Chiyambi: Malo Opinga

Kugwirizanitsa ufulu wa anthu ndi malamulo alamulo kumapanga malo otetezera ufulu wa dziko la America. Zoyenera za nzikazo . Zomwe zimavomereza kuchitiridwa mofanana ndi ufulu wa kusankhana, si zolinga zongoyerekezera; ndizo zonena zovomerezeka zozikidwa pa malamulo a U.S. ndi kukonza kwake. Lamulo, kumapereka maziko amene ufulu umenewu umafotokozedwa, kutetezedwa, ndipo nthaŵi zina kutsutsidwa. Kumvetsetsa mmene mbali ziŵirizi zikugwirizanirana kwa aphunzitsi, akatswiri a zamalamulo, ophunzira, ndi nzika zoikizira. Nkhaniyi ipenda chiyambi cha mbiri yakale, malamulo alamulo, kumasulira kwa malamulo apamwamba, kutsutsana, ndi mavuto amene amakhalapo omwe amalongosola maunansi a anthu ndi malamulo a m'dziko la United States. Pofufuza mfundo zimenezi, timapeza chithunzi choonekera bwino cha mmene mfundo za ufulu ndi kuyendera kulingana kwa malamulo a m’dziko.

Mbiri Yake: Kuchokera pa Kupezanso Zinthu Zina

Maziko a ufulu wachibadwidwe ku United States akuyambira ku nyengo yoyambirira, koma Malamulo oyambirira anali ndi kusokonezeka kwa ukapolo ndi kuvota. Chiganizo cha atatu cha chigawo (Mfundo I, Chigawo 2) anaŵerengera anthu aukapolo kukhala atatu mwa magawo a munthu kaamba ka zifuno za kuimira, ndipo kapolo wothaŵayo (Article IV, Gawo 2) anafuna kuti akapolo opulumukawo abwerere. Malamulo ameneŵa anawonjezera kusiyana kwa mafuko m'lamulo. Kunakhalako kufikira Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni ndi nyengo yotsatira yakuti Nyumba za Malamulo zinapereka malamulo osinthira kukhazikitsa malamulo a dziko kaamba ka ufulu wa anthu.

Reconstructs , 13th, 14th, ndi 15th .Funda inasintha kwambiri unansi pakati pa boma la boma ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense. [FLT:] Demence [FL: 0] ya 13 [1865] Ilo lakuchotsa ukapolo ndi ukapolo waufulu, kusiyapo chilango cha upandu. [[FLT:] 14] Developerment [14] [1] [1868]) Unziko wa anthu onse obadwira kapena obadwa mu United States ndi kutsimikizira chitetezero chofanana cha malamulo ndi machitidwe oyenera. [[FLT:] 15] Development ya malamulo owonjezereka [FLD] (1870]) kukana kukana kusankhidwa kwa ku mafuko, kapena kuikidwa kwalamulo lapambuyoku, kapena kukwaniritsidwa kwa ufulu walamulo. Malo adaikidwa kaamba ka kukwaniritsa ziyenero za ufulu walamulo, ngakhale kuti zikhalebe za kuyenera kukwaniritsa chigamu chachikulu cha chigamu cha mlandu chakuya cha CF.

Kuchokera kumapeto kwa Reconsolen kupyola kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, Khoti Lapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri linachepetsa kufikiridwa kwa chiphunzitso cha 14 Demendment . [FLT] Pnecy v. Ferguson [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [1896], Bwalo la Bwalo linachirikiza ufulu wa fuko pansi pa "kusiyana koma kulingana" chiphunzitso, kuvomereza kwenikweni kusankhidwa kwa boma ndi linzake. Chigamulo chimenechi chinakhalabe lamulo la dziko kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi, kusonyeza mmene kumasulira kwa lamulo lachikhalidwe kukhoza kupititsa patsogolo kapena kuyenera kwa anthu. Motero kulimbana kwa ufulu wa anthu m'zaka za zana la 20 kunali nkhondo osati kokha kaamba ka chilungamo komanso chifukwa cha kumvetsetsa bwino ufulu wa anthu.

Makonzedwe Aakulu a Malamulo Otetezera Ufulu wa Nzika

Kupitirira pa Malamulo Okonzanso, makonzedwe ena angapo a m’Bungwe Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ndi kukonzanso zinthu pambuyo pake ndiwo maziko ofunika kwambiri otetezera ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Kukonzanso Koyamba

First Amendment imateteza ufulu wa chipembedzo, kulankhula, kusindikiza, msonkhano, ndi ufulu wopempha boma. Zitetezero zimenezi ndi maziko a ufulu wachibadwidwe, kulola anthu ndi magulu kulinganiza, kutsutsa, ndi kulamula kuti asinthe mwalamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira Copttingment kuti Coprind ithe kufotokoza mawu ophiphiritsa (m’ma 1950, kutentha mbendera), ndi ufulu wogwirizana, zimene zakhala zofunika kwambiri kwa mabungwe ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe monga NAACP. Popanda kuteteza anthu ameneŵa, anthu ambiri a m’ma 1950 ndi 1960 akanakhala osatheka kukwaniritsa ntchito yokhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu.

Malamulo Achinayi, Achisanu ndi Chisanu, ndi Achisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chimodzi Owonjezera

Kusintha kumeneku kumateteza anthu pa milandu ya boma. Mpando wachinayi umateteza ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, Firder imatsimikizira njira yoyenerera ndi chitetezo pa kudzivulaza, ndipo Kusintha kwa Sikisi kumatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu kofulumira ndi kwa anthu, juli yopanda tsankho, ndi uphungu wa lamulo. Makonzedwe ameneŵa ali ofunika kwambiri posamalira kusiyana kwa mafuko m'dongosolo la milandu. Maupandu onga ] Manda v. Arizona [1] . [12] [7] [7] (6] zitetezero zopangidwa zachisanu zokhala ndi ziwonjezero zofunikira kudziŵikiridwa kwa ufulu wawo, pamene [FLT:][5]][5]

Malamulo Achisanu ndi Chiŵiri ndi Khumi

Ninth Amendment imavomereza kuti ufulu wosatchulidwa mwachindunji m'Malamulo umasungidwabe ndi anthu. Izi zagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchirikiza zonena za ufulu wosavomerezedwa, monga kuyenera kwa kukhala chinsinsi, kumene kunapanga maziko a zosankha mu . Connecticut[FL:2][FL:] [65] [65] ndi [[FLT] [FLT] [[4] Rit v. Wade [[FL:] [7] ] . [maudindo khumi a maulamuliro osaperekedwa ku boma kapena ku maboma, amene nthaŵi zina atsutsa ufulu wa anthu," kuyenera kwa ufulu wa anthu.

Malamulo Ofuna Kuwononga Zinthu Atapita Patsogolo

Mapempho angapo a 20 a kuwongolera kuwonjezereka kwa ufulu wa anthu. [[FLT: 0] Demendment ya 19th Conflation (1920) inaletsa kusankhana pa kugonana, kufutukula chisankho kuti chiphatikizepo akazi. [[FLT:]24] Developerment [[FLT:] yachiwiri] (1864] [64]) inasiya misonkho yopanga, imene inagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsapo phindu lotsika ndi kujokera kwaling'ono. Development [6] yachi "6] Yachisanu [[FLT:] [5] [6] [6] Yapa] Kusankha [64] kukhala 18,5] (644] m'nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Vietnam. Chikhometso chilichonse cha dziko lonse chimasonyeza kukwaniritsa kulingana ndi kuwonjezera kwa kulingana kwa kulingana ndi kuwonjezera kwa lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo, ngakhale kuli kofunikanso.

Chizindikiro cha Khoti Lalikulu Chikutsutsa Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni

Khoti Lalikulu lachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pomasulira lamulo lokhudza kuwonjezera kapena kuchepetsa ufulu wa anthu. Milandu ya malamulo oletsa kuphwanya malamulo yakhala ikukhazikitsa mfundo zimene zikupitirizabe kufotokoza mmene malamulo akuyendera.

Kuthetsa Mtundu wa Boma

Brown v. Board of Education [FLT :2] (154]) mwinamwake ndicho chigamulo chotchuka kwambiri cha ufulu wa anthu m'mbiri ya U.S. Khoti linachita chigamulo chakuti kusankhana kwa mafuko m'masukulu a anthu onse kunaswa lamulo la Kutetezera Klasko kwa 14th Confection, kugwetsa "kusintha koma kulingana" chiphunzitso cha Py v. Genvotion . . Chigamulocho sichinachotse sukulu, koma chinapereka maziko alamulo kaamba ka ufulu wa anthu ndi malamulo otsatirapo monga Chikalata cha ufulu wa 1964 ndi ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa Volgalamu.

Kuteteza Ukwati ndi Banja

. Kuchokera ku Virginia [1] [FLT :2] (1967) adaswa malamulo oletsa kulekana kwa mafuko, kugwiritsa ntchito kuti malamulo otero anaswa zonse ziŵiri Chitetezo ndi Programme Clauss . Pafupifupi theka la zaka zana pambuyo pake, [FLT] [[FLT:]] Obergecrev v. Hotmark (2015] kukambitsirana kofanana ndi ukwati wofanana, kumasonyeza kuti anthu aŵiri a kugonana afunikira kuzindikira maukwati. Zochitika zimenezi zimasonyeza mmene malamulo a ufulu ndi kufanana kwa anthu ena aumunthu ndi kugwirizanitsa malingaliro atsopano.

Kutchula Ufulu ndi Kuimira

Kutulutsa ndi ufulu wachikhalidwe wa anthu. [FLT] Shelby County v. Hoker (2013]) adagonjetsa makonzedwe aakulu a Voting Rights Act omwe anafuna malamulo ena ndi mbiri ya tsankho kuti apeze malamulo a boma asanasinthe malamulo osankha. Chigamulocho chinafooketsa kwambiri kuyang'anira masinthidwe a kuvota, kuchititsa chiletso chatsopano cha kuvota. Nkhaniyo imasonyeza kutsutsana kopitirizabe pakati pa lamulo la boma la ufulu wa chivoti ndi ulamuliro wa dziko pa chisankho, chipwirikiti chozikidwa pa lamulo la boma.

Kupeza Maphunziro ndi Mwaŵi Wofanana

Nkhani zonga [[FLT: 0]. Aventis a University of California v. Bakke[FLT :2] [718] ndi [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] "[FLT]] "GUUULAULAU . Bollinger [ [[FLT]]] [[2001]] [[2003]] adalemba ntchito yovomereza maphunziro apamwamba. Khoti mu [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [4] [4] [4] yogwirizana ndi yofanana ndi mitundu yambiri ya anthu, ngakhale kuti inamu , chikhomerezo. Chikhoterero chofalachi cha chikhoterero cha chivomezi cha . [F.]

Kugwirizana ndi Kukakamiza Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni

Nkhani yobwerezabwereza pa zoyenera zachiŵeniŵeni ndi lamulo ndi kutsutsana kwa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma. Mgwirizano wa 14 wa Kutetezera ndi Kusamalira Gawo la Malamulo ndi Kuletsa kwa Malamulo a Claus kumaletsa chigamulo cha boma, koma ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma kusungitsa ufulu wa anthu watsutsidwa m'mbiri yonse ya Amereka. Mkati mwa nyengo ya kukonzanso, Congress anapasa Chilamulo cha Chilamulo cha Chiweruzo cha 1866 ndi Enctive Acts of 1870 ndi 1871 kulimbana ndi chiwawa cha oyera. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba mu [[FLT:] [FLT:] [FLT:] [6]] [6] Maseŵero-INUP] [ma , kutembenuza mphamvu za anthu ena odzilamulira.[FLT]

Mbadwo wamakono wa ufulu wa anthu unayambiranso kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma pansi pa Commerce Claus ndi Demetrimestry 14. Chikalata cha Civil Rights Act cha 1964, chimene chinaletsa tsankho m'nyumba za anthu ndi ntchito, chinachirikizidwa kwambiri ndi Khoti pansi pa mphamvu ya zamalonda ya Congress mu kusokonezeka kwa Atlanta Motel v. United States [FL:2] [[FLT:] [1964].] Chikalata cha ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu chinadalira pa lamulo la 15 la malamulo a Commergament. Ngakhale lerolino, mapangano a boma akupitirizabe kuvota, kukonzanso, ndi kuteteza. Kumvetsa malamulo pakati pa ufulu wa dziko ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu wa dziko lamakono ndi kuyesa kukhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu.

Mavuto Opitirizabe m’Chilamulo cha Boma ndi Lamulo la Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti pakhala kupita patsogolo kwakukulu, pali mavuto ambiri amene adakalipo pa kusemphana kwa ufulu wa anthu ndi malamulo a boma, nkhani zimenezi si nkhani za m’mbiri chabe koma ndi mikangano yokhudzana ndi malamulo ndi ndale.

Kusankhana Makhalidwe ndi Chilungamo cha Apandu

Malo osiyana aufuko m'ntchito, kuweruza, ndi kumangidwa amalembedwa bwino. Zitokoso za Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri zimasumika pa chiletso cha Generance cha Kufufuza kosalingalira ndi kukomoka, kuyenera kwa Sikisi Demendment ya kupereka uphungu, ndi chiletso cha Eighth Amendment pa zilango zankhanza ndi zachilendo. Kusintha kwa lamulo, monga ngati malamulo ofuna kufufuza kwa njira yachiweruzo ndi Department of Justice, kudalira pa ulamuliro wa boma komanso kupangidwa ndi malamulo alamulo a ufulu wa kugaŵana ndi kugaŵana mphamvu.

Kutsendereza ndi Chisankho

Pambuyo pa Chigamulo cha Selby County, maboma ambiri amakhazikitsa malamulo a ovota, kuchotsa mipukutu ya ovota, ndi kuchepetsa mwaŵi woyambirira wa kuvota. Njira zimenezi zikuyambukira mokulirapo kagulu ka anthu ochepa, ndalama zochepera, ndi okalamba ovota. Nkhani za malamulo a malamulo amaika pa kaya malamulowo amaswa chitetezo cha Ecult Claus ndi Development ya 15. Lamulo la boma monga John Lewis Voting Rights Act limafuna kubwezeretsa njira ya kukhazikitsa, koma malamulo ake amapitirizabe nkhani ya mkangano. Makhoti akupitirizabe kutsutsana ndi zikondwerero za makomiti opanga masankhoti otsutsana ndi lamulo oyenerera kuvota.

LGBTQ+ Ufulu wa Chipembedzo

Pambuyo pa chigamulo cha [FLT ] . ", nkhondo ya ufulu wa anthu yofutukulidwa kuphatikizapo chitetezo chochokera pa kuyera kwa kugonana ndi chinsinsi cha mwamuna ndi mkazi pantchito, nyumba, ndi malo ogona a anthu. Khoti Lapamwamba linaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa kugonana ndi kugonana. Komabe, pakati pa LGTTQ+] Boschock v. County [FOL:4] [FLT] [200] [200]) ATHTIOM of the Civiltic Rights Act (20] Act of the Lougn Act [194]. Kulimbana pakati pa LGTQ] ufulu ndi ufulu wa chipembedzo wa kukhazikitsa mautumiki a ukwati ndi mautumiki opereka chithandizo. Nkhani zimenezi zimayesa kutsutsa ufulu wachipembedzo pansi pa malamulo otsutsa ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa boma woyamba.

Kachitidwe Kotsimikizira ndi Kulingana kwa Maphunziro

Chigamulo chaposachedwapa chinasonyeza kusintha kwakukulu m'malamulo a anthu ovomereza fuko mosazindikira. Ochirikiza malamulo a mitundu ya anthu a kuwonana kwa ubongo akuvomereza kuti Cume Execle Protection Claus imaletsa kusankhana mitundu, pamene ochirikiza chilungamo cha fuko amatsutsa kuti malamulo a malamulo alamulo amalola njira zongolinganiza ndi zothetsera tsankho lakale. Kupitirira pa maphunziro apamwamba, kusiyanitsa ndalama za sukulu, chilango, ndi kukhoza kuwaphunzitsa bwino kupitirizabe kukhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wa anthu onse aŵiri amene amasonkhezera malamulo alamulo ndi malamulo a boma monga Ditu.

Maphunziro Athandiza Kuzindikira Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Maphunziro adakali chida chofunika kwambiri chothandizira kumvetsetsa ufulu wa anthu ndi malamulo. Mwa kugwirizanitsa nkhani zimenezi m’nkhani zapasukulu ndi zapoyera, aphunzitsi angakonzekeretse ophunzira chidziŵitso ndi maluso ofufuza ofunikira kuyang’anira nkhani zovuta za malamulo ndi za anthu. Maphunziro a ufulu wachibadwidwe amaloŵetsedwa m’njira yosamveka bwino kuwongolera zinthu ndi zochitika; amalimbikitsa ophunzira kupenda nkhani za m’mbiri, kuona mafotokozedwe otsutsana, ndi kuona zotsatira zenizeni za moyo wa zosankha za lamulo.

  • Kupenda nkhani zodziŵika bwino ndiponso kufunika kwake kosalekeza.
  • Kukambirana za kuyenera kwa ufulu wa munthu ndi wa anthu.
  • Kufotokoza zimene anthu omenyera ufulu wa anthu, maloya, ndi anthu wamba anachita pothandiza kuti ufulu wa anthu upite patsogolo.
  • Kulimbikitsa chifundo mwa kufufuza zochitika za m’midzi yotsika.
  • Kukulitsa chidziŵitso cha mmene angagwirizanitsire ndi dongosolo la zamalamulo monga ochirikiza, oweruza, ndi ovota.

Maprogramu onga ngati Contitugational Rights Foundation ndi [FLT :2] Malo a maphunziro a [Feledal Judice Center] amapereka maphunziro amene amathandiza aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira kupenda nkhani zimenezi. Kuwonjezerapo, [[FLT:] project imatchula mafotokozedwe ndi mawu a khoti lalikulu, kupangitsa lamulo la malamulo kukhala losavuta kwa anthu osakhala apadera.

Kumaliza: Kaseŵero kochititsa chidwi

Kugwirizanitsa ufulu wa anthu ndi lamulo sikusinthasintha; kumasintha ndi kumvetsetsa kwa mbadwo uliwonse kulingana ndi chilungamo. Kuchokera ku Reconstructives mpaka ku chigamulo cha khoti Lalikulu chaposachedwapa, Konsichushoni imapereka chitetezero ndi lupanga kwa awo ofuna kutetezera ndi kukulitsa ufulu wa anthu. Komabe zitsimikizo za malamulo sizimadzipha. Zimafuna malamulo a boma, ntchito ya malamulo, ndi pangano la anthu. Kulimbana ndi kulowa kwa utundu, kutsendereza, ndi kukondera magulu opatuka kumakhalabe kwamphamvu m'chitaganya cha America, ndipo makhoti alamulo okha sangathe kuzithetsa. Chikhalidwe champhamvu chodziŵika ndi kumvetsetsa malamulo ndi kudzipereka kwa lamulo kwachikhalidwe kwa anthu. Kuphunzira ndi kukwaniritsa ufulu wa anthu. Mwakufufuza ndi kukwaniritsa ndi kukwaniritsa lonjezo lamakono, ndi kuthandizira kwa ophunzitsa mfundo za malamulo onse.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, kufufuza Malamulo a U.S. kulembedwa ndi laibulale ya Congress ku [FLT: 1] Chikalata cholembedwa ndi Chigamulo cha Zisankho cha Chiŵeruzo pa Komiti ya Chilungamo pa [FLT: 3] www.gment.gov/crt ..