Table of Contents
Mfundo ya kuyenera ndi maziko a ulamuliro wogwira ntchito, kuumba ubale pakati pa awo amene akulamulira ndi awo amene akulamulidwa. Pa maziko ake, kuyenera kwake kumaimira kuyenera kwa makhalidwe ndi kwalamulo kulamulira, mkhalidwe umene umapatsa atsogoleri mphamvu kupanga zosankha, kupanga malamulo, ndi kukakamiza popanda kukakamiza. Pamene kukakamiza kuli kolimba, atsogoleri amakondwera ndi nkhokwe ya chidaliro imene imawathandiza kuyang'ana, kukonza zinthu, ndi kusunga dongosolo la kakhalidwe. Pamene kuyenera kunyonyotsoka, kulamulira kumawonongeka, kaŵirikaŵiri kumachititsa kusakhazikika, kukangana, ndi kugwetsedwa kwa zigwirizano zazikulu za ulamuliro wa ulamuliro, ndi kuyang'anira mbali yofunika kwambiri ya utsogoleri. Tidzapenda madongosolo a kulinganiza, ndi kupenda njira zake zosiyanasiyana za ndalensi, ndi kulongosola njira zothandiza, ndi kudalirana kwaunika. Nkhani yowonjezerekayi. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza bwino mphamvu za ulamuliro pa ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wa ulamuliro, ikufotokozanso kulongosola bwino ndi kudalirana kwa anthu.
Kumvetsetsa Udindo Wolamulira
Kulamulira sikumangotanthauza kukhala ndi mphamvu; kuli ponena za kukhala ndi ulamuliro wodziŵika wa kugwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro umenewo. M'kulamulira, kuyenera kumapereka chilungamo cha makhalidwe kaamba ka mtsogoleri kapena gulu kupereka malamulo ndi nzika kuwavomereza kukhala ogwirizana. Popanda kuvomerezedwa, boma liyenera kudalira pa mantha, kukakamiza, kapena ziphuphu kuti lisungitse kumvera, komwe kuli kokwera mtengo ndiponso kosatha m’nthaŵi yaitali. Motero lamulo ndilo maziko a pangano labwino la mayanjano a anthu.
Malembedwe a Malamulo a Max Weber
Katswiri wina wa za chikhalidwe cha anthu, dzina lake Max Weber, anatchula mitundu itatu yoyera ya ulamuliro walamulo: mwambo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala odabwitsa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo.
- Malamulo a m'makwalala: Umutu umenewu umadalira pa chikhulupiriro cha kupatulika kwa miyambo ndi miyambo yolemekezedwa ndi nthaŵi. Olamulira ndi akalonga a mafuko ali zitsanzo zapadera. Atsogoleri amabadwa kapena amazikidwa pa chitsanzo, ndipo ulamuliro umalandiridwa chifukwa chakuti “nthaŵi zonse wakhala mwanjirayi. [1] Mphamvu ya kuyenera kwa mwambo igona m'kukhazikika kwake ndi kuneneratu, koma kulephera kwake kuli kulimba kwake poyang'anizana ndi kusintha kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu.
- Chharastic Legitacy : Mtundu umenewu umachokera ku mikhalidwe yapadera ya mtsogoleri [1] , masomphenya, kapena kuzindikira kwauzimu. Zithunzi za chisinthiko zonga Mahatma Gandhi kapena Martin Luther King Jr. zimagwiritsira ntchito kuyenera kwamphamvu kuti akonzere makampani. Utsogoleri wa Charism angasonkhetse kusintha kwakukulu, koma n’ngosakhazikika chifukwa chakuti zimadalira pa kukhalapo kwa mtsogoleri wopitirizabe ndi kukopa kwaumwini. Magetsition ndi yofala pambuyo poti mtsogoleri wa mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu ya kutchuka achoka.
- Legal-Ragastimacy: [[FT:1] Imeneyi ndi njira yofala m'maboma a demokrase amakono. Ulamuliro waikidwa m'dongosolo la malamulo, njira, ndi maofesi, osati mwa anthu okhalamo. Nzika sizimvera munthu koma mbali yofotokozedwa ndi malamulo opanda tsankho. Kuyenera kumeneku kumazikidwa pa chikhulupiriro chakuti dongosolo lenilenilo nlolungama, nlooneka bwino, looneka bwino, ndi loyenera kuyankha mlandu. Ilo liri logwirizana kwambiri ndi madongosolo ocholoŵa m’malo, a chitaganya chamitundu, koma limafuna kusungidwa kosasintha mwa malamulo ndi umphumphu wa bungwe.
Mwachitsanzo, pulezidenti wa democracy angakhale ndi ulamuliro walamulo kuchokera ku malamulo, komanso angatengepo pa pempho lamphamvu, pamene kuli kwakuti miyambo ya mtundu (monga ngati mbali ya mwambo wa ufumu wa monarchy) imapereka kuyenera kophiphiritsira kowonjezereka.
Malamulo Akutsutsana ndi Malamulo: Kusiyana Kodetsa Nkhaŵa
Kuli kofunika kusiyanitsa kuyenera ndi kutsata lamulo. Lamulo lingapatsidwe mwalamulo ndi njira yovomerezeka . Koma lingakhalebe loonedwa kukhala losaloledwa ngati ngati likuswa malamulo a chilungamo kapena chilungamo. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo amene amakhazikitsa kusankhana fuko angakhale “alamulo" pansi pa dongosolo lomwe lilipo koma lopanda lamulo. Mpata umenewu pakati pa lamulo ndi kuyenera ndi likulu ndi gwero lalikulu la kusamvera lamulo ndi kutsutsa kwa ndale zadziko. Monga momwe katswiri wa maphunziro a zaumulungu Ronald Dwo ananenera, kuyenera sikumafuna kokha kuwongolera kwa mapulinsipulo a kulingana ndi ulemu. Kulamulira kopambana kumadalira pa malamulo alamulo ndi miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino ndi kusungitsa ulamuliro wa boma.
Utsogoleri Umathandiza Kuti Munthu Azikhulupirira Ena
Kukhulupirira kuli ndalama yodalirika kwambiri. Nzika zingagwirizane ndi malamulo chifukwa cha mantha kapena chizoloŵezi, koma ulamuliro wodalirika umafuna kuti zikhulupirire atsogoleri awo kuti ndi oyenerera, oona mtima, ndi kugwira ntchito pa zabwino zonse. Kukhulupirira kuli lingaliro logwirizana: kumamangidwa ndi nthaŵi ndi zochita zosasintha, kupanga zosankha zooneka bwino, ndipo kungasonyeze kutsimikiza kuti anthu achita bwino. Ngati kukhulupirira kuli kopambana, atsogoleri angapange zosankha zovuta monga kukweza misonkho kapena kutsutsa zinthu zina chifukwa chakuti anthu amakhulupirira kuti njira zimenezi n’zofunika ndi zolungama. Pamene kudalirana kumakhala kochepa, ngakhale malamulo abwino kungachitidwe ndi kukayikira ndi kunyoza.
Oyendetsa Magalimoto Odalirika
Kufufuza za sayansi yandale ndi zauyang’aniro za anthu kumatchula zinthu zingapo zimene nthaŵi zonse zimaneneratu za kukhulupirira atsogoleri ndi mabungwe:
- Ubwino: [[FT:1] Kumasuka m'machitidwe a boma, monga ngati kufalitsa ma bajeti, kuvumbula mikangano ya chikondwerero, ndi kupereka mfundo zomveka za zosankha, kumachepetsa chidziŵitso chokhudza ntchito ndi kulola nzika kupenda ntchito. Kuona mtima kumayenderana kwambiri ndi chilungamo. Mwachitsanzo, [[FLT:] . . . .ctspacts International [ gulu limayang'anira ziphuphu ndi kuchirikiza kudalirana kwa anthu onse.
- Umboni: Atsogoleri amene ali oŵerengeredwa kaamba ka zochita zawo . "kupyolera m'masankho, uyang'aniro wa kudziimira, kapena kupenda kwachiweruzo(ziŵalo zosakhala pamwamba pa lamulo. Kuŵerengedwa kwa mlandu kumapanga zisonkhezero za kuchita bwino ndi kulola kuchotsedwa kwa akuluakulu a boma osayeneretsedwa kapena achinyengo. kuŵerengera mlandu kwa [[FLT] kwasonyezedwa m'mikangano ya ndale zadziko lonse.
- Kudalira: Atsogoleri a nzika odalirika omwe angapereke ntchito zazikulu monga ngati chisungiko, maziko, thanzi, ndi maphunziro. Kuthandiza kumafikira ku maulamuliro a mavuto: atsogoleri amene amavomereza mogwira ntchito ku masoka achilengedwe, miliri, kapena kulephera kwa zachuma amapeza chidaliro kwa anthu.
- [[FLT: 0] Kupereka ntchito: Kugawana ulamuliro wa madongosolo , maholo a boma, kufunsa kwapoyera, masankho osonyeza kuti pali malire, ndi kulinganiza kuti atsogoleri aziona kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri kuchirikiza nzika. Chipangano chimalimbikitsa kudzimva kukhala ndi udindo ndi kugawana udindo. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti pamene nzika zipanga zosankha, zingatheke kuti zilandire zotulukapo, ngakhale ngati sizigwirizana ndi izo.
- Kudzidalira ndi Malamulo: umphumphu waumwini, kuphatikizapo kuwona mtima ndi kupeŵa mikangano ya chikondwerero, ndi dalaivala wamkulu wodalirana. Zonena zophatikizapo ziphuphu, ndi kukondera, kapena kusadalirana kwa makhalidwe abwino zingawononge chidaliro panthaŵi yomweyo. Atsogoleri amene amatsanzira makhalidwe abwino amakhazikitsa muyezo wa boma lonse.
Zotsatira za Kulamulira
Kuyenera kwa ulamuliro kumene boma limasangalala nako kumayambukira mwachindunji kukhoza kwake kukwaniritsa zonulirapo zalamulo, kusunga bata la anthu, ndi kusinthira ku kusintha. zotulukapo zake siziri kokha zongopeka; nzowoneka m’kugwira ntchito kwa maboma kuzungulira dziko.
Zotsatira Zabwino za Kutsatira Malamulo
- Kampani Yofuna Kudzifunira Yowonjezereka: Pamene nzika ziwona malamulo kukhala oyenera, zimawamvera chifukwa cha thayo la makhalidwe abwino, osati chifukwa cha kuwopa chilango. Zimenezi zimachepetsa kufunika kwa njira zosungitsira zokwera mtengo ndi kumasula zokhalira ndi chuma china cha anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mlingo wapamwamba wa kugonjera msonkho ku Scandinavia umachitidwa kukhala wodalira boma, osati kuwopseza kokha za kuŵerengera ndalama.
- Kukhazikika ndi Chigwirizano cha Anthu: Maboma okhwima angayang'anizane ndi nkhondo kupyolera mwa mabungwe ndi makhoti a mtendere. Nzika ziri zothekera kwambiri kugwiritsira ntchito njira zalamulo kufotokoza zidandaulo mmalo mwa kutembenukira ku chiwawa. M'zitaganya zogawikana, kuyenera kuli kofunika kusungitsa malo ndi kuletsa magaŵano.
- Kachitidwe kobwezera: Atsogoleri a lamulo angapange masinthidwe otchuka . monga malamulo a malo okhala kapena njira zaumoyo wa anthu, chifukwa chakuti anthu amakhulupirira kuti kusintha kumeneku nkofunika ndi kolungama. Kutsatira nkwabwino pamene nzika zigwirizana ndi malamulo atsopano. [ECD] ntchito ya boma la anthu imathandiza kuti anthu azidalirana.
- Kuvomereza mu Crisnes: Maboma okhwima angakonze njira zofulumira kubwezera tsoka lachilengedwe, monga ngati masoka achilengedwe kapena ziwopsezo za chisungiko. Nzika zili zofunitsitsa kutsatira malangizo (kuchotsa, kuchepetsa nthaŵi, magawo a katemera) pamene zikhulupirira akuluakulu. Mliri wa Covid chitira chithunzi bwino kwambiri uwu: maiko okhala ndi chidaliro chachikulu m'boma anali ndi mlingo wokulirapo ndi kugonjera bwino lomwe ndi njira zaumoyo wa anthu onse.
Zotsatira Zoipa za Vuto la Kuphwanya Malamulo
Pamene kuyenera kwa lamulo kufunsidwa kapena kutayikiridwa, ziyambukiro zake zingakhale zosakaza kwa olamulira ndi chitaganya chonse.
- Kutsutsa kwa Public ndi Protest Movements: Kulingaliridwa kukhala kosagwirizana ndi udzu kumayambitsa chitsutso, kuyambira pa maulendo amtendere mpaka zipanduko zachiwawa. Chipringi cha Alab cha 2011 chinali chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha vuto la kuyenera: nzika zinaukira maulamuliro a auchigaŵenga amene analibe zonse ziŵiri zogwirizana ndi kuchita zinthu mwalamulo. Ngakhale m'mademocracy, kuchepa kwa chikhulupiriro m'mabungwe kwabutsa magulu otsutsa lamulo lokhazikitsidwa.
- Kusintha kotsatizana ndi Lamulo: Anthu amakhala othekera kwambiri kuthaŵa misonkho, kunyalanyaza malamulo, kapena kudziloŵetsa m'chinyengo pamene sakhulupirira kuti dongosololo nlolungama. Zimenezi zimapanga kuwonjezereka kowonjezereka: pamene kugonjera kumagwa, maboma amakhala osagwira ntchito, kuwonjezereka kwalamulo. [FLT:] Bank ya World Bank yolamulira ya World. imasonyeza lamulo ndi kuyenerera kwa lamulolo kuli kogwirizana kwambiri.
- Kulephera ndi Institution Wecening : Vuto la kuyenera lingafooketse boma, kuchititsa kusintha kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kwa utsogoleri, kapena ngakhale kuyambitsa nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni. M’zochitika zowopsa, boma lingagwe kotheratu, monga momwe kulephera kwa maiko onga Somalia kapena South Sudan m'nyengo za kuchuluka kwa mlingo wopambanitsa.
- Kulephera ndi Boma Lopanda Phindu: popanda kuyenerera, atsogoleri sangapereke njira zazitali za nthaŵi. Atsogoleri amasintha ndi kusintha kulikonse kwa boma, ndipo kuikizira katundu wa anthu onse kumagwetsa mavuto. Nthaŵi yaifupi imeneyi imalepheretsa kukula kwa dziko lonse ndi kupititsa patsogolo umphaŵi ndi mikangano.
Kukhala Wolamulira m’Madongosolo Osiyanasiyana a Maulamuliro
Kumvetsa kusiyana kumeneku n’kofunika kwambiri poganizira mmene kukhulupirirana kumayendera m’nkhani za konkire.
Njira Zolamulira Zachidemokrase: Kuphwanya Malamulo Kwachibadwa ndi Mavuto Ake
M'mademokrase, kuyenera kwakukulukulu kuli kulinganiza: kumachokera pa masankho aufulu ndi abwino, ulemu wa ufulu wa anthu, ndi kumamatira ku malamulo alamulo. Komabe, kuyenera kwa maufumu sikuli kokwanira. Ma Democracy amafunikiranso kulinganiza [ kulinganiza [kukhoza] kwa kutulutsa chuma ] kukhoza kupatsa atsogoleri awo, chisungiko, ndi mautumiki a anthu. Pamene maboma a democracy alephera kupereka ufulu wa anthu, nzika zingasokonezedwe. Kukwera kwa magulu otsutsa kukhazikitsa boma ndi otsika m'mavoti m'mawu ambiri otchuka kuti nzika zawo n’ngosamvera kapena kugwidwa ndi akuluakulu apamwamba. Kudalirana kwa olamulira kwa democracyicracy.
Wolemba mabuku: Malamulo a Ntchito ndi Kutsendereza
Maboma a boma la boma la boma la China kaŵirikaŵiri alibe lamulo loyenerera (monga amachitira masankho opikisana) ndipo mmalo mwake amadalira pa msanganizo wa kuchita zinthu mwalamulo ndi kukakamiza . Amalungamitsa ulamuliro wawo mwa kukhazikitsa bata, kuchuluka kwa chuma, kapena utundu. Kukula kwa chuma ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zamakono za kampani za China kwakhala magwero aakulu a ufulu wa Chipani cha Komyunizimu, monga momwe kumasonyezedwera m'malingaliro a anthu. Komabe, kuyenerera kwake n’kofooka: ngati boma lankhanza livutika ndi kutsika kwa chuma kapena tsoka, kungalepherere mwamsanga. Ndiponso, kudalira kwambiri kupondereza kulephera ntchito ngakhale kusoŵa ufulu, monga momwe nzika za dziko za Soviet Union zimachitira chitsanzo mmene dongosolo limene linapereka mapindu ena koma posagwirizana ndi kulephera kuyenerera kwa anthu ake.
Madongosolo a Kusintha ndi Kusintha: Magetsi Oletsa Kuphwanya Malamulo
Maiko ambiri amagwira ntchito m'madera osasintha pakati pa demokrase ndi ulamuliro wa authoritarianism. M'maboma ophatikizapo, atsogoleri angagwiritsire ntchito masankho kuonekera ngati alamulo pamene akuwononga malamulo a demokrase kudzera m'zoulutsira nkhani, kuyendetsa bwino malamulo a boma, kapena makampani ochirikiza. Maboma ameneŵa amayang'anizana ndi kupereŵera kosalekeza. Nzika zingagwirizane ndi kutaya kapena mantha, koma kukhulupirira kumakhala kochepa. Kusinthako ku demokrasecracyism potsatira South Africa kapena pambuyo pa kugwa kwa chikomphona cha chikomyunizimu cha Yuropu . Maboma atsopano ayenera kupeza ufulu wambiri mwa kusonyeza mphamvu zawo ndi chilungamo, pamenenso akuŵerengera ndi nkhanza zakale. [FLD:] United Institute of Reavention Institute of tractial [FFF1: [1]
Njira Zolimbikitsira Kusunga Malamulo ndi Kumanganso Kukhulupirirana
Mabungwe ndi maboma angathandize kuti anthu ayambe kukhulupirirana ngakhale kuti anthu ena ayamba kuwakhulupirira.
1. Yambani Kuona Bwino ndi Kutsegula Boma
Kufalitsa zinthu za boma, kuchita misonkhano yotseguka, ndi kupereka zifukwa zomveka zokhalira ndi malamulo ndi malamulo auyang’aniro (monga ngati ombulensi kapena omvera) chizindikiro chakuti boma lilibe kanthu kobisa. Zida zamagetsi, monga madoko otsegulira zinthu, zingachititse boma kukhala lofikirika ndi lodziŵerengera.
Kudziŵerengera Mlandu Molimba
Makomiti a komiti a pulication, mabungwe olimbana ndi ziphuphu, ndi oyang’anira nyumba ya malamulo aukatswiri ndi ovuta. Anthu afunika kuona kuti anthu amphamvu ndi amene angalangidwe. Nthawi zonse, masankho odalirika ndi njira yodziyankhira mwachindunji mu democracy. M'madongosolo osakhala a democratic, madandaulo, masuzumira a mkati, ndi kuyang’anira anthu kungachititse kulephera koma kwatanthauzo.
3. Kusunga Malamulo Mobisa ndi Mogawana
Kupitirira masankho a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, maboma angapange njira zokhalira ndi nzika zothandizira. Kugawana ndalama, kuweruza, ndi kukambirana pa Intaneti kumathandiza anthu wamba kukhudza malamulo. Njira zimenezi zimakulitsa chikhulupiriro mwa kusonyeza kuti atsogoleri amalemekeza maganizo a anthu ndipo amafunitsitsa kulamulira nawo. Mzinda wa Porto Alegre ku Brazil, womwe ndi umodzi mwa anthu opanga bajeti yopereka ndalama, unasonyeza kuti boma la m’deralo limadalirana kwambiri ndipo umathandiza anthu kuti azithandizana.
4. Tizipereka Zotsatira Zomwe Zikuchitika Mosayembekezera
Ufulu wa ntchito umafunikira kuwongolera koonekera m'mautumiki a boma, zamaziko, ndi mwaŵi wa zachuma. Atsogoleri ayenera kusumika maganizo pa kupereka ntchito zamaziko , maphunziro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo . Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ayenera kuyang'anira zoyembekezeredwa mowona mtima; kulolera ndi kutumiza kuli njira yotsimikizirika yothetsera kukhulupirirana. Kulankhulana kwamphamvu ponena za zipambano ndi zovuta zonse ziŵiri kumakulitsa kudalirika.
5. Sungani Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo ndi Kutetezera Ufulu Waumunthu
Kukhazikitsa malamulo mosakondera, kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa, ndi kutsimikizira kuti pali ufulu wolingana wochita chilungamo nkofunika kuti pakhale lamulo loyenera. Pamene nzika ziwona kuti lamulo limagwira ntchito mofanana kwa aliyense, chidaliro chawo m'mabungwe chimakula. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusungitsa kapena kusabwezera kwa anthu apamwamba kumawononga kuyenera. United Nations Development Programme ya ntchito ya lamulo [ imagogomezera ntchito yake yomanga mtendere ndi chitaganya.
Athandizeni Kutsogolera Mabanja Ndiponso Kutumikira Pachiŵeniŵeni Mokhulupirika
Atsogoleri ayenera kutsanzira khalidwe limene amayembekezera kwa ena. Kukhazikitsa malamulo a khalidwe, kufuna zilengezo za chuma, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo ochirikiza nkhondo kumathandizira kusunga umphumphu. Ntchito ya boma, yoyenerera yotetezeredwa ku chitsenderezo cha atsamunda imakulitsanso kudalira kwa mabungwe. Pamene akuluakulu a boma awonedwa kukhala okhoza ndi osaloŵerera, boma lonse limapindula ndi zotsatira zake zalamulo.
Kumaliza: Kufunika Kosatha kwa Kusunga Malamulo ndi Kuwakhulupirira
Chiyambukiro cha kuyenerera kwa ulamuliro nchachikulu ndi chakufikiratu. Kudalira utsogoleri sikuli chinthu chapamwamba; kuli kofunika kwambiri kuti maulamuliro akhale ogwira ntchito, okhazikika, ndi omvera. Kukhozetsa lamulo kutheketsa maboma kuchitapo kanthu motsimikiza, kulimbikitsa kugonjera kwaufulu, ndi kulimbikitsa kulinganiza kwa anthu. Popanda iko, ngakhale madongosolo abwino kwambiri a utsogoleri angalephere, kutengamo mbali, ndipo maluso a anthu angaletsedwe ndi kulemera kwa kutchuka ndi kusamvana. M'nyengo ya mavuto a dziko lonse, kusintha kwa chuma, kusamuka, kusoŵa kwa utsogoleri kwalamulo, kusoŵapo. Atsogoleri amene amapanga kuonekera, kuyang'anira, kutengamo mbali, ndi kuchita ntchito salimbikitsa kulimba kwawo; iwo amalimbitsa maziko a anthu ndi kukhazikitsa mphamvu. Mwakusintha kwa maboma, kudalirana ndi kuyendetsa bwino kwa anthu, kukhoza kuyendetsa bwino kwa mphamvu, koma kuchirikiza mphamvu yomveka.