Madongosolo a Electoral ali pakati pa makonzedwe apadera kwambiri m'makonzedwe a boma mu demokrase iriyonse. Iwo amaumba osati kokha amene amalamulira komanso mmene nzika zimawonera unansi wawo ndi boma ndi wina ndi wina. Pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, madongosolo a osankhidwa apamwamba amasonkhezera kwambiri kukula kwa chizindikiritso cha nzika — lingaliro la kukhala ndi anthu, kukhulupirika, ndi kudzipereka kogwirizana kumene kumakakamiza anthu ku chitaganya cha ndale zadziko. Nkhaniyi ikusanthula njira zimene dongosolo la apamwamba a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu amachirikiza kapena kulepheretsa kudziŵika kwa anthu, kujambula za maluso a anthu, kufufuza koyerekezera, ndi kufufuza kopeka.

Kufotokoza Njira Zoyendera M’gulu la Oyendetsa Magalimoto

Madongosolo a osankhidwa a gulu la osankhidwa azikidwa pa lamulo lakuti wosankha kapena chipani cha kulandira mavoti ochuluka. Chisinthiko chofala kwambiri ndicho choyamba cha m'mbuyo (FPTP), chogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko onga United Kingdom, United States, Canada, ndi India pa masankho a . Mu FPTP, wovota aliyense amasankha wofunsira mmodzi m'chigawo chimodzi, ndi wosankha wokhala ndi mbali yaikulu ya voti amalengezedwa. Masinthidwe ena aakulu amaphatikizapo dongosolo la kaŵiri (kuvota) ndi voti yachiŵiri (kuvota kokha) yovomerezeka (Inst-onya) yolinganizidwa kutsimikizira kuti wopambanayo alandire ochuluka.

Madongosolo ameneŵa amasiyana ndi madongosolo oimira (PR), amene amapakira mipando kwa zipani molingana ndi mavoti awo. Madongosolo a ofesala amapanga maboma amodzi ndi maulamuliro omveka bwino a nyumba ya malamulo, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amachita zimenezo movutikira kuimira zipani za anthu ochepa chabe ndi magulu a malo kapena a anthu amene sakhudzidwa kwambiri m’madera ena.

Mbiri ya Makolo Amene Anabereka Ana

Kulandira madongosolo a osankhidwa akuluakulu kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwa malamulo m'zaka za zana la 19 ndi la 20. Ku Britain, Mabungwe Atsopano anafutukula pang'onopang', ndipo FPTP adasungidwa monga njira yosavuta ndi yozoloŵereka. United States inatenga FPTP pa Nyumba yake ya Oimira monga mbali ya kulolera kutsata malamulo kwa boma ndi zikondwerero za boma. Kale Angelezi ambiri analoŵa m'malo mwa ufulu. Lerolino, madongosolo aakulu a zinthu a dziko lapansi adakali ofala, akugwiritsiridwa ntchito pafupifupi 30 peresenti ya masankhoti a dziko lonse lapansi, mogwirizana ndi ACEeal Knowledge.

Mafakitale Opanga Mafuleji: Chidziŵitso cha Chigawo ndi Mabungwe a Zikondwerero

Chidziŵitso cha bungwe la Copic ndi chipangizo cha masamu osiyanasiyana, chokhudza maganizo, ndi makhalidwe. Chimaphatikizapo kudziŵa za mabungwe a ndale zadziko, kugwirizana ndi dziko, kukhulupirira boma, ndi kufunitsitsa kutengamo mbali m'zochitika za demokalase. Mabungwe a zaumoyo amakhudza mbali zitatu: kuimira, kuŵerengera, ndi kuyendetsa ndale.

Kuimira ndi Kulingalira kwa Kukhala Woyang’anira

Pamene nzika ziwona kuti mavoti awo amatembenuzidwa kukhala chizindikiro — kuti boma limaphatikizapo anthu ofanana nawo — iwo ali othekera kwambiri kukulitsa mkhalidwe wamphamvu wa nzika. Madongosolo a ofisatora angalimbitse chomangira chimenechi m’madera opambana, kumene woimira wosankhidwayo amagaŵana ndi zivomerezo za kumaloko. Komabe, m’madera kumene chipani kapena obatizidwa amataya nthaŵi zonse, ovota angalingalire kuti mawu awo andale akutha. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, kunyalanyaza kwawo kungachotse chikhulupiriro ndi kufooketsa chigwirizano chandale.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kuŵerengera Boma

Madongosolo a opaleshoni amapanga muyezo wa kuŵerengera kwachindunji pakati pa opanga ndi MP yawo kapena woimira mmodzi. Kumveka kumeneku kungakulitse lingaliro la nzika la kugwira ntchito — chikhulupiriro chakuti nkhani zawo zovota ndi kuti zingapangitse akuluakulu kukhala ndi mlandu. Maboma okhazikika amapatsanso thayo lakutsimikizira zotulukapo za malamulo, zimene zingalimbikitse kunyada kwa boma pamene kuchita zinthu kuli kwamphamvu.

Kusintha ndale ndi Kudziŵika kwa Dziko

Madongosolo a Electoral amaumba chikhalidwe chandale zokulirapo kupyolera m'zizindikiro zimene zimatumiza za chilungamo, mpikisano, ndi kuphatikizidwa. Madongosolo a a Moritarianism kaŵirikaŵiri amatulutsa mphamvu ziŵiri zimene zingalimbitse "masewera a winner". Nzika zokhala m'madongosolo oterowo zingaone ndale kukhala maseŵera a zero-sum, okhala ndi mabwenzi oonekera bwino ndi adani. Zimenezi zingalimbitse chizindikiritso pakati pa magulu ambiri koma ocheperapo. Mosiyana ndi kagulu ka anthu kamodzi.

Chiyambukiro pa Chizindikiritso cha Chipangizo: Makina Otchuka

Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi kumathandiza kumvetsa chifukwa chake malamulo a kasankhidwe kameneka angatulutse zinthu zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi mmene anthu akhalidwe ndi ndale zilili.

Kufufuza za Malo Ozungulira Ndiponso Kudziwika kwa Anthu a M’deralo

Chifukwa chakuti FPTP imadalira pa zigawo za chigawo chimodzi, imakonda magawo ndi chichirikizo chachikulu. Zimenezi zingawonjezere kutchuka kwa chigawo, monga ku Canada kumene Liberal Party imalamulira kummaŵa, Conservative Party kumadzulo, ndi Blocébécois imaimira Quebec. Chigawo choterocho chingalimbitse chizindikiritso cha boma ndi umodzi wa dziko. Ku United Kingdom, kukwera kwa Scotland National Party ndi kudziimira kwa chigawo kumasonyeza mwachidule mmene FTP imalolera kayendetsedwe kamphamvu m'chigawo cha chigawo kukhala wamphamvu kwambiri m'malamulo.

Kusokoneza ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mwala

Chimodzi cha mbali zolembedwa kwambiri za madongosolo ankhondo ndicho chikhoterero chawo cha kutulutsa zotulukapo zoposerapo — kumene mlingo wa mipando yowidwa ndi gulu umasiyana kwambiri ndi mbali yake yovota. M'chosankha cha mu 2015 UK chachisawawa, chisankho cha United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) chinapambana 12.6 peresenti ya chivoti koma mpando umodzi wokha, pamene chipani cha Scotland National Party chinapata mavoti 4.7 peresenti a mipando yotetezeka. Zotsatirapo zoterozo zingachilikiza malingaliro a kusalungama ndi kuchotsako kulakwa pakati pa magulu atatu, kufooketsa chigwirizano chawo cha boma. Kufufuza ndi Sosaite [FLT: 0] kwa Reformation Society [1] Makampani a Reformation [FLct1:]

Kusintha kwa Zinthu Ziŵiri ndi Zandale

Madongosolo a magolitia amachititsa mpikisano wa mbali ziŵiri, pamene mbali zachitatu zimakakamizidwa ndi kuvota kwapadera. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la Duverger limaneneratu za chiyambukiro chimenechi cha kuyambukira kwa magetsi, zotulukapo za maganizo ndi za anthu nzofunika mofanana. Dongosolo la magawo aŵiri lingawolere malo a kugaŵikana kwa malingaliro ndi kuchepetsa malo kaamba ka kugwetsa kapena kuchonderera. Ku United States, dongosolo la FPPPPP lakhala lophatikizidwa m'kukula kwa kuyambukiridwa kwa Trinication — chikhoterezo cha Afonso kuwona adani ndi chidani. Kusintha kumeneku kungafooketsa chizindikiritso cha mtunduwo, monga momwe nzika zimadziŵira ndi zipani zawo mmalo mwa dziko lonse.

Kuimira Kochepa ndi Kuika Malo Pansi

Madongosolo a anthu otchuka ali ndi mbiri yosiyana yoimira mafuko, mafuko, ndi zipembedzo za anthu ochepa. Pambali imodzi, anthu ochepa a m'madera ambiri angaonedwe kukhala oyenerera kudzera m'madera ambiri a anthu ochepa (m’chitsanzo, madera a ku Africa ndi America ku South). Kumbali ina, zigawo za anthu ochepa kwambiri ofalikira — monga Asilamu ku Western Europe — kaŵirikaŵiri zimavutika kusankha oimira. Ngakhale pamene anthu ochepa amaimiridwa, angachepetsedwe m’boma lamphamvu. [FLT: 0] International Institute for Democlacyism ndi Electoral Consolation (IDA) yalemba kuti maiko amene amagwiritsa ntchito PR ali ndi mlingo wapamwamba wa kuimira akazi ndi malamulo ena aakulu.

Kufufuza Nkhani za M’munsi

Kuti timvetse mmene njira zoyendetsera zinthu za boma zimasonyezera kuti anthu ndi ofunika, ndi bwino kupenda zimene zikuchitika m’mayiko osiyanasiyana.

United Kingdom: Mwambo, Kukhazikika, ndi Kukula kwa Kusakhutira

UK ndi mtundu wa dongosolo la malamulo, lomwe lakhala likugwiritsa ntchito FPTP kwa zaka mazana ambiri. M'mbiri, njirayi inathandizira kuti pakhale kupikisana kokhazikika pakati pa Conservative ndi Labour , ndi kuzindikira kwakukulu kwa mtundu wozikidwa pa ulamuliro wa nyumba ndi kugaŵana kwa Westminster. Komabe, zaka makumi angapo zaposachedwapa, dongosololi lakhala likutsata. Kusankha kwakukulu kwa 2015 kunachititsa mkangano wokhudza kuyenera, ndi 2016 Brethermendium — nthaŵi yaikulu yosonyeza kuzama kwa dziko ndi chikhalidwe. Kukwera kwa machenjera ndi kugaŵikana kwa gulu lokhulupirika kukhoza kufooketsa chizindikiritso chake panthaŵi ina.

Chinsinsi cha UK ndicho ntchito ya mipando yotetezereka. Mu 2019, pafupifupi theka la maconstitue anaonedwa kukhala otetezereka, kutanthauza kuti zotsatira zake zinali zopeka. Nzika zimene zili m'mipando imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri zimachitira lipoti kuchepa kwa kudalira boma ndi kufooka kwa mphamvu ya kusanthula, monga momwe zatsimikizidwira ndi Nhlangano wa Hansard APPUSTIAM [.

United States: Kusinthasintha kwa Malo Ozungulira Dziko ndi Kuchuluka kwa Chizindikiro cha Anthu Onse

FPTP , , kuphatikizapo ndi mapangano a pulezidenti a onse ndi Electoral College, zapanga malo andale ogaŵanikana kwambiri. Chidziŵitso cha CBICO ku United States chakhala chozikidwa pa malamulo alamulo amtundu umodzi ndi "mphika" woyenerera. Komabe, kuwonjezeka kwa malo osankha osankha — Democrates m’mizinda, Republics m’madera akumidzi — chawonjezeredwa ndi zigawo za chigawo chimodzi. Kuphatikiza kumeneku kwakhala kosonyeza chizindikiro cha dziko lonselo. Chotulukapo nchakuti anthu ambiri a ku America tsopano amaona mamembala a gulu lotsutsa dzikolo monga chiopsezo kwa dziko, chochitika chophunziridwa kwambiri ndi asayansi andale onga Calimason.

Gerrymandering — kujambula chigawo chapadera kuti chigwirizane ndi chipani chimodzi — chinanso chimapangitsa zotsatirazi kukhala zowonjezereka. M'mayiko monga North Carolina ndi Ohio, mapu oyendetsedwa kwambiri apanga nyumba zogawira zimene sizikuonetsa chivoti chotchuka, kupereka malingaliro olakwika a kulephera kulembetsa ndi kuchotsa zikalata. Brennan Center ya Justice yatsutsa kuti gerrymandering imatsutsa chikhulupiriro cha democracy ndi kufooketsa mgwirizano wa boma pakati pa omvera mu "mack" zigawo zimene amavota awo amapanga.

Canada: Chigawo ndi Chitokoso cha Umodzi wa Dziko

Dongosolo la FPTP la Canada lakhala likuchirikiza kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuzindikira chigawo, likuthandizira pa mavuto a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi a umodzi wa dziko. Mwachitsanzo, 2019 ndi 2021 a boma osankha, anapanga nyumba ya malamulo imene Liberal Party yopambana inalamulira Quebec ndi Great Toronto chigawo koma inatsekedwa ku madera a Prair. Kumanga kumeneku kumalimbikitsa magulu a chigawo amene amasumika maganizo pa nkhani za m'mabwalo mmalo mwa maiko. Bloc Québécoscois, gulu lachifumu, lakhala lokhala kukhalapo kwanthaŵi zonse m'Nyumba ya Commons, kuchirikiza kudziŵika kwa Quebec. Panthaŵiyi, kukwera kwa malo a Conservative Party mu Albertary ndi Saskan pulogalamu yachititsa lingaliro la kumadzulo a kumadzulo. Magulu ameneŵa akusonyeza mmene dongosolo la anthu a dziko lonse la dziko lonse la dziko lapansili angalimbitserenso lingaliro la ku chigawo chakumadzulo.

Chokumana nacho cha Canada chimasonyezanso kuti madongosolo a opereka chithandizo samakhala okhazikika pa zotulukapo zawo. Kukambitsirana kwa voti yosintha zinthu kwa 2016-2017, ngakhale kuti potsirizira pake kunasiyidwa, kunasonyeza kudziŵika kofala kwakuti FPTP siingatumikirenso mitundu ya dzikolo. Kufufuza kwa anthu panthaŵi imeneyo kunasonyeza kuti ambiri a ku Canada anachirikiza mtundu wina wa PR, kukusonyeza kuti kusakhutira ndi dongosolo lamakonoli kwayamba kuchotsa chidaliro chawo m’mabungwe a democracy.

India: Kuyang’anira Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana Chifukwa cha Gulu la Majeretarian Lens

India ndi dziko la demokrase yaikulu koposa padziko lonse ndipo imagwiritsira ntchito FPTP pa Lok Sabha (nyumba yapansi). Dongosololi lakhala ndi anthu otchuka, a zinenero, ndi zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana. Zaka makumi angapo apitapo pambuyo pa kudziimira, FPPP inathandizira ku gulu la Congress Congress lomwe linaimira mbali imodzi ya chikondwerero, kulimbikitsa chizindikiritso cha dziko lapansi chozikidwa pa utundu ndi malo opangidwira ndi otsutsa dziko lapansi. Komabe, zaka zaposachedwapa, kukwera kwa Baratiya Janata Party (BP) pansi pa Narendradi Modi yasonyeza mmene madongosolo aakulu a Chiyuda angagwiritsiridwe kuchirikiza chizindikiritso cha dziko la Chihindu. Mwakupambana malo ambiri okhala ndi zigawo zotchuka, a BP akhala okhoza kuchirikiza kufalitsa apolisi ndi kufalitsa zigawa zina zachisilamu.

Nkhani ya ku India ikusonyeza kuti makampani osankha mavoti amakhudza anthu, si ongofuna kudziwika ndi anthu. Zimadalira kwambiri andale amene amagwira ntchito. M’gulu la akuluakulu a boma, gulu limene limapambana anthu ambiri "amene asankha okha mavoti ambiri" (mipando yambiri yopanda anthu ambiri) likhoza kupereka lamulo limene silingasonyeze chifuniro cha dziko lonse, likudzutsa mafunso okhudza kuyenera kwa lamulolo.

Mapindu ndi Zopinga Zowonjezereka

Mphamvu Zodziŵikitsa Chizindikiritso

  • Kumveka bwino ndi kufeŵa [1]: Ojambula amvetsa malamulo. Kuonekera kumeneku kungatsimikizire lingaliro lakuti masankho ngolungama ndi kuti zotsatirapo zimasonyeza kusankha kwa kumaloko, ngati chigawocho chili cha mpikisano.
  • Kuŵerengera mlandu [[FLT: 1] : chigawo chilichonse chili ndi woimira mmodzi. Nzika zimadziŵa amene ayenera kutamandidwa kapena kuimbidwa mlandu, zimene zingalimbitse mgwirizano pakati pa wosankhidwa ndi wosankhidwa.
  • Kukhazikika kwa Gome : Magawo amodzi amathandiza kupanga malamulo otsimikizirika. M'maiko okhala ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe cholimba, kukhazikika kumeneku kungakulitse chidaliro m'mabungwe ndi dzina la dziko.
  • Kuimira kwa mbiri ya dziko]: Malo akulandira woimira amene angachirikize zolinga zawo, kulimbikitsa kunyada kwa m'dziko.

Zofooka za Kudziŵika Pamodzi

  • Kugwirizana kwa timagulu tating’ono [[FLT: 1]: Ochirikiza zigaŵenga zachitatu ndi timagulu tating’ono tating’ono tamwadzidzidzi kaŵirikaŵiri amaona mavoti awo akutayidwa. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, zimenezi zimayambitsa kusuliza ndi kulekana ndi chitaganya cha ndale zadziko.
  • Geographic polaxity system imalimbikitsa anthu kusumika maganizo pa zigawo zozungulira, kunyalanyaza mipando yotetezereka. Zimenezi zingapangitse lingaliro lakuti mudzi wa munthu uli wosafunika, kufooketsa kuloŵerera m’ndale za dziko.
  • Kusintha kwa kugaŵikana kwa ndale zadziko [: Mpikisano wa mbali ziŵiri kaŵirikaŵiri umagogomezera mkangano mmalo mwa kugwirizana, kuchepetsa chizindikiritso cha chitaganya chimodzi chimene chimabwera chifukwa cha kugwirizana pa kusamvana.
  • Kulingana kwa chisonkhezero : Mabuku m'madera opikisana kwambiri ali ndi mphamvu yosayerekezereka, pamene amene ali pamipando yotetezereka ali ndi zochepa. Kusalingana kumeneku kungawononge lamulo laulingani wa ndale zadziko limene limachirikiza chizindikiritso cha anthu.

Madongosolo Osiyanitsa Zinthu: Maumboni a Majeriyati

Kufufuza kwa mitundu yonse kwapeza kuti madongosolo oimira a kulinganiza amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kubwerera kwapamwamba kwa wovota, chikhutiro chachikulu ndi demokrase, ndi kuchepa kwa kusoŵa chikondi chandale. Kufufuza kofalitsidwa mu British Journal of Political Science [1] ndi André Blais ndi anzake apeza kuti anthu m’maiko a PR amalemba mipata yapamwamba ya kupambana — chikhulupiriro chakuti dongosolo la ndale zadziko liri lovomereza kwa nzika. Lingaliro limeneli la kuvomereza liri mbali yaikulu ya chizindikiritso cha boma. Mofananamo, - DEM Institute adalemba kuti maiko akugwiritsira ntchito njira zazikulu zothandizira kuchepetsa mphamvu za democracyism ndi kuchepetsa mkhalidwe wa kuchirikiza mbali ya democracy, zimene zimalimbikitsa zikhalidwe zonse ziŵiri.

Komabe, mapulogalamu a PR sangakhale ndi mavuto awo a kudziwika kwa anthu. Akhoza kupanga nyumba za malamulo zogawikana ndi maboma ogwirizana omwe sangakhale ndi mlandu wokhudzana ndi kuvota ndi malamulo. Potengera magawano aakulu a mafuko, PR ingakhale ndi dzina la dziko m’malo mwa kukulitsa chizindikiritso chimodzi. Mwachitsanzo, ku Lebanon kapena Yugoslavia wakale, kuvomereza kumandandandandalika zikhulupiriro zampatuko zotsimikizirika.

Kufuna Kutsatira Lamulo ndi Kusamalira Maphunziro

Kuzindikira mphamvu ya madongosolo aakulu a chitaganya kuli ndi zotsatirapo zothandiza kwa opanga malamulo, aphunzitsi, ndi ochirikiza ufulu. Amene amapanga masankho a masankho sayenera kungolingalira za ziyambukiro za kuikidwa kwa maoda komanso ziyambukiro za nthaŵi yaitali pa lingaliro la kukhala ndi nzika ndi mphamvu ya ndale zadziko. Masinthidwe onga ngati kutengera madongosolo osanganizidwa (monga ku Germany ndi New Zealand) kapena kusanthula kokhala ndi malo apamwamba (monga ku Australia ndi mizinda ingapo ya US) angachepetse ziyambukiro zina zoipa zoipitsitsa pamene akusungabe mapangano ndi kuyang'anira kokhazikika kwa boma.

Kwa aphunzitsi, kudziwa mfundo imeneyi n’kofunika kwambiri pophunzitsa anthu.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo a osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi amphamvu kwambiri amene amapanga masinthidwe a anthu. Mwa kuyanja opambana oonekeratu, maboma okhazikika, ndi kuŵerengera kwachindunji, angalimbitse lingaliro la kukhala pakati pa magulu ambiri ndi m'madera a mpikisano. Komabe iwo alinso ndi maupandu a kutha kwa kutha kwa maufumu, kugaŵikana kwa dziko, ndi magaŵano amene angafooketse kukhazikika, kugaŵana kwa ofunikira pademokrase yabwino. Unansiwo sumadalira kwambiri pa chikhalidwe chandale, kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndi kukhalapo kwa mabungwe ena monga a boma, ufulu, ndi chitaganya cholemekezeka. Komabe, kuyesayesa kulikonse kofunikira kumvetsetsa kapena kusintha madongosolo a democracy kuyenera kutenga mbali yaikulu ya madongosolo a za ndalensi m'dziko — kapena kukhazikitsa chigwirizano cha anthu onse — chigwirizano chimodzi.

Pamene mademokrase padziko lonse akulimbana ndi kuchepa kwa kukhulupirirana, kukwera kwa populasitala, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kugaŵikana, kapangidwe ka madongosolo osankhira kamafunikira chisamaliro chatsopano. Chitsanzo chapadera, chimene chinaonedwa monga muyezo wagolidi wa boma lokhazikika, tsopano chikuyang'anizana ndi kupenda kwamphamvu kaamba ka mbali yake m’kugaŵikana kwa nzika. Kaya mwa kusintha kowonjezereka kapena kubwezeretsa kokulira, chonulirapo chiyenera kukhala dongosolo losankha lomwe limachirikiza ponse paŵiri ulamuliro wogwira ntchito ndi kulimba, kuphatikizapo lingaliro la chitaganya chandale.