiri yochirikizira njira yodzitetezera, kuletsa kudzigawa ufulu, ndi kusungitsa mphamvu pakati pa boma ndi munthu aliyense payekha. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza chiyambi, mbali zake, kufunika kwa malamulo, ndi mavuto opitirizabe ozungulira ufulu wa Minda, ikuonetsa lingaliro lokwanira la ntchito yawo yotetezera ufulu wofunika kwambiri.

Kodi Ufulu wa Kulandira Ufulu Wotani?

Miranda Rights ndi machenjezo amene apolisi ayenera kupereka kwa wokayikira amene ali m'ndende ndipo asanayambitse kufunsidwa mlandu uliwonse wa osunga. Machenjezo ameneŵa amachokera ku Demendment Yachisanu ndi Lachisanu ndi Lachisanu lakudzitetezera kukakamiza kukana ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu wa kuperekedwa. Chiyeneretso chachikulu chinakhazikitsidwa ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba la U.S. m'mabwalo amilandu apamwamba m'mabwinja mu 1966 Manda v. Arizona, zimene zimakhulupirira kuti mawu onenedwa ndi wokayikiridwa ndi wokayikiridwa pa nthaŵi ya kufunsa mlanduwo kaŵirikaŵiri zimatheka kokha ngati oimbidwa mlanduwo ndi kuimbidwa mwaufulu.

Chenjezo lenileni la Miranda limaphatikizapo zinthu zinayi zofunika: kuyenera kwa kukhala chete, chenjezo lakuti chilichonse chimene chinenedwa chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito motsutsana ndi munthu m’khoti, kuyenera kwa loya, ndi kuyenera kwa kuikidwa ndi loya ngati munthuyo sangathe kugula. Pamene kuli kwakuti mawu enieniwo amasiyana pakati pa mayiko, zinthu zikukhalabe zogwirizana m’dziko lonse. Kumvetsa ufulu umenewu si mwambo chabe; ndiko lamulo lofunika kuti munthu avomereze machimo ake ndi kunena mawu oweruza.

Mbiri ndi Nkhani Zake

Kuti munthu amvetse kufunika kwa ufulu wa Miranda, ayenera kupenda za malamulo amene anachitidwa chisanafike chigamulocho. Pasanathe 1966, kufunsa apolisi kunkachitika mobisa, ndi njira zochepa zotetezera anthu amene amakayikira. Njira zopekazo, kuyambira pa mafunso okhalitsa mpaka kuopseza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za maganizo, zinali zofala, ndipo makhoti nthaŵi zambiri ankavomereza kuulula machimo omwe apezeka pa mikhalidwe yotero ngati anaonedwa kuti “odzifunira" pansi pa mayeso osadziŵika bwino. Kusoŵa kwa mfundo zomveka kumeneku kunatsogolera ku chigamulo chosasintha ndi kulola kuti adziphe.

Nkhani ya Ernesto Miranda

Mlandu waukulu unayamba ku Phoenix, Arizona, mu 1963. Ernesto Miranda, yemwe anali ndi zaka 23 ndipo anali ndi vuto la maganizo, anamangidwa chifukwa cha kuba anthu ndi kugwiriridwa chigololo. Pambuyo pa maola aŵiri a kufunsidwa, Miranda anasaina chikalata chovomereza machimo. Sanauzidwa kuti atha kukhala chete kapena kufunsa loya. Pa nthawi ya mlandu wake, kuululako kunavomerezedwa kukhala umboni, ndipo anaimbidwa mlandu. Khoti Lapamwamba la Arizona linavomereza mlanduwo, koma Khoti Lapamwamba la U.

M'chigamulo 5-4 choperekedwa ndi Mfumu Justice Earl Warren, khotilo linasintha chigamulo cha Miranda . Ambiri anatsutsa kuti mwaŵi wa Findremestry wotsutsa kudzipanikiza umagwira ntchito ku kufunsa kwa apolisi ndi kuti amakayikira ayenera kuuzidwa za ufulu wawo m’njira yowonekera bwino ndi yomveka asanakaikidwe m'ndende. Chigamulocho sichinali kuchotsa kwakukulu kuchoka ku zochitika koma kuwonjezera kwanzeru kwa malamulo oyambirira omwe adayamba kupenda mkhalidwe wa kufunsa mafunso kochititsa kukayikira. Khoti linalemba pa mabuku a apolisi a nyengo imene inachirikiza poyera maluso onyenga, kutsutsa umboni wachifundo, ndi kuchotsapotoza chiweruzo.

Zochitika Zazikulu Zotsogolera ku Chigamulocho

  • Akatswiri a zamalamulo ndiponso mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe apeza kuti njira zofufuzira anthu zimapezeka kwambiri.
  • Kuzindikira kowonjezereka kwakuti mayeso a “kupanda kufuna kutchuka” analephera kutetezera onyumwiridwa osavuta kugwidwa.
  • Milandu ingapo ya Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu kuchiyambi kwa ma 1960 (mwachiyembekezo, Escobedo ndi Illinois) imene inayamba kufutukula kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu m’kufunsa mafunso.
  • Mkhalidwe wa kakhalidwe ndi wandale wa nyengo ya Warren Court, umene unaika pa malo oyamba zoyenera za munthu ndi njira yoyenera yosungitsira lamulo.

Chigamulo cha Miranda chinachititsa mantha kwambiri kudzera mwa mabungwe osungitsa malamulo, amene anaopa kuti akafufuza milandu yokhudza anthu osawaulula ndi kuwachititsa kuchuluka. Komabe, kufufuza kochitidwa ndi akatswiri kwa zaka makumi ambiri kuyambira pamenepo kwasonyeza kuti machenjezo a Miranda samafooketsa kwambiri mphamvu yothetsa upandu, koma amachepetsadi kuvomereza kokakamiza ndi zikhulupiriro zolakwika.

Malo Opangira Malo Opangira Chenjezo la Miranda

Kumvetsa bwino mfundo zimenezi kumathandiza kumvetsa chifukwa chake chenjezolo lili lofunika kwambiri kuti litetezedwe.

Ufulu Wongokhala Chete

Demendment yachisanu imatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu “adzakakamizidwa m’nkhani iliyonse yaupandu kudzitsutsa.” Kuyenera kwa kukhala chete pamene akufunsidwa mlandu wa mwana kuli kugwiritsa ntchito kwachindunji mwaŵi umenewu. Mwa kudziŵitsa wonyumwiridwa kuti safunikira kuyankha mafunso, chenjezo limapatsa munthu mphamvu ya kukana chitsenderezo. Kupempha kuyeneraku kulekeratu kufunsa mafunso mwamsanga ndipo kuyenera kulemekezedwa ndi lamulo. Kulephera kumasulira ndemanga zotsatira popanda kufunsa.

Chenjezo Limene Chilichonse Chingagwiritsiridwe Ntchito pa Inu

Chigawo chimenechi chimatsimikizira kuti wonyumwiridwayo amamvetsetsa kuthekera kwa kulankhula ndi apolisi. Popanda chidziŵitso chimenechi, munthu wosavuta angakhulupirire kuti kuulula kapena kuvomereza sikungagwiritsiridwe ntchito m'khoti, kapena kuti kugwirizana kudzathandiza kuchotsa chinyengo chimenechi. Chenjezolo limachotsa ndi kulola wonyumwiridwayo kudziŵa ndi nzeru kuti kaya achotse ufulu wawo. Kuteronso kumalimbitsa mkhalidwe wa kufunsako, kukusintha kukambitsiranako kukhala umboni wotsatira.

Kuyenera Kokhala M’nyumba Yokongola

M’kalatayi, anauzidwa kuti apereke lamulo loletsa anthu kulowa usilikali asanakambe kapena akamafunsidwa mafunso.

Ufulu wa Kuloŵa M’nyumba Yoikidwa Ngati Wosatha ku Pansi pa Afford

Mwinamwake mbali yofunika kwambiri yotsimikizira chilungamo cholingana, mbali imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti onyumwira sasoŵa chifukwa chakuti alibe ndalama. Boma liyenera kupereka loya kwaulere asanafunsidwe ngati wonyumwiridwayo apempha. Zimenezi zimagwirizana ndi lamulo lalamulo lowonjezereka lokhazikitsidwa mu Gaudin ndi Texas kuti kupeza uphungu kwatanthauzo sikungakhudzedwe ndi chuma.

Ntchito ya Ufulu wa Miranda

Kutsatira njira yoperekera malamulo, yolembedwa pa First Amendments yachisanu ndi 14th, kumafuna kuti milandu ikhale yolungama, yooneka bwino, ndi yogwirizana ndi malamulo ofunika a chilungamo. Ufulu wa Miranda uli chitetezo chachibadwa chimene chimakonza njira yofunikira panthaŵi yoyamba ya kugwirizana kwa apolisi. Ikapanda kuimbidwa mlandu uliwonse, imathandiza ntchito zambiri panthaŵi imodzi:

Kuteteza Anthu Onyenga ndi Kuulula Mabodza

Adresi ya ufulu wa anthu ya Miranda ndi ngozi ya kuulula machimo mokakamiza. Pamene anthu akukayikiridwa kukhala okha, atatopa, kapena ngati ali osavuta kuvomereza, chitsenderezo cha kuvomereza chimakhala chachikulu. Popanda chenjezo lomveka kuti angaleke kukafunsa mafunso panthaŵi iliyonse, okayikira angakhulupirire kuti sangachite chilichonse koma kutsatira. Machenjezo a Miranda apatsa mphamvu anthu kuti asayankhe, motero kuchepetsa kuthekera kwakuti apolisi adzavomereza kuti ayi. National Recligisterry of Exonetions apereka umboni wa milandu mazana ambiri kumene kuvomereza kolakwika, kumene machenjezo ambiri anachitidwa pofunsa Mirand m'malangizo zimene Mirda anaperekedwa mosagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kusadziŵa bwino.

Kuyesa Mayesero Abwino Kupyolera m’Gulu Lapanthaŵi Yake

Ndemanga zopezedwa motsutsana ndi Miranda zikhoza kuponderezedwa pozenga mlandu. Lamulo la kupatula limeneli ndi njira yovomerezeka yochitira zinthu. Ngati kuulula kwa kuchitidwa popanda machenjezo oyenerera, kuzenga mlandu konseko kuli ndi kuipa. Lamulo lapakati lokhazikitsa malamulo kutsatira njira zoyendetsera bwino ndi kupatsa makhoti chiŵiya choonekeratu kuti achiyenerere kubwezera kuswa malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti otsutsawo angatulukire oimbidwa mlanduwo akumasuka, m’malo mwake , kusavomereza kusagwirizana ndi malamulo apolisi kuti apereke zigamulo zachilungamo .

Kukhalabe Osamala

Dongosolo lalamulo la ku America ndilo loletsa: kuweruza boma, ndipo woimbidwa mlanduyo akuchirikiza. Ufulu wa Miranda umathandizira kulinganizanso kusalingana kwachibadwa kwa kufunsa mlandu wa munthu, kumene wokayikiridwayo ali yekha, pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amawopa. Mwa kudziŵitsa wokayikira ufulu wake, chenjezo limabwezeretsa kulingana kwa mlingo winawake. Wokayikirayo samakhalanso wongokhalira kuimbidwa koma wokangalika amene angaimitse ntchitoyo ndi kuumiriza pa lamulo. Kusintha kumeneku nkofunika kuti dongosolo la adani ligwire ntchito bwino.

Chiyambukiro pa Chiweruzo Cholungama cha Apandu

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ufulu wa anthu ku Miranda kwakhudza kwambiri njira za apolisi, maphunziro a zamalamulo, ndi chikhalidwe cha apolisi a ku America. Madipatimenti a apolisi m'dziko lonselo tsopano amaphatikizapo kuwerenga machenjezo a Miranda ku mabungwe otsatizana ndi mafunso. Oyang’anira aphunzitsidwa kutchula mawu ochenjeza kuchokera ku khadi kapena vidiyo, ndipo kulakwa kulikonse kungatsutsidwe m’khoti. Magalimoto osungitsa malamulo akhala akusindikizidwa ndi makhadi a chinenero chofala kusindikiza mabodibodi kapena m'zipinda zolembera mabuku.

Kusintha kwa Njira Zofunsa

M’malo mosiya kufunsidwa, lamulo logwirizana ndi njira zosavuta zimene zimayambitsa kuvomereza machimo. Munthu amafunika kudziwa bwino, nzeru, ndi modzifunira. Makhoti amafufuza kaye za anthu amene akuwafunsa mafunso.

“ Kutetezereka kwa Chiputukezi”

Mu 1984, Khoti Lalikulu linalemba chitsutso chochepa ku Miranda mu New York . Quarles . Ngati pali chiwopsezo cha mwamsanga cha kusungika kwa anthu . Mwachitsanzo, wokayikira wangobisa mfuti m'sitolo ya sitolo . Police angafunse mafunso ponena za malo a chidacho popanda kupereka machenjezo. Mayankhowo ali oyenera monga umboni, koma chifukwa cha kuopsa kwa anthu. Kusiyana kumeneku kumasonyeza kusamala kwa malamulo oletsa lamulo pa zifukwa zofunika, koma makhoti alephera kwambiri. Makhoti asonyeza kuti pali kudalirana koyenera kwa kutetezera Miranda kapena kwa a anthu ena oyandikira.

Miranda ndi Ulamuliro wa Anthu Ochoka ku Maboma Lerolino

Chisinthiko chachikulu chinachitika mu 2022 ndi chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Lega v. Tekoh . Khotilo linatsutsa kuti kuswa Miranda sikumayambitsa chochititsa cha kubwezera pa 42 U.S.C. . . . . . . . Woimbidwa mlanduyo sangasunge msilikali chifukwa cha kulephera kupereka machenjezo a Miranda ngati mawuwo achotsedwa. Komabe, lamulo la kuletsa silimagwirabe ntchito m'mayeso: ngati kuulula kuchitidwa motsutsana ndi Mirda, sikungagwiritsiridwe ndi mlandu. Lamulo lolamuliralo silingagwiritsiridwe ntchito ndi oweruza.

Kukangana ndi Mavuto Ofala

Mapulogalamu otchuka a pa TV ndi mafilimu amene anthu ambiri amaonera, amachenjezera anthu kuti anene mawu achidule, ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa kuti anthu aziganiza molakwa zinthu zina zimene zingawachititse kuti ayambe kukayikira zinthu zina.

Kumvetsa Molakwika Mmbulu

Ambiri okayikira amakhulupirira kuti mwa kuyankha mafunso alionse amene achotsapo ufulu wawo. Kwenikweni, wotsutsa woyenerera ayenera kusonyezedwa kapena kusonyezedwa bwino ndi zochita za wonyumwirayo ndipo ayenera kuyambitsidwa ndi kudziŵa ndi luntha la ufulu umenewo. Kungokhala chete sikumapanga kulakwa; mlanduwo umakhala ndi mtolo wotsimikizira kuti wolingaliridwayo akuzindikira ndi kutaya ufulu wake. Apolisi amaphunzitsidwa kufunsa mafunso ngati “Kodi mumadziŵa ufulu uliwonse wa ufulu umenewu?" ndi “Kodi muli ndi ufulu wa m’maganizo, kodi mufuna kulankhula nafe?"

Nthanthi Yomwe Imaimira Mlandu

Mwinamwake cholakwika chachikulu nchakuti kupempha munthu kukhala chete kumasonyeza kuti ali ndi mlandu. Kwenikweni, kuyenera kwa kukhala chete ndiko mwaŵi walamulo wopanda kulemera kwa. Oimba malamulo amalangizidwa kusatenga zizindikiro zoipa za kukhala chete kwa woimbidwa mlandu. Komabe olingalira kukhala m’ndende kaŵirikaŵiri amakakamizika kulankhula chifukwa amaopa kuti kukhala chete kungachititse iwo kuoneka ngati ali ndi mlandu. Miranda amachenjeza molunjika kuti ali ndi ufulu wa kungokhala chete, koma kuti atsendereze maganizo awo, makamaka pamene akukayikira kuti sakuphunzira kapena ali ndi vuto.

Kutengeka ndi Mariya Kumene Kudzaperekedwa Mosadziŵika

Anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti pamene apempha loya, wina adzawonekera mwamsanga. M’kachitidwe, kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu mkati mwa kufunsa kumatanthauza kuti kufunsa koyenera kulekeka kufikira loya alipodi. Koma ngati wokaikiridwayo ali wozembedwa ndi kupempha loya woikidwa, njira ya kupeza ndi kuika loya ikhoza kutenga maola ambiri kapena masiku. Mkati mwa nthaŵi imeneyo, wokayikiridwayo akhalabe m’ndende koma satha kufunsidwa. Kulephera kuyembekezera kumeneku kungatsogolere ku kukayikira kuyenera kwawo kwa kuchotsa kugwiritsidwa mwalakwira kapena kusaleza mtima.

Nkhani Zochititsa

Kufufuza kwa zamankhwala kumasonyeza kuti achinyamata ambiri, anthu opunduka maganizo, ndi anthu osadziŵa kulemba ndi kuŵerenga, ndi amene ali ndi vuto la kulephera kumvetsa chenjezo la Miranda monga momwe amatchulira. Chinenerochi kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhala chololeka, ndi mawu onga “wauver,” ndi“ wolankhula mwachisawawa. ” Maboma ena ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito chinenero chosavuta; komabe, makhoti ambiri amavomereza machenjezo amene ali oyenerera, ngakhale ngati mabodza enieniwo ali ovuta. Mpata umenewu pakati pa machenjezo a lamulo ndi kuzindikira kwenikweni ukukhalabe wovutabe kwambiri kukwaniritsa ntchito yake.

Kutsutsana Kwamakono ndi Kusuliza

Miranda Rights saali wokangana. Osuliza a mbali zonse ziŵiri za ndale zadziko adzutsa nkhaŵa ponena za ukulu ndi kugwira ntchito kwa lamulo.

Kuwombana kwa Miranda Chifukwa cha Kukhozedwa

Chiyambire 1966, Bwalo Lamilandu Lapamwamba laperekabe zigamulo zambiri zimene zimachepetsa kapena kuyeneretsa Miranda. Mwachitsanzo, mu Harris v. New York (1971], Bwalo lamilandu linanena kuti mawu opotozedwa ku Miranda angagwiritsidwebe ntchito kutsutsa Miranda ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo atenga kaimidwe. Maichigan v. Tucker [774] , Bwalo linapereka lingaliro lakuti machenjezo omwe si ufulu walamulo koma “malamulo alamulo a . Olinganizidwa kutetezera ufulu wa Olamulira ufulu wa Oyamba . Mkhalidwe limeneli lalola makhoti kuchotsa pa zofunika za anthu onse. Chilungamo cha kutetezedwa kwa kachiŵiri ndi kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana kwa kutsutsana kwa kulakwa.

Miranda M’malo Otetezera Dziko

Pambuyo pa ziukiro za pa September 11, boma linatsutsa kuti Miranda sayenera kugwiritsa ntchito uchigaŵenga, makamaka anthu amene amaonedwa kukhala adani. Oyang'anira a Bush anakhazikitsa “maluso ofunsira mafunso oletsedwa . Makhoti ambiri anakana mfundo za boma zonena kuti boma lichotsedwe thumba, koma funso lakuti kaya ndiponso mmene Miranda amathandiza pa nkhani za chitetezo cha dzikolo silinathe. Mu 2012, FBI sanathe kutsutsa Boston Marathon bomba linkakayikira Dzokar Tarnavanev popanda chenjezo, linatchula za kutetezedwa kwa anthu. Nkhani yotsatirayo inagogomezera kuopsa kwa chitetezo pakati pa chitetezo ndi ntchito yoyenerera.

Kulingana ndi Kusasiyana

Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti anthu oimbidwa mlandu ochepa ndi olandira ndalama zochepa samakhala othekera kwenikweni kutsutsa Miranda motsimikizirika, kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa chakuti samvetsetsa mokwanira chenjezolo kapena chifukwa chakuti satha kupempha ufulu wawo. Kusoŵa kwa loya panthaŵi ya kufunsa kumathetsa kusalingana komwe kulipo m'dongosolo la chiweruzo. Ochirikiza ena osintha zinthu amapempha kuti alembe mokakamiza kufunsa kwa oweruza onse ndi kuti loya akhalepo pachiyambi pa kufunsa kofunsa mafunso kulikonse, mosasamala kanthu za kulakwa kwake. Mayezo ameneŵa a Miranda akuchititsa kuti kutsata anthu ovutika kwambiri.

Kumaliza

Miranda Rights adakali maziko a njira zaupandu za ku America, akumapereka lamulo lokhala ndi lamulo lofuna kuchita zinthu zofunikira ndi kutetezera kuti asadzidetse. Kuchokera ku chiyambi chawo m'mayankhidwe a Warren Court ku njira zawo zopanikiza zopitirizabe kusinthika mwa kumasulira kwa chiweruzo, machenjezo ameneŵa amatumikira monga kupenda koyang'anira ulamuliro wa boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti kusamvetsa ndi kusamvetsetsa kumayambitsa kutokosa, lamulo lofunika kwambiri . Mfundo yofunika kwambiri . Kuyenera kwa munthu aliyense kukhala mboni yodzitsutsa yekha. Kwa lamulo, oweruza alamulo, ndi osamalira ufulu wa anthu, ndi ofunika kwambiri, kutsimikizira kuti dongosolo lachilungamo likhalabe lolungama, lopanda chilungamo, lopanda chilungamo, ndi lolungama. Monga kutsutsana pa chitetezo cha anthu, chitetezo cha dziko, ndi kusungidwa kwa dziko, kupitirizabe kusungidwa ndi kusungidwa ndi kusungidwa kofunikira kwambiri.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani Cornell Legal Information Institute ya Miranda ya kuchenjeza kwa Miranda , , chidule cha Miranda v. Arizona, ndi chitsogozo cha [FLT] ACLU pa zoyenera panthaŵi ya kukumana kwa apolisi.