Khoti Lapamwamba la United States limaimira kukhala womasulira wokulira wa Malamulo, likumagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yapadera kuumba lamulo la America ndi chitaganya. Pamene Bwalo Lapamwamba likhazikitsa nkhani ya lamulo, kuti chiweruzo nchomaliza kwenikweni; zosankha zake zingasinthidwe kokha ndi njira yosagwiritsiridwa ntchito ya kukonzanso lamulo kapena ndi chigamulo chatsopano cha Bwalo Lamilandu. Kumvetsetsa mmene zoweruza zimafikira kumasulira kwa lamulo nkwafunika kwa aliyense wofuna kumvetsetsa dongosolo lalamulo la America ndi mmene zigamulo zapadera zimafikiridwira.

Mphamvu ya Khotilo ya kupenda chiweruzo sinatsimikizidwe kufikira mu 1803, pamene inapemphedwa ndi Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall mu Marbury v. Madison. M'chigamulo chimenechi, Woweruza Wamkulu anatsimikizira kuti thayo la Khoti Lalikulu la kuchotsa lamulo losakhala lalamulo linali chotulukapo choyenerera cha ntchito yake yolumbira kuchirikiza Malamulo. Mlanduwu wa maziko unakhazikitsa Bwalo Lapamwamba monga womalizira wokhazikitsa tanthauzo la malamulo a , ntchito imene ikupitirizabe kukhazikitsa demokrase ya ku Amereka lerolino.

Maziko a Kupenda Chiweruzo

Ambiri a Abambo Opezedwa anayembekezera Bwalo Lapamwamba kuchita mbali imeneyi m’chigwirizano ndi Malamulo; mwachitsanzo, Alexander Hamilton ndi James Madison, anagogomezera kufunika kwa kupendanso kwachiweruzo m’Mapepo a Federalist, amene anasonkhezera kutengedwa kwa Malamulo. Hamilton analemba kuti kupyolera m’kupenda kwachiweruzo Bwalo Lamilandulo linatsimikizira kuti chifuniro cha anthu onse, monga momwe chasonyezedwera m’Malamulo awo, chikakhala chapamwamba pa chifuniro cha nyumba ya malamulo, amene malamulo ake angasonyeze chifuno cha kanthaŵi kokha cha anthu.

Madison adalemba kuti kumasulira kogwirizana ndi malamulo kuyenera kusiyidwa ku chiweruzo cholingaliridwa cha oweruza odziimira okha, mmalo mwa chipwirikiti ndi kusamvana kwa dongosolo la ndale zadziko. Ngati nkhani iriyonse ya lamulo ikagamulidwa ndi kukambitsirana kwapoyera kwa ndale zadziko, Madison anatsutsa, Madison akafikira pankhondo ya magulu opikisana, chikhumbo cha ndale zadziko ndi mzimu wogawa. Masomphenya ameneŵa a komiti ya ufulu wa juli ikhalabe mbali yaikulu ya dongosolo la malamulo a dziko la America.

Malamulo amaletsa khoti kuchita ndi "Cases" ndi "Udindo". Khoti silimapereka malingaliro a boma; mmalo mwake, ntchito yake njongosankha milandu. Zoweruza ziyenera kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru kuti asankhe milandu iti, popeza kuti pafupifupi 5,000 7,000 alamulo ndi apandu amaperekedwa ku Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu chaka chilichonse kuchokera ku makhoti osiyanasiyana. Kachitidwe kosankha kameneka kakutanthauza kuti mafunso alamulo apamwamba kwambiri afikira khoti lapamwamba la dzikolo.

Kumvetsetsa Njira Zotanthauzira Malamulo

Pogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yake kupendanso lamulo la kachitidwe ka boma, Bwalo Lapamwamba ladalira pa "monongs" kapena "mode" ya kumasulira [1] ndiko kuti, njira zomasulira tanthauzo lapadera la makonzedwe mkati mwa Malamulo. Njira zomasulira zimenezi sizili kokha maphunziro a maphunziro; zimaumba kwenikweni mmene chiweruzo chimafikira milandu ndi kufikira zosankha zimene zimakhudza mamiliyoni a Aamereka.

Chigamulo cha chiweruzo (iwo ali omasuka kapena osasintha) amasonyezedwa mosasintha kukhala chizindikiro chachikulu cha mavoti ake pa Bwalo Lamilandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti oweruza ali ndi malingaliro awo, iwo alinso ndi njira zawozawo zapadera zomasulira Malamulo. Kumvetsetsa njira zimenezi kumapereka chidziŵitso cha mmene filosofi yachiweruzo imagwirizanirana ndi mapendedwe a lamulo.

Kulemba: Tanthauzo Lomveka

Kumasulira ndi njira yomasulira yomwe imagogomezera tanthauzo la mawu a chikalata chalamulo. Kumasulira kumagogomezera mmene mawu a m'Bungwe la Malamulo adzamvedwera ndi anthu panthaŵi imene avomerezedwa, komanso mmene mawuwo akuonekera. Kumasulira kumeneku kumasiyanitsa mawu enieni a Konsichushoni ndi kumasulira kwa kunja kapena kumasulira.

Chilolezo cha mawu ndi chiphunzitso chakuti tiyenera kumasulira malemba alamulo, kuphatikizapo Konsichushoni, yozikidwa pa tanthauzo la kalembedwe. Wolemba malemba amanyalanyaza mfundo zosakhala za m’lemba, monga ngati vuto limene lamulo likulankhula kapena zimene okonza malamulo angakhale atalinganiza. Olemba mabuku amakhulupirira kuti njira imeneyi imapereka kulinganiza ndi kuletsa popanga chiweruzo.

Woweruza wina wotchuka kwambiri, dzina lake Antonin Scalia, yemwe anali atamwalira kale kwambiri, ankalembanso malemba a m’Baibulo.

Chikalata cholembedwa chimamasulira lamulo lozikidwa pa tanthauzo la kalembedwe kalamulo. Chitsanzo chabwino cha njira zambiri zofotokozera malemba chimabwera ku Bostock v. Clayton County kumene malingaliro ndi kutsutsa kwa ambiri omwe anatengera njira yomasulira mawu; kusiyana kokha kunali "kuchuluka kwa malemba amene Khoti Lapamwamba liyenera kugwiritsira ntchito. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza kuti ngakhale m’malemba, oweruza angatsutsane ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kuyamba: Kumvetsetsa Lamulo la Opatulidwa

Chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi nthanthi ya kumasulira kwa malemba alamulo, kuphatikizapo mawu a Konsichushoni. Ofufuza za m'malemba oyambirira amakhulupirira kuti malembo a lamulo ayenera kupatsidwa tanthauzo lapoyera kuti likanakhalapo panthaŵi imene linakhala lamulo. Njira imeneyi imafuna kuchirikiza kumasulira kwa malamulo m’kumvetsetsa mbiri yakale osati makhalidwe amakono.

Masitayelo atatu oyambirira a omasulira amapezeka kuti ndi cholinga choyamba, mawu olembedwa, ndi kulembedwa mokhwimitsa zinthu. Ngakhale kuti njira zimenezi zimayendera mfundo zofanana, zimasiyana m’njira zawo ndi magwero awo.

Komabe, njira imeneyi inayang’anizana ndi chisulizo kaamba ka kulephera kugamulapo chimodzi, cholinga chogwirizana pakati pa gulu la anthu osiyanasiyana amene analembetsa ndi kuvomereza Lamulolo.

Matanthauzo oyambirira a zolembedwa za malamulo angadziŵidwe kuchokera ku madikishonale, mabuku a galamala, ndi zikalata zina zalamulo zimene zingabwerekeko mawuwo. Zingatengedwenso ndi zochitika zalamulo ndi mkangano wapoyera umene unayambitsa kakonzedwe kalamulo. Olemba mbiri yakale amagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zofufuzira kuti amvetsetse bwino malamulo panthaŵi imene angatengedwe.

Pambuyo pa kuŵerengera kwa Woweruza Antonin Scalia pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu pa Bwalo Lapamwamba, iye ndi akatswiri angapo otchuka anafotokoza kuti, monga akatswiri oyambirira, iwo anadzipereka kufunafuna kumvetsetsa tanthauzo lapoyera loyambirira la Malamulo. Chidziŵitso choyambirira cha anthu cha kumvetsetsa malamulo sichichokera pa malemba okha, koma, mmalo mwake, amafotokoza tanthauzo lapoyera la malemba monga chitsogozo chachikulu cha kumasulira. Woweruza Scalia analingalira zambiri m'chigawo cha Columbia v. Heller akuonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa tanthauzo lapoyera pomasulira lamulo.

Lamulo Lomwe Lili ndi Moyo: Kusintha Malinga ndi Nthaŵi Zamakono

Kuyambirira kumasiyanitsidwa ndi nthanthi ya kumasulira kwa lamulo ndi Kusintha kwa Malamulo. Akatswiri a malamulo ochirikiza malamulo amakhulupirira kuti tanthauzo la lemba la malamulo limasintha mkupita kwa nthaŵi, pamene maganizo a kakhalidwe akusintha, ngakhale popanda kutengera kusinthidwa kwa malamulo alamulo ku Chigawo V cha Malamulo. Njira imeneyi imagogomezera kusintha ndi kusintha kwa mikhalidwe yamakono.

Odziŵa za malamulo a m’nthaŵi yachiyambi amanena kuti tanthauzo la malembo alamulo nlotsimikizirika ndipo kuti ayenera kugwirizanitsa opanga malamulo alamulo. Ochirikiza malamulo a malamulo alamulo amatsutsa kuti lamulo la lamulo lingasinthe ndipo liyenera kusinthika mogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa mikhalidwe ndi makhalidwe.

Woweruza womalizira Ruth Bader Ginsburg ananena kuti mafotokozedwe a Malamulo ayenera kusinthira ku kusintha kwa United States. Woweruza Ginsburg ndi ochirikiza ena a Constitution yamoyo amakhulupirira kuti malamulo a pepalalo amakhalidwe abwino otakata ayenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito pa mikhalidwe imene Afaramers sakanayembekezera konse, kuyambira pachinsinsi cha wailesi ndi luso lamakono lakubala.

Anthu ochirikiza mfundo imeneyi amafunika kusintha kuti mfundo za m’Malamulo zikhale zogwira ntchito ndiponso zogwira mtima polamulira anthu amakono, osiyanasiyana. Komabe, otsutsa amanena kuti njira imeneyi imapereka nzeru zambiri kwa oweruza ndipo imawalola kukhazikitsa miyezo yawoyawo m’malo momasulira mokhulupirika Malamulo.

Njira Zinanso Zomasulira

Kumanga malamulo ndiko njira imene oweruza amagwiritsira ntchito pofunafuna tanthauzo la lamulo lina mwa kungoliŵerenga motsutsana ndi chikalata chachikulu cha malamulo kapena nkhani zake. Oweruza amayesa kumvetsetsa mmene lamulo lina limagwirizanirana ndi malamulo aakulu a malamulo onse. Njira imeneyi imagogomezera Konsichushoni kukhala yogwirizana m’malo mwa kusonkhanitsa zinthu.

Oweruza ndiwo amagamula mlandu mwa kuyang’ana ku mlandu wa kumbuyo ndi wofananawo mogwirizana ndi lamulo la lamulo la kuyang’ana decisis, mwakupeza lamulo kapena lamulo m’nkhani yoyambalo lotsogolera chiweruzo chawo m’nkhani yaposachedwapa. Chiphunzitso cha kuyang’ana decis chimalimbikitsa kusasinthana ndi kuneneratu m’lamulo, ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zina oweruza amasintha zochitika zimene amakhulupirira kuti zinagamulidwa molakwa.

Mwachitsanzo, milandu yokhudza ufulu wolankhula imafunika kusiyanitsa mawu ololedwa mwalamulo ndi mawu oletsedwa kapena oletsedwa, tinene kuti zifukwa zotetezera, ndipo nthaŵi zina oweruza amaonetsetsa kuti nkhani zotsutsanazo zikhale zogwirizana ndi malamulowo.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Maphunziro Amakono Omasulira

Katswiri wina Robert Bork akunenedwa kuti anakhazikitsa nthanthi yoyamba yamakono ya kuyambika kwa chipembedzo m'nkhani yake ya lamulo mu 1971, Neuthal Principles and Other First Amendment Problems, yofalitsidwa mu The Yale Law Journal. Iye adawona kuti popanda kulongosola m'malemba alamulo, oweruza ali omasuka kuloŵetsamo makhalidwe awoawo pamene akumasulira malamulo. Bork analinganiza njira imodzi yalamulo kuti apeŵe zimenezi: kuti oweruza akhale "atengere m'mapindulo a kulembera kapena mbiri imene imasonyezadi kukhala ndi cholinga chake ndipo ali okhoza kutembenuzidwa m’malamulo alamulo amakhalidwe abwino.

Ngakhale kuti tsopano ndi ulamuliro wake pa Bwalo Lapamwamba, ndi nthanthi yaposachedwapa ya kumasulira kwa lamulo. Malamulo ake olinganiza anafotokozedwa choyamba mu 1970 ndi 1980 ndi akatswiri omwe anatsutsa chigamulo cha Khoti mu Brown v. Board ya Maphunziro limodzinso ndi malamulo ena opita patsogolo a Warren Court. Woweruza ndi katswiri Robert Bork amaŵerengeredwa kukhala woyamba kufotokoza malamulo a chiphunzitso cha m'Chibadwidwe m’nkhani yake mu 1971, Neutral Principles ndi Zina za Zopinga za Kusintha Koyamba.

Kumasulira ndiko chiphunzitso chopepuka cha kumasulira kogwirizana ndi malamulo koyambika m'mbiri imene inaiwalidwa mowonjezereka m'zaka za zana la 20. Kuyambiranso kwa chiphunzitso cha ku Orthodox m'ma 1980 kunali chivomerezo ku chiphunzitso cha "Malamulo Okhala ndi Moyo . Kutsutsana pakati pa njira zopikisana zimenezi kwaumba kuvomereza milandu, ndi zigamulo zachiweruzo kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Nthaŵi yofunika kwambiri inachitika mu 1982, zaka zisanu Bork asanalephere kujambula, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies. Bungwe la Federalist Society, monga momwe limatchulidwira, ndilo gulu laukatswiri laukatswiri wokhazikika limene linakhazikitsidwa kulimbikitsa mamasuliridwe oyambirira a Malamulo. Gulu limeneli lachita mbali yaikulu popititsa patsogolo oweruza ndi oweruza oyambirira.

Zochititsa Zofunika Kuletsa Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu

Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi kumathandiza munthu kudziwa bwino mmene malamulo a m’khoti amayambira ndi kusintha.

Ntchito ya Kuyambitsa Malamulo

Chitsanzo cha lamulo, kapena kuyang’ana, chimachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'kupanga zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimanena kuti makhoti ayenera kutsatira zosankha zoyambirira polimbana ndi nkhani zalamulo zofananazo.

Komabe, Bwalo Lapamwamba silimamangidwa ndi zitsanzo zake. Zoweruza zingagwetse zigamulo zoyambirira pamene iwo akhulupirira kuti zigamulozo zinagamulidwa molakwa kapena kukhala zosagwira ntchito. Chigamulo cha kugwetsa chitsanzo nchapadera ndi chodzutsa mkangano, popeza kuti chingasinthe kwambiri zoyenera zokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo. Zitsanzo zaposachedwapa zimaphatikizapo kugwetsa zitsanzo zakale m'madera onga ngati kuchotsa mimba ndi lamulo la za ndawala.

Malingaliro osiyanasiyana omasulira maganizo osiyana. Okhulupirira za m'chilengedwe angakhale ofunitsitsa kusintha zitsanzo zimene amakhulupirira kuti zikutsutsana ndi tanthauzo loyamba la Malamulo, pamene awo oyanja kuletsa kwachiweruzo amachirikiza chitsanzo chokhazikitsidwa mosasamala kanthu kuti akugwirizana ndi chosankha choyambirira.

Malembo a Malamulo ndi Kakonzedwe

Mawu enieni a Konsichushoni adakali chiyambi cha njira zonse zomasulira. Ngakhale oweruza amene amatsutsana ponena za njira za kachitidwe ka zinthu amayamba kupenda ndi malemba alamulo enieniwo. Kapangidwe ka Constitution . "Kopekaniza kuti makonzedwe ake osiyanasiyana agwirizana pa wina ndi mnzake ndi ku kayendedwe ka chikalatacho monga kumasulira kwathunthu(chinthu chimodzi).

Malamulo ena ngolunjika ndi omvekera bwino, monga ngati chiyeneretso chakuti Prezidenti ayenera kukhala ndi zaka zosachepera 35. Makonzedwe ena amagwiritsira ntchito chinenero chotakata, chofala chimene chimafuna kumasulira, monga "kutsatira lamulo," "kutetezera kolingana," kapena "kufufuza kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri". Mawu otsegulidwawo ayambitsa mkangano waukulu ndi mafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana m'mbiri yonse ya Amereka.

Malamulo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mfundo Zachikhalidwe ndi za m’Chichewa

Malamulowo alibe malamulo ofotokozera tanthauzo lake. Ayenera kupezedwa kwina kulikonse, ndipo oweruza ndi akatswiri sagwirizana ndi njira imeneyi. Kusoweka kwa malangizo omveka bwino kwachititsa mikangano yopitirizabe yokhudza mbali yoyenera ya makhalidwe a masiku ano pomasulira malamulo.

Akatswiri a malamulo akukhala ndi moyo amavomereza mwachindunji mbali ya makhalidwe a anthu pomasulira lamulo. Amatsutsa kuti malamulo a malamulo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito polingalira za zimene anthu afunikira masiku ano. Kuteroko kumathandiza Malamulo kusamalira nkhani zamakono monga zachinsinsi zamakono, luso la zasayansi la kubereka, ndi zochitika zina zimene anthu opanga Mafulemu sakanayembekezera.

Akatswiri ophunzitsa za mwambo wa anthu amakana lingaliro lakuti kusintha kwa makhalidwe a anthu kuyenera kusintha tanthauzo la malamulo. Amatsutsa kuti ngati chitaganya chifuna kusintha malamulo alamulo, chiyenera kuchita zimenezo mwa njira yolinganizidwayo mmalo mwa kumasuliranso kwachiweruzo. Komabe, ngakhale akatswiri oyambirira ayenera kulimbana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a m’mbiri ku mikhalidwe yamakono.

Filosofi ya Chiŵeruzo ndi Malingaliro Onyenga

Kupenda zachiweruzo pa Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu, malinga ndi mkhalidwe wake weniweniwo, kungaphatikizepo oweruza osasankhidwa kugwetsa chifuno cha nthambi yosankhidwa mwademokrase ya boma la boma kapena nduna za boma zosankhidwa mofala.

Mkangano pakati pa ochirikiza lamulo ndi oletsa malamulo uli kwakukulukulu mkangano wonena za nthaŵi, kapena kangati, kuti Khoti liyenera kumasulira Malamulo. Zoweruza zimagaŵidwanso pa mmene ntchitoyo iyenera kuchitidwira.

Pamene chilungamo chikuyesetsa kuti chikhale chosayenera ndi kutsatira mfundo za malamulo, chiyambi chawo ndiponso mmene amaonera zinthu mosapeŵeka zimakhudza nkhani ndi kumasulira malamulo. Njira imeneyi yoweruza anthu si yopeweka, ngakhale kuti njira zosiyanasiyana zofotokozera zinthu zimafuna kuchepetsa mphamvu ya chiweruzocho.

Kuikidwa kwa Bwalo la Milandulo

Kupangidwa kwa Khoti Lalikulu kumayambukira kwambiri kafotokozedwe ka lamulo. Madenti amasintha oweruza amene ali ndi malingaliro awo achiweruzo, ndi njira yotsimikizira Nyumba ya Malamulo imafufuza njira zomasulira za oweruza. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, kusintha kwa mpangidwe wa Khoti kungatsogolere ku kusintha m'chiphunzitso cha lamulo.

Ndemanga imeneyi imasonyeza chenicheni chimene chawonedwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi othirira ndemanga pa Bwalo Lapamwamba: Kutembenuza koyambirira kuli tsopano njira yokulira yomasulira yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi Oweruza pa Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States. Ambiri osunga mwambo a khoti lamakono achititsa chigogomezero chowonjezereka pa njira zofikira ndi zolemba, zikumayambukira zosankha pa nkhani zoyambira pa zoyenera za mfuti ndi lamulo la olamulira.

Kulemba kwa Khotilo kumakhudzanso milandu imene imasankha kuimva ndi mmene imatsatirira kusintha kwa chiphunzitso. Khoti lokhala ndi malingaliro amphamvu lingakhale lofunitsitsa kugwetsa zitsanzo ndi lamulo losintha lamulo, pamene kuli kwakuti Bwalo Lamilandu logawikana kwambiri lingapitirize mochenjera kwambiri.

Nkhani Zosonyeza Kumasulira

Kufufuza zigamulo za khoti Lalikulu kumasonyeza kuti njira zomasulira zimagwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana.

Chigawo cha Columbia ndi Heller: Chiphunzitso cha Chitaganya cha M’kati mwa Ntchito

Nkhani ya mu 2008 ya ku Columbia ndi Heller imapereka chitsanzo chabwino cha kumasulira kwa olemba Baibulo. Nkhaniyi inalembedwa ngati Second Amendment imateteza munthu aliyense kuyenera kwake kwa kukhala ndi mfuti kapena kungogwirizana ndi ntchito ya asilikali. Maganizo a Woweruza Scalia anafufuza kwambiri mfundo za woyambitsa, kufufuza malemba a Second Amendment, mbiri yakale, ndi kumvetsetsa kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida panthaŵi ya kukhazikitsa.

Lingalirolo linasanthula tanthauzo la mawu onga "kusunga ndi kunyamula zida" ndi "apolisi olamulidwa bwino" monga momwe akanadziŵira m’zaka za zana la 18. Woweruza Scalia anafunsira dikishonale, ndemanga zalamulo, ndi malamulo alamulo kuchokera ku nyengo ya Kukhazikitsidwa kuti apeze tanthauzo loyambirira la Second Amendment. Njira imeneyi ikusonyeza mmene akatswiri oyambirira amagwiritsirira ntchito kufufuza kwa mbiri yakale kumasulira malamulo a boma.

Brown v. Board of Education: Constitutional Evolution

Chigamulo cha 1954 mu Brown ndi Frands . Board of Education, chimene chinalengeza kugaŵana mafuko m'masukulu a boma popanda malamulo, chikusonyeza kusagwirizana pakati pa njira zosiyanasiyana zomasulira. Akatswiri a malamulo a kumoyo amakhulupirira kuti kusankhana mafuko kunali kogwirizana ndi malamulo kuyambira mu 1877 mpaka 1954, chifukwa chakuti anthu anakukonda, ndi kuti kunakhala kosagwirizana ndi malamulo okha chifukwa cha chigamulo cha Supreme Court mu Brown v. Board of Education.

Nkhani imeneyi imasonyeza mmene chosankha chimodzimodzicho chingalungamitsidwire ndi mafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana. Akatswiri a malamulo akuona Brown kukhala khoti logwirizanitsa malamulo ndi kugwirizanitsa kulingana. Ophunzitsa a Brown akutsutsa kuti Brown anamasulira molondola tanthauzo la Kusintha kwa Zakumbuyo la 14, limene makhoti oyambirira sanamvetsetse.

Obergefell v. Hodges: Ufulu Wamakono ndi Kumasulira Konsichushoni

Chigamulo cha 2015 chovomereza ufulu wa lamulo wa ukwati wa kugonana ku Obergefell v. Hodges chinayambitsa mkangano waukulu ponena za njira zomasulira. Malingaliro ambiri, olembedwa ndi Jasitisi Kennedy, anagogomezera kutetezeredwa kwa malamulo a ufulu wofunika ndi kumvetsetsa ukwati ndi kufanana. Njira imeneyi imasonyeza mfundo za malamulo a malamulo, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a malamulo kutsimikizira zinthu zamakono.

Kutsutsa chiweruzo chinatsutsa chigamulo cha kuweruza monga wochenjera, akumanena kuti tanthauzo loyamba la Konsichushoni silinaphatikizepo ukwati wa kugonana ndi kuti kusintha kwa mayanjano koteroko kuyenera kuchitika kupyolera mwa dongosolo la demokrase mmalo mwa lamulo la chiweruzo. Nkhani imeneyi imasonyeza kutsutsana kopitirizabe pakati pa nthanthi zosiyanasiyana zomasulira ndi zotulukapo zake zothandiza kaamba ka zoyenera za munthu payekha.

Nkhani Yokhudza Njira Zomasulira

Njira yomasulira si yongophunzira chabe, koma imakhudza kwambiri malamulo alamulo ndiponso anthu a ku America.

Mikangano Yokhudza Kuyambirira

Ochirikiza chiphunzitso choyambirira amanena kuti chimapereka kugamula kwachindunji ndi kuumirizidwa m'kupanga chiweruzo. Mwakusunga kumasulira kwa tanthauzo la mbiri, chiphunzitso choyambirira chimanena kuti chiletse oweruza kusakhazikitsa mapindu awo mwa kuyerekezera ndi kumasulira kwa lamulo. Okhulupirira mfundo za m’Chizolowezi amanena kuti ngati tanthauzo la Malamulo lingasinthe popanda kusintha kwa lamulo, ilo limaleka kukhala lamulo latanthauzo pa mphamvu ya boma.

Kutembenuza anthu kumachirikizanso kuyenera kwa demokalase. Lamulolo linavomerezedwa mwa dongosolo la demokrase, ndipo akatswiri oyambirira atsutsa kuti makhoti ayenera kukakamiza tanthauzo la anthu olandiridwa mmalo mwa kulowetsa mmalo zigamulo zawo. Ngati chitaganya chifuna kusintha malamulo alamulo, olemba malamulo a m’zoyambirira amatero, ayenera kuchita tero kupyolera m’kachitidwe ka Kukonzanso M’malo mwa kumasuliranso kwachiweruzo.

Komanso, mfundo zoyamba zimathandiza kuti malamulo akhazikike, ngati tanthauzo la malamulo likhazikika, nzika ndi akuluakulu aboma angamvetsetse bwino ufulu wawo ndi udindo wawo.

Kusuliza Kupeka Mawu Oyambirira

Woweruza Wapamwamba William J. Brennan Jr. analongosola kuyambirira kukhala "kudzibisa kukhala kudzichepetsa" mkati mwa nkhani ya 1985 pa Georgetown University . M’nkhaniyi, iye ananenanso kuti: “Nkunyada kuyerekezera kuti kuchokera pa kawonedwe kathu tingaone molondola cholinga cha olemba mafomuwo", ndi kuti andale zadziko amene amanena kuti amachita zimenezo amasonkhezeredwa ndi zifukwa zandale.

Otsutsa amanena kuti kupeza tanthauzo la poyamba kaŵirikaŵiri nkosatheka kapena kosadziŵika bwino. Maumboni a mbiri yakale angakhale osakwanira, otsutsana, kapena osalankhula pa nkhani zazikulu. Mafulensiwo sanagwirizane ndi mafunso ambiri a lamulo, akumakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kudziŵikitsa "choyambirira" osulizawo amakayikiranso ngati oweruza angapatuledi malingaliro awo pamene akumasulira mbiri.

Anthu ena otsutsa amanena kuti kumamatira kwambiri ku tanthauzo la malamulo kungachititse kuti malamulo a m’zaka za m’ma 1700 kapena 19, lamulolo lilephere kuthetsa mavuto amakono.

Zitsutso Zofuna Kukhalira Moyo Palamulo

Ochirikiza malamulo amoyo amagogomezera kulolera ndi kuzoloŵera kwake. Iwo amatsutsa kuti malamulo a malamulo a malamulo ayenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito pamikhalidwe imene Simakedzana sanaiganizire. Malamulo amoyo angatetezere chinsinsi m'nyengo ya manambala, kutsimikizira kulingana kwa magulu otsata maFrame ochotsedwa, ndi kusamalira zitokoso zamakono pamene akukhalabe okhulupirika ku miyezo ya malamulo.

Akatswiri a malamulo amanenanso kuti njira imene amatsatira popanga malamulo imasonyeza kuti malamulo a m’mbiri yonse ya ku America ayamba kuyendera mfundo za malamulo a boma, ndipo mfundo imeneyi ndi yoona kwambiri kuposa zimene amati n’zothandiza kudziwa tanthauzo la zinthu zoyambirira.

Ndiponso, ochirikiza mfundo za Malamulo a moyo amanena kuti njira ya Malamulo yamoyo imalola chikalatacho kugwira ntchito zake zofunika m'dziko losintha. Malamulo a malamulo ayenera kulamulira chitaganya chamakono chosiyana kwambiri ndi chapakati pa 18 cha Azambo. Kulephera kumasulira kumatsimikizira kuti Konsichushoniyo idakali yothandiza ndi yogwira mtima.

Kusuliza Kuumirira Malamulo Kwamoyo

Otsutsa amanena kuti kukhala ndi malamulo alamulo kumapatsa oweruza nzeru zambiri ndipo kumawalola kukhazikitsa miyezo yawoyawo. Popanda kukakamiza tanthauzo loikidwiratu, oweruza angasinthe kumasulira kwa lamulo kuti apeze zotulukapo zoyembekezeredwa.

Anthu odziŵa za malamulo a m’dzikolo amanenanso kuti kukhala ndi malamulo kumachititsa kuti lamulo logwirizana ndi malamulo likhale losatsimikizirika ndi losakhazikika.

M’dziko limene anthu amasiyana maganizo, mfundo za malamulo zoyendera malamulo zingasonyeze zimene oweruza apamwamba amakonda osati zimene anthu amagwirizana.

Kumasulira Kogwira Ntchito kwa Malamulo

Zotsatira zake, oweruza a Supreme Court kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito njira zambiri zomasulira, ngakhale mkati mwa lingaliro limodzi. Zigamulo zoŵerengeka zimamamatira zolimba ku njira imodzi, ndipo zambiri zimalingalira mfundo zosiyanasiyana pogamula milandu. Malemba a Konsichushoni, mbiri yake, chitsanzo, zotulukapo zothandiza, ndi mapindu amakono onsewo angagwire ntchito popanga chiweruzo.

Kulemba ndi mndandanda wachidule wa chiphunzitso choyambirira ndipo kunayambitsidwa kupeŵa zina za ziyambukiro zolakwika za chiphunzitso choyambirira monga momwe chinafotokozedwera choyamba. Unansi umenewu pakati pa njira zomasulira umasonyeza mmene filosofi yachiweruzo imasinthikira ndi kusintha kwa nthaŵi. Ngakhale oweruza amene amazindikira ndi njira zina zingawagwiritsire ntchito mosiyana kapena kugwirizanitsa ndi kulingalira kwina.

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu kaŵirikaŵiri zimasonyeza kulolera ndi kukambitsirana pakati pa oweruza ndi mafilosofi osiyanasiyana. Kumanga magulu ambiri ogwirizana, oweruza angachepetse malo awo kapena kugwiritsira ntchito malingaliro amene amakopa anzawo ndi njira zosiyanasiyana.

Chiyambukiro cha Kumasulira Moyo wa ku America

Kumasulira kochitidwa ndi malamulo sikuli kokha njira yalamulo yongopeka yalamulo − imakhudza kwambiri miyoyo ya nzika zonse za Amereka. Omasulira oweruza amasankha ukulu wa ufulu wa munthu aliyense, kulinganizika kwa mphamvu pakati pa nthambi za boma, ndi unansi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi maboma.

Zigamulo zokhudza kumasulira kogwirizana ndi malamulo zimakhudza nkhani za ufulu wa kuchotsa mimba ndi kuletsa mfuti mpaka ufulu wa kulankhula ndi wachipembedzo.

Kumvetsa mfundo za malamulo kumathandiza nzika kuloŵerera kwambiri m’nkhani za malamulo ndi zandale. Pamene makhoti Apamwamba ayambitsa mkangano, mkangano wochuluka umazikidwa pa nthanthi yomasulira ya munthu. Nzika zimene zimamvetsa njira zimenezi zingaone bwino kwambiri anthu a m'banjamo ndi kuzindikira mmene angasankhire milandu yamtsogolo.

Mavuto a Panthaŵiyo Pomasulira Lamulo

Maluso amakono a zaumisiri ndiponso kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, zikubweretsa mavuto atsopano pa nkhani monga kudalirana kwa makompyuta, nzeru zopanga, umisiri wa majini, ndi njira zolankhulirana ndi anthu, sizinakhalepo pamene malamulo a boma analembedwa.

Chitetezero cha Genetic Demendment ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kudwala khunyu, mwachitsanzo, chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku ndandanda ya malo a telefoni, njira zolankhulirana ndi mameseji, ndi luso lapamwamba la maso. Chitetezero choyamba cha ufulu wa kulankhula chiyenera kuyang'anira masiteshoni a makompyuta a za makompyuta, kugwiritsa ntchito njira za malamulo, ndi kuvutitsa kwa pa Intaneti. Mavuto ameneŵa amayesa njira zonse zomasulira ndi kufunikira chilungamo kuti alinganize kukhulupirika ku malamulo a malamulo ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamakono.

Anthu ofufuza malamulo a dziko lonse a ku America, omwe ndi ogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma, nthawi zambiri amakana mfundo za malamulo ngati zimenezi.

Tsogolo la Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

Mkangano wa kumasulira kogwirizana ndi lamulo la lamulo udzapitirizabe kuumba lamulo la America ndi ndale zadziko. Pamene oweruza atsopano agwirizana ndi Khoti Lapamwamba, kulinganiza pakati pa njira zosiyanasiyana zomasulira kungasinthe. Kusintha kwa nkhani za Khoti kungatsogolere ku chisinthiko cha ziphunzitso kapena kusintha, pamene masinthidwe atsopano asinthanso zochitika.

Maphunziro alamulo ndi maphunziro apamwamba amakhudzanso njira zomasulira. Sukulu za malamulo zimaphunzitsa maloya ndi oweruza a m’tsogolo m’njira zosiyanasiyana zomasulira, ndipo makambitsirano a zalamulo amaumba mmene akatswiri a zamalamulo amamvetsera malamulo. Mabungwe onga Federalist Society amachirikiza mafilosofi omasulira, kuyambukira kuvomerezana kwa milandu ndi mwambo wa zamalamulo.

Kumvetsa mfundo za malamulo kwa anthu onse ndiponso kumasulira mfundo za malamulo kungathandize kwambiri anthu oweruza milandu, kumvetsa zimene khoti Lalikulu linachita, ndiponso kukhala ndi phande m’nkhani zokhudza tanthauzo la lamulo.

Chuma Chopezera Chidziŵitso Chowonjezereka

Kwa awo ofuna kuphunzira zambiri ponena za kumasulira koikidwiratu, zinthu zambiri zilipo. Webusaiti yalamulo ya Khoti Lalikulu pa upreuptuuv.gov [1] imapereka kugamula kwa malingaliro, zigomeko za pakamwa, ndi ziŵiya zophunzitsa ponena za ntchito ya Khoti. Kuŵerenga malingaliro enieni a Khoti Lapamwamba kumapatsa chidziŵitso cha mmene oweruza amagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zomasulira ku milandu yeniyeni.

Mabungwe a zaumoyo ndi mabungwe alamulo amapereka chuma chamaphunziro pa lamulo. National Constitution Center ku consititutioncenter.org imapereka zinthu zophunzitsa zosapatukirapo ponena za malamulo ndi matanthauzo ake. Mawebusaiti a sukulu a malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyeza maphunziro a maphunziro ndi nkhani zapoyera pa nkhani za lamulo.

Kutsatira milandu ya khoti Lapamwamba pamene ikupita patsogolo ndi milandu yapakamwa popereka zigamulo zomaliza kumasonyeza mmene njira zofotokozera zimagwirira ntchito. Olemba nkhani ambiri a zamalamulo ndi atolankhani amapereka njira zofufuzira nkhani za lamulo kwa anthu onse.

Kumaliza

Matanthauzo a malamulo amaimira kwenikweni lamulo la America ndi kulamulira. Njira zimene zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu zimagwiritsira ntchito kumasulira malamulowo kulinganiza ukulu wa ufulu wa munthu aliyense, kapangidwe ka boma, ndi malangizo a anthu a ku America. Kumvetsetsa njira zimenezi zomasulira ndi kumasulira kwa malemba ndi kuyambirira kwa moyo ndi njira zina zofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuzindikira mmene khoti Lapamwamba limagwira ntchito ndi mmene lamulo la malamulo limakulira.

Ngakhale kuti oweruza ndi akatswiri amatsutsa njira yoyenera yomasulira mfundo za malamulo, mikangano imeneyi imasonyeza mafunso aakulu okhudza demokrase, mphamvu yachiweruzo, ndi mtundu wa lamulo lenilenilo. Palibe njira yomasulira bwino lomwe, ndipo iliyonse imaphatikizapo kugulitsana pakati pa makhalidwe opikisana monga kukhazikika ndi kulolera, kukhwimitsa zinthu, kuumirira ndi kuchenjera, kukhulupirika m’mbiri ndi mmene zinthu zilili panthaŵi yake.

Malo omasulira a Khoti Lalikulu lili ndi zotsatira zazikulu kwa anthu onse a ku America. Kuchokera pa zigamulo zachiweruzo za ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha ku milandu ya malamulo a tsiku ndi tsiku, kumasulira kogwirizana ndi malamulo a dziko kumakhudza mmene malamulo akhalira. Mwa kumvetsa mmene chiweruzo chimakhudzira mafunso a lamulo, nzika zingagwirizane ndi mikangano ya zamalamulo ndi ya ndale zadziko, kuyang'anira makomiti achiweruzo, ndi kutenga nawo mbali m'projekiti yopitirizabe ya ulamuliro wa malamulo.

Pamene anthu a ku America akusinthasintha ndi kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano, kumasulira kogwirizana ndi malamulo kudzakhala kofunika ndi kotsutsana ndi dongosolo lathu la malamulo. Kupirira kwa Konsichushoni kumadalira pa kukhoza kwake kuthetsa nkhani zamakono pamene akusungabe mfundo zofunika zazikulu. Mmene chiweruzo chimalinganizira zinthu zopikisana zimenezi mwa zosankha zawo zomasulira chidzapitirizabe kuumba lamulo la America ndi moyo kwa mibadwo ikudzayo.

Osamuka

  • Njira zomasulira zilipo: Oweruza Apamwamba amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo malemba, kuyambirira, malamulo amakhalidwe, unignalism, mapulaneti, ndi malingaliro ozikidwa pa chitsanzo
  • Nkhani za kupangidwa kwa zinthu: Nthanthi zamakono zinawonekera posachedwapa, ndi kuyambirira kunakhala ndi kutchuka mu 1970 ndi 1980 monga yankho ku zigamulo za Bwalo Larren
  • Kusintha kumakhudza miyoyo yeniyeni: Malamulo omasulira amasankha ufulu walamulo ndi mphamvu za boma, zimene zikuyambukira nkhani zachinsinsi ndi kulingana
  • Palibe njira imodzi yolamulira kotheratu: Pamene kuli kwakuti kuyambirira kuli kosonkhezera pa Bwalo Lapamwamba, oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito njira zambiri ndi kulingalira mbali zosiyanasiyana m’zosankha zawo
  • Kutsutsanako kukupitirizabe: Kusavomerezana pa kumasulira kolondola kwa lamulo kumabutsa mafunso ofunika kwambiri ponena za demokrase, mphamvu yachiweruzo, ndi mtundu wa lamulo umene suyankhidwa
  • nkhani yokhudzana ndi kulemba: Mapangidwe a Khoti, mapindu a anthu, chitsanzo cha lamulo, ndi zotsatirapo zothandiza zonse zimene zimakhudza kumasulira kwa malamulo
  • Kumasulira komvetsa bwino kumapatsa mphamvu nzika: Chidziŵitso cha njira zomasulira zimathandiza nzika kupenda achiweruzo, kumvetsetsa zigamulo za khoti Lalikulu, ndi kuchita nawo moyenerera mikangano ya malamulo